应用于精准灌溉的无线传感网定位技术研究
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摘要
近几年来,随着无线传感网络的持续深入研究,利用无线传感网实施农田精准灌溉已被证明是可行的且拥有广阔前景。在传感器网络中,位置信息对传感器网络的监测活动至关重要,没有位置信息的监测消息往往是毫无意义的。
专门针对精准灌溉设计的定位技术目前尚不多见,本文在对几种常见的无线传感网络定位算法进行了比较深入、系统的分析基础上,选用了测距无关的、仅靠网络连通信息就可实现定位的DV-Hop算法实现灌区定位。传统的DV-Hop算法采用随机方式分布节点,一定程度上造成定位误差大精度低。本文从提高节点能量的利用率出发,针对灌区特点,实行有计划地人工干预部分网络节点的排布。将整个灌区划分为若干基本灌溉区域,每个基本灌溉区域由一个灌溉执行机构实行灌溉,一个基本灌区就是一个簇,每个簇部署一个簇头节点和若干普通节点。经仿真实验证明改进后的灌区布局有效改善了DV-Hop算法定位效果。
本文的另一项工作是对DV- Hop算法的第一阶段和第三阶段进行改进。研究表明,在DV- Hop定位算法中,相对于内部锚节点,当参与未知节点定位过程的是外部锚节点时,定位精度更高。因为外部节点的平均每跳距离更接近于实际每跳距离。改进算法在第一阶段仅选择边界锚节点进行消息广播,参与转播的节点通过收到的RSSI信号的强弱程度计算带小数位的跳数。在第三阶段,由于平均跳段距离只是估计值,存在一定的误差,甚至会造成计算出的节点坐标超出自身所在簇的覆盖范围,这会给以簇为单位的精准灌溉造成识别障碍,为减少误差,本文提出伸缩修正法,将界外的节点沿簇头方向往回拉到簇边界,修正超出簇覆盖范围的节点坐标。仿真结果表明改进算法具有较为理想的定位效果。
In recent years, wireless sensor networks are studied widely, and its application in precision farmland irrigation has been proved to be feasible and has bright application prospect. In the sensor network, information on the location of the sensors monitoring network activity is critical, so the information is useless which has no relation with the monitor’s location.
The researches about the precise localization are rare. Several common wireless sensor network localization algorithms are compared in this paper. Based on the systematic analysis, the DV-HOP algorithm is proposed to solve irrigation area localization problem. Traditional DV-HOP algorithm used random distribution node, to a certain extent, caused low-precision positioning and error large. From increasing the node of the energy utilization rate, for the characteristics of irrigation area, this article will implement the planned human intervention part of network nodes of arrangement .The whole irrigation area is divided into a number of basic irrigation areas, each of the basic irrigation area irrigated by an executive body to implement irrigation, a basic irrigation area is a cluster, each cluster deployment of a cluster head node and a number of ordinary nodes. The simulation results show that improved Layout of the irrigation area to effectively improve the DV-Hop positioning algorithm results.
This article’s another work is the DV-Hop algorithm’s the first phase and the third phase of improvements. Research shows that in the DV-Hop algorithm, compared to the internal anchor node, when the external anchor node involved in the process of positioning the unknown node, the positioning accuracy is higher. Because the external node's the average distance closer to the actual distance of each hop. In the first phase ,the improved algorithm only choose the border anchor node for news broadcast, the node which receive the news ,uses the RSSI signal adopted to calculate the number of hop with a few decimal . In the third stage, as the average hop distance is only an estimate, there are some errors, or even calculate the coordinates of the nodes in excess of its own cluster where the coverage of this cluster as a unit to cause the precise irrigation identification of obstacles, in order to Reduce errors, In this paper, telescopic Amendment Act to the law, will lay the nodes along the direction of cluster head pulled back cluster border,amended the node's coordinates which beyond the cluster coverage . The simulation results show that the improved algorithms have the better effectiveness of positioning.
