詹姆斯·鲍德温小说的伦理研究
摘要
作为反映社会生活的小说，其内容是不可能不涉及伦理问题的。文学作品在表达伦理主题的同时，不可避免地呈现其审美诉求。要明晰鲍德温作品中的伦理困境，沿着其本人的人生轨迹来解读鲍德温的作品是个捷径。同时，深入分析文本背后的真正涵义也是必须的。詹姆斯鲍德温从幼年就缺少家庭的温暖和父爱，他的这种痛苦的经历在其幼小的心灵上留下了难以磨灭的烙印。因此，对爱的不懈追求便成为鲍德温的文学创作中一个非常重要的主题。
本文通过对鲍德温的小说《向苍天呼吁》、《乔瓦尼的房间》、《另一个国家》中的父爱缺失、种族歧视、男女对立、同性恋和异性恋的两分法等方面的分析，揭示了作者对戕害人性的传统伦理的批判。本文指出鲍德温肯定人的合理欲求，其作品集中表现出极具人文精神的伦理思想。建构在人性基础之上的“爱”可以说是鲍德温伦理思想的核心，而探索理想的个体人格构成了鲍德温小说中一个鲜明的伦理特点。本文试图通过梳理鲍德温的创作脉络，探求其人性之“爱”的轨迹。首先，本文通过分析鲍德温小说中对黑人家庭的历史、父爱的缺失造成的陌生化和孤独状态的描述，揭示其伦理思想的基础—家庭，对人的发展、特别是孩子的发展的重要性。其次，本文通过阐释小说中男女关系的紧张、扭曲、甚至异化等现象，论述鲍德温对“爱”的注重与呼唤，使其反对男尊女卑的男性沙文主义思想，以及其尊重独立人格、主张平等之爱的人文伦理思想更加清晰。这些思想体现在鲍德温的婚姻观念上，则表现为其对平等互爱、心灵契合的婚姻模式的追求。再次，本文通过对小说中同性关系的分析，论述了鲍德温独特的同性恋观。鲍德温认为同性恋与异性恋一样，也是一种的自然的、正常的人类性行为,它和异性恋共同组成了人类的性行为。他甚至把同性之爱看作是解决种族冲突、拯救处于社会边缘的孤独人群的一剂良药。本文认为，鲍德温超越赖特式的抗议小说模式，打破非裔文学作品中关于同性之爱描写的禁忌，就种族、家庭、两性和性话题进行重构。不容忽视的是，在对传统文化的继承与背离中，总有一种深刻而强烈的伦理道德指向跳跃在鲍德温的创作脉搏中。
本文从文本研读出发，融合传记法和主题法，借鉴伦理学、弗洛伊德精神分析、巴特勒性别叙行等理论，以及黑格尔关于爱与婚姻的观点，深刻剖析鲍德温前三部小说中的父子伦理、两性伦理、婚姻伦理、性爱伦理等伦理学内涵，并对其伦理意义进行深入探讨，力图厘清鲍德温作品中的伦理特色。
本文是对鲍德温小说创作脉络的重新梳理，更是对美国黑人文学发展过程中重要一环的廓清。此外，本文的分析论证在加强鲍德温研究的系统性、完整性的同时，深化了文学研究的社会文化功能，从而实现对美国黑人文学的发展历程更准确的认知。
Literary works, while expressing the ethical theme, inevitably has itsown presentation and aesthetic appeal. In order to clarify the ethicaldilemmas in Baldwin’s works, it is necessary to read Baldwin’s worksalong with his life. James Baldwin was born in a family that lack warmthand father’s love, and such a painful experience left an indelible mark onhis young mind. Therefore, the unremitting pursuit of love has become avery important theme in Baldwin’s literary creation.