专门针对精准灌溉设计的定位技术目前尚不多见,本文在对几种常见的无线传感网络定位算法进行了比较深入、系统的分析基础上,选用了测距无关的、仅靠网络连通信息就可实现定位的DV-Hop算法实现灌区定位。传统的DV-Hop算法采用随机方式分布节点,一定程度上造成定位误差大精度低。本文从提高节点能量的利用率出发,针对灌区特点,实行有计划地人工干预部分网络节点的排布。将整个灌区划分为若干基本灌溉区域,每个基本灌溉区域由一个灌溉执行机构实行灌溉,一个基本灌区就是一个簇,每个簇部署一个簇头节点和若干普通节点。经仿真实验证明改进后的灌区布局有效改善了DV-Hop算法定位效果。
本文的另一项工作是对DV- Hop算法的第一阶段和第三阶段进行改进。研究表明,在DV- Hop定位算法中,相对于内部锚节点,当参与未知节点定位过程的是外部锚节点时,定位精度更高。因为外部节点的平均每跳距离更接近于实际每跳距离。改进算法在第一阶段仅选择边界锚节点进行消息广播,参与转播的节点通过收到的RSSI信号的强弱程度计算带小数位的跳数。在第三阶段,由于平均跳段距离只是估计值,存在一定的误差,甚至会造成计算出的节点坐标超出自身所在簇的覆盖范围,这会给以簇为单位的精准灌溉造成识别障碍,为减少误差,本文提出伸缩修正法,将界外的节点沿簇头方向往回拉到簇边界,修正超出簇覆盖范围的节点坐标。仿真结果表明改进算法具有较为理想的定位效果。
In recent years, wireless sensor networks are studied widely, and its application in precision farmland irrigation has been proved to be feasible and has bright application prospect. In the sensor network, information on the location of the sensors monitoring network activity is critical, so the information is useless which has no relation with the monitor’s location.
The researches about the precise localization are rare. Several common wireless sensor network localization algorithms are compared in this paper. Based on the systematic analysis, the DV-HOP algorithm is proposed to solve irrigation area localization problem. Traditional DV-HOP algorithm used random distribution node, to a certain extent, caused low-precision positioning and error large. From increasing the node of the energy utilization rate, for the characteristics of irrigation area, this article will implement the planned human intervention part of network nodes of arrangement .The whole irrigation area is divided into a number of basic irrigation areas, each of the basic irrigation area irrigated by an executive body to implement irrigation, a basic irrigation area is a cluster, each cluster deployment of a cluster head node and a number of ordinary nodes. The simulation results show that improved Layout of the irrigation area to effectively improve the DV-Hop positioning algorithm results.
This article’s another work is the DV-Hop algorithm’s the first phase and the third phase of improvements. Research shows that in the DV-Hop algorithm, compared to the internal anchor node, when the external anchor node involved in the process of positioning the unknown node, the positioning accuracy is higher. Because the external node's the average distance closer to the actual distance of each hop. In the first phase ,the improved algorithm only choose the border anchor node for news broadcast, the node which receive the news ,uses the RSSI signal adopted to calculate the number of hop with a few decimal . In the third stage, as the average hop distance is only an estimate, there are some errors, or even calculate the coordinates of the nodes in excess of its own cluster where the coverage of this cluster as a unit to cause the precise irrigation identification of obstacles, in order to Reduce errors, In this paper, telescopic Amendment Act to the law, will lay the nodes along the direction of cluster head pulled back cluster border,amended the node's coordinates which beyond the cluster coverage . The simulation results show that the improved algorithms have the better effectiveness of positioning.
引文
[1]于丽颖.数字农业的发展应用田,农业机械化与电气化, 2004, (5): 1
[2]王骥,沈玉立,周文静.基于无线传感器网络的智能灌溉系统研究,现代电子技术, 2008, (15): 94-97
[3]国家发改委,科技部,建设部,农业部,水利部.中国节水技术政策大纲, 2005
[4]唐风敏.行走式节水灌溉精量施水控制系统的研究: [硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学, 2007, 3-4
[5]刘航,廖桂平,杨帆.无线传感器网络在农业生产中的应用,农业网络信息, 2008, (11): 17
[6]马德贵,蒋传平,曹成茂.基于无线数字传输的精准灌溉数据采集系统研究,安徽农业大学学报, 2006, 33(3): 432-435
[7]高峰,俞立,张文安等.基于作物水分胁迫声发射技术的无线传感器网络精量灌溉系统的初步研究,农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 60-63
[8]王旭东,路军,马毓潇.墒情监测及节水灌溉自动控制系统开发与应用,节水灌溉, 2006, (2): 38-39
[9]李海林,无线传感器网络中Euclidean节点定位算法的改进及其仿真: [硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学, 2008,10
[10] C.Savarese, JM.Rabaey, J.Beutel.Locationing in distributed ad-hoc wireless Sensor networks. Proc.of ICASSP. 2037-2040
[11] Savarses C, Rabaey J, Langendoen K. Robust Positioning Algorithms for Distributed Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks[C]/ / USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track (Monterey, CA, June 2002): 317-327
[12] Niculescu D, Nath B. Ad-Hoc Positioning System(APS) Using AOA[C]/ / Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM ( Salt LakeCity, U T, April 2003), pp: 2037-2040
[13] Nissanka B, Priyantha, Anit Chakraborty, Hari Balakrishnan. Moiler Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks[ R], MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
[14]韩屏,李方敏,吴学红.一种基于无线传感网络的实用性地下坑道定位方法,传感技术学报, 2007, 20(10): 2314-2318
[15] Bulusu B, Heidemann J, Estrin D. GPS-Less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices [ J ] . IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5):28-34
[16] Dragos Nicolescu, Badri Nath.Ad hoc Positioning Systems(APS)[C]. In: IEEE Comuncations Society, 2001, 11(5): 2926-2931
[17] Dragos Nicolescu,Badri Nath.DV based positioning in ad hoc networks[j]. Journal of telecomunication Systems, 2003, (22): 157-280
[18] T.He , CD.Huang, BM.Blum , JA.Stankovic , T.Abdelzaher. Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks.ACM MobiCom’03. 2003
[19] S .Capkun , M.Hamdi , J.P. Hubaux. GPS-Free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks[J ]. Cluster Computing, 2002, 5(2) : 157 -167
[20] D.Niculescu , B .Nath. Localized positioning in ad hoc networks[A ]. In: Proc. of the 1st IEEE Int’l Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications [C ]. Anchorage: IEEE Communications Societies, 2003. 42 - 50
[21] Y.Shang , W.Ruml , Y.Zhang , MPJ. Fromherz.Localization from mere connectivity. Proc.of the 4th ACM Int’l SymP.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking& Computing. 2003.201-212
[22]陈红阳.基于测距技术的无线传感器网络定位技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学, 2006,9-10
[23] Hazas M , Ward A.A novel broadband ultrasonic location system,in: Boniello G, HolmquistLE,eds. Proc. of the 4th Int'l Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing. Goteborg: Springer-Verlag,2002.264-280
[24] L.Doherty , KSJ.Pister , LE.Ghaoui.Convex Position estimation in wireless sensor networks.Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2001.Vol.3 , IEEE Computer and Communications societies.2001 .1655-1663
[25] Andrea Savvides , Chih-Chieh Han , Mani B.Srivastva. Dynamic Fine-Grained Localization in Ad-hoc Networks of Sensors.Proceedings of Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM' O1).July 2001
[26] NB.Priyantha , H.Baakrishnan , E.Demaine , S.Teller. Anchor-free distributed localiz ation in sensor networks.Tech Report #892.Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys-03).2003
[27] Avvides A , Park H , Srivastava MB.The bits and flops of the N-hop multilateration primitive for node localization problems,in:Proc, of the 1st ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. Atlanta: ACM Press,2002. 112-121
[28] Orlic Marin,Cavrak Igor,Zagar Mario.Adapting paintable architecture concepts to wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 27th International Conferenceon Information Technology Interfaces,ITI, 2005: 567-572
[29]李春蓉.无线传感器网络自定位技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学, 2006, 6-12
[30]田爽.更实际的无线传感器网络定位算法的研究: [硕士学位论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2008, 1-5
[31] Nirupama Bulusu,John Heidemann,Deborah Estrin,GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization For Very Small Devices.IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5): 28-34
[32] Sastry S, Distributed localization in wireless ad hoc networks.UC Berkeley, 2002
[33]刘雷.无线传感器网络节点自身定位算法研究: [硕士学位论文] .长春:长春理工大学, 2008, 21-22
[34]冯友兵,张荣,谷国栋.无线传感网络在节水灌溉中的应用研究,中国农村水利水电, 2007, (2): 24-26
[35] Ahmed A A , Shi H , Shang Y.Sharp. a new approach to relative localization in wireless sensor network[C]//25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshop , ICDCSW , 2005: 892- 898
[36]李善仓,张克旺.无线传感器网络原理与应用,机械工业出版社, 2008
[37]王福豹,史龙,任丰原.无线传感器网络中的自身定位系统和算法,软件学报, 2005, 16(5): 857-868
[38]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络,清华大学出版社, 2005
[39]王殊等.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2007
[40]宋文,王兵,周应宾等.无线传感器网络技术与应用.电子工业出版社, 2007
[2]王骥,沈玉立,周文静.基于无线传感器网络的智能灌溉系统研究,现代电子技术, 2008, (15): 94-97
[3]国家发改委,科技部,建设部,农业部,水利部.中国节水技术政策大纲, 2005
[4]唐风敏.行走式节水灌溉精量施水控制系统的研究: [硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学, 2007, 3-4
[5]刘航,廖桂平,杨帆.无线传感器网络在农业生产中的应用,农业网络信息, 2008, (11): 17
[6]马德贵,蒋传平,曹成茂.基于无线数字传输的精准灌溉数据采集系统研究,安徽农业大学学报, 2006, 33(3): 432-435
[7]高峰,俞立,张文安等.基于作物水分胁迫声发射技术的无线传感器网络精量灌溉系统的初步研究,农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 60-63
[8]王旭东,路军,马毓潇.墒情监测及节水灌溉自动控制系统开发与应用,节水灌溉, 2006, (2): 38-39
[9]李海林,无线传感器网络中Euclidean节点定位算法的改进及其仿真: [硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学, 2008,10