This study tries to demonstrate Baldwin’s critiques on the traditionalethics that are harmful to human nature because of the father absence,racial discrimination, antagonism between man and woman, and thedichotomy of heterosexual and homosexual through the analysis of GoTell It on the Mountain, Giovanni’s Room, and Another Country. Thepaper has pointed out that Baldwin affirms the human’s reasonabledesires, and his works present Baldwin’s ethical thought with thehumanistic spirit.“Love” that is based on the nature of human can be considered as the core of Baldwin’s ethical thought, and the explorationof ideal individual personality becomes one of the striking features ofBaldwin’s novels. This paper attempts to explore the development ofhumanistic “love” Baldwin proclaimed by combing Baldwin’s creativenovels. First, the paper, through the analysis of the history of the blackfamily and the depiction of the estrangement and loneliness of thecharacters in his novels, manages to reveal the importance of the familyas the ethical basis for human development, especially the importance inthe child’s cultivation and development. Second, through the analysis ofthe relations between men and women, the study points out that Baldwinportrays the picture of tension, twist and even alienation between sexes.And Baldwin’s interpretation of love illustrates his humanistic ethicalthought on gender fully, that is, the thirst for love, the objection to theman-chauvinism, the hope for the independence of personality, and theideal of egalitarian love. In the concept of marriage, Baldwin’s ethicalthought shows that he advocates and pursues the mutual equality ofmarriage and emphasizes the faithfulness and the integrity of flesh andsoul in the mode of marital life. Simultaneously, in terms of the “love” between homosexuals, the study has illustrated Baldwin’s particularopinion on the same-sex behavior, pointing that Baldwin believeshomosexuality is a natural and normal behavior, which is similar toheterosexuality. And homosexual and heterosexual are one unity ofhuman sexual relations. He considers that “love” between the same sexesmight be a way to solve the race conflicts and rescue those people livinglonely on the margins of society. Finally, the study concludes thatBaldwin goes beyond Wright’s protest novel mode, trying to break thetaboo of African literature when describing homosexuality andreconstructing the topic of race, family, gender, and sex. And in theinheritance and departure from the traditional culture, there are alwayssome kind of deep and strong ethical traces jumping in Baldwin’s works.
The research starts from the intensive reading of the text, employsthe biographical and thematic method, and takes the theories of ethics,Freud psychoanalysis, Butler’s gender performativity, and Hegel’sopinions on ethics of love and marriage as the main theoreticalframework, managing to make a relatively complete analysis ofBaldwin’s first three novels from the ethics of father and son, ethics of sexes, ethics of marriage, ethics of same-sex and other ethicalconnotations, to demonstrate the ethical significance behind the text.
The purpose of analyzing the context of the Baldwin’s works is toclarify and make up the important part in the development of AfricanAmerican literature. Moreover, the argument of this analysis, on one hand,has strengthened the systematicness and integrity of Baldwin’s research;on the other hand, it has enhanced the social and cultural functions ofliterature research also, which makes us have a more accurateunderstanding of the process of African American Literature growing.
本文通过对鲍德温的小说《向苍天呼吁》、《乔瓦尼的房间》、《另一个国家》中的父爱缺失、种族歧视、男女对立、同性恋和异性恋的两分法等方面的分析，揭示了作者对戕害人性的传统伦理的批判。本文指出鲍德温肯定人的合理欲求，其作品集中表现出极具人文精神的伦理思想。建构在人性基础之上的“爱”可以说是鲍德温伦理思想的核心，而探索理想的个体人格构成了鲍德温小说中一个鲜明的伦理特点。本文试图通过梳理鲍德温的创作脉络，探求其人性之“爱”的轨迹。首先，本文通过分析鲍德温小说中对黑人家庭的历史、父爱的缺失造成的陌生化和孤独状态的描述，揭示其伦理思想的基础—家庭，对人的发展、特别是孩子的发展的重要性。其次，本文通过阐释小说中男女关系的紧张、扭曲、甚至异化等现象，论述鲍德温对“爱”的注重与呼唤，使其反对男尊女卑的男性沙文主义思想，以及其尊重独立人格、主张平等之爱的人文伦理思想更加清晰。这些思想体现在鲍德温的婚姻观念上，则表现为其对平等互爱、心灵契合的婚姻模式的追求。再次，本文通过对小说中同性关系的分析，论述了鲍德温独特的同性恋观。鲍德温认为同性恋与异性恋一样，也是一种的自然的、正常的人类性行为,它和异性恋共同组成了人类的性行为。他甚至把同性之爱看作是解决种族冲突、拯救处于社会边缘的孤独人群的一剂良药。本文认为，鲍德温超越赖特式的抗议小说模式，打破非裔文学作品中关于同性之爱描写的禁忌，就种族、家庭、两性和性话题进行重构。不容忽视的是，在对传统文化的继承与背离中，总有一种深刻而强烈的伦理道德指向跳跃在鲍德温的创作脉搏中。
本文从文本研读出发，融合传记法和主题法，借鉴伦理学、弗洛伊德精神分析、巴特勒性别叙行等理论，以及黑格尔关于爱与婚姻的观点，深刻剖析鲍德温前三部小说中的父子伦理、两性伦理、婚姻伦理、性爱伦理等伦理学内涵，并对其伦理意义进行深入探讨，力图厘清鲍德温作品中的伦理特色。
本文是对鲍德温小说创作脉络的重新梳理，更是对美国黑人文学发展过程中重要一环的廓清。此外，本文的分析论证在加强鲍德温研究的系统性、完整性的同时，深化了文学研究的社会文化功能，从而实现对美国黑人文学的发展历程更准确的认知。
Literary works, while expressing the ethical theme, inevitably has itsown presentation and aesthetic appeal. In order to clarify the ethicaldilemmas in Baldwin’s works, it is necessary to read Baldwin’s worksalong with his life. James Baldwin was born in a family that lack warmthand father’s love, and such a painful experience left an indelible mark onhis young mind. Therefore, the unremitting pursuit of love has become avery important theme in Baldwin’s literary creation.