[10] C.Savarese, JM.Rabaey, J.Beutel.Locationing in distributed ad-hoc wireless Sensor networks. Proc.of ICASSP. 2037-2040
[11] Savarses C, Rabaey J, Langendoen K. Robust Positioning Algorithms for Distributed Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks[C]/ / USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track (Monterey, CA, June 2002): 317-327
[12] Niculescu D, Nath B. Ad-Hoc Positioning System(APS) Using AOA[C]/ / Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM ( Salt LakeCity, U T, April 2003), pp: 2037-2040
[13] Nissanka B, Priyantha, Anit Chakraborty, Hari Balakrishnan. Moiler Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks[ R], MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
[14]韩屏,李方敏,吴学红.一种基于无线传感网络的实用性地下坑道定位方法,传感技术学报, 2007, 20(10): 2314-2318
[15] Bulusu B, Heidemann J, Estrin D. GPS-Less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices [ J ] . IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5):28-34
[16] Dragos Nicolescu, Badri Nath.Ad hoc Positioning Systems(APS)[C]. In: IEEE Comuncations Society, 2001, 11(5): 2926-2931
[17] Dragos Nicolescu,Badri Nath.DV based positioning in ad hoc networks[j]. Journal of telecomunication Systems, 2003, (22): 157-280
[18] T.He , CD.Huang, BM.Blum , JA.Stankovic , T.Abdelzaher. Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks.ACM MobiCom’03. 2003
[19] S .Capkun , M.Hamdi , J.P. Hubaux. GPS-Free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks[J ]. Cluster Computing, 2002, 5(2) : 157 -167
[20] D.Niculescu , B .Nath. Localized positioning in ad hoc networks[A ]. In: Proc. of the 1st IEEE Int’l Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications [C ]. Anchorage: IEEE Communications Societies, 2003. 42 - 50
[21] Y.Shang , W.Ruml , Y.Zhang , MPJ. Fromherz.Localization from mere connectivity. Proc.of the 4th ACM Int’l SymP.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking& Computing. 2003.201-212
[22]陈红阳.基于测距技术的无线传感器网络定位技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学, 2006,9-10
[23] Hazas M , Ward A.A novel broadband ultrasonic location system,in: Boniello G, HolmquistLE,eds. Proc. of the 4th Int'l Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing. Goteborg: Springer-Verlag,2002.264-280
[24] L.Doherty , KSJ.Pister , LE.Ghaoui.Convex Position estimation in wireless sensor networks.Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2001.Vol.3 , IEEE Computer and Communications societies.2001 .1655-1663
[25] Andrea Savvides , Chih-Chieh Han , Mani B.Srivastva. Dynamic Fine-Grained Localization in Ad-hoc Networks of Sensors.Proceedings of Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM' O1).July 2001
[26] NB.Priyantha , H.Baakrishnan , E.Demaine , S.Teller. Anchor-free distributed localiz ation in sensor networks.Tech Report #892.Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys-03).2003
[27] Avvides A , Park H , Srivastava MB.The bits and flops of the N-hop multilateration primitive for node localization problems,in:Proc, of the 1st ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. Atlanta: ACM Press,2002. 112-121
[28] Orlic Marin,Cavrak Igor,Zagar Mario.Adapting paintable architecture concepts to wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 27th International Conferenceon Information Technology Interfaces,ITI, 2005: 567-572
[29]李春蓉.无线传感器网络自定位技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学, 2006, 6-12
[30]田爽.更实际的无线传感器网络定位算法的研究: [硕士学位论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2008, 1-5
[31] Nirupama Bulusu,John Heidemann,Deborah Estrin,GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization For Very Small Devices.IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5): 28-34
[32] Sastry S, Distributed localization in wireless ad hoc networks.UC Berkeley, 2002
[33]刘雷.无线传感器网络节点自身定位算法研究: [硕士学位论文] .长春:长春理工大学, 2008, 21-22
[34]冯友兵,张荣,谷国栋.无线传感网络在节水灌溉中的应用研究,中国农村水利水电, 2007, (2): 24-26
[35] Ahmed A A , Shi H , Shang Y.Sharp. a new approach to relative localization in wireless sensor network[C]//25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshop , ICDCSW , 2005: 892- 898
[36]李善仓,张克旺.无线传感器网络原理与应用,机械工业出版社, 2008
[37]王福豹,史龙,任丰原.无线传感器网络中的自身定位系统和算法,软件学报, 2005, 16(5): 857-868
[38]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络,清华大学出版社, 2005
[39]王殊等.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2007
[40]宋文,王兵,周应宾等.无线传感器网络技术与应用.电子工业出版社, 2007