This study tries to demonstrate Baldwin’s critiques on the traditionalethics that are harmful to human nature because of the father absence,racial discrimination, antagonism between man and woman, and thedichotomy of heterosexual and homosexual through the analysis of GoTell It on the Mountain, Giovanni’s Room, and Another Country. Thepaper has pointed out that Baldwin affirms the human’s reasonabledesires, and his works present Baldwin’s ethical thought with thehumanistic spirit.“Love” that is based on the nature of human can be considered as the core of Baldwin’s ethical thought, and the explorationof ideal individual personality becomes one of the striking features ofBaldwin’s novels. This paper attempts to explore the development ofhumanistic “love” Baldwin proclaimed by combing Baldwin’s creativenovels. First, the paper, through the analysis of the history of the blackfamily and the depiction of the estrangement and loneliness of thecharacters in his novels, manages to reveal the importance of the familyas the ethical basis for human development, especially the importance inthe child’s cultivation and development. Second, through the analysis ofthe relations between men and women, the study points out that Baldwinportrays the picture of tension, twist and even alienation between sexes.And Baldwin’s interpretation of love illustrates his humanistic ethicalthought on gender fully, that is, the thirst for love, the objection to theman-chauvinism, the hope for the independence of personality, and theideal of egalitarian love. In the concept of marriage, Baldwin’s ethicalthought shows that he advocates and pursues the mutual equality ofmarriage and emphasizes the faithfulness and the integrity of flesh andsoul in the mode of marital life. Simultaneously, in terms of the “love” between homosexuals, the study has illustrated Baldwin’s particularopinion on the same-sex behavior, pointing that Baldwin believeshomosexuality is a natural and normal behavior, which is similar toheterosexuality. And homosexual and heterosexual are one unity ofhuman sexual relations. He considers that “love” between the same sexesmight be a way to solve the race conflicts and rescue those people livinglonely on the margins of society. Finally, the study concludes thatBaldwin goes beyond Wright’s protest novel mode, trying to break thetaboo of African literature when describing homosexuality andreconstructing the topic of race, family, gender, and sex. And in theinheritance and departure from the traditional culture, there are alwayssome kind of deep and strong ethical traces jumping in Baldwin’s works.
The research starts from the intensive reading of the text, employsthe biographical and thematic method, and takes the theories of ethics,Freud psychoanalysis, Butler’s gender performativity, and Hegel’sopinions on ethics of love and marriage as the main theoreticalframework, managing to make a relatively complete analysis ofBaldwin’s first three novels from the ethics of father and son, ethics of sexes, ethics of marriage, ethics of same-sex and other ethicalconnotations, to demonstrate the ethical significance behind the text.
The purpose of analyzing the context of the Baldwin’s works is toclarify and make up the important part in the development of AfricanAmerican literature. Moreover, the argument of this analysis, on one hand,has strengthened the systematicness and integrity of Baldwin’s research;on the other hand, it has enhanced the social and cultural functions ofliterature research also, which makes us have a more accurateunderstanding of the process of African American Literature growing.
引文
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卡尔·自舍客：《基督宗教伦理学》(下卷)，静也、常宏译。武汉：华东师范大学出版社，2002年。
李德顺：《价值论》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1987年。
李鸿雁：《解读詹姆斯·鲍德温作品中父亲形象的<圣经>原型》，东北大学学报，2008年第4期，第371-76页。
李银河：《女性权力的崛起》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997年。
卢梭：《社会契约论-政治权利概论》，何兆武译。北京：翻译出版社，1997年。
马尔库塞：《爱欲与文明》，黄勇、薛民译。上海：上海译文出版社，2008年。
宓芬芳，张璇：从“否认”到“接受”——论詹姆斯·鲍德温的同性恋观，哈尔滨学院学报，2012年第5期，第87-91页。
彭秀峰：《为孤独者的呐喊——詹姆斯鲍德温小说创作初探》，上海师范大学硕士论文，2004年，第6-19页。
叔本华：《性爱的形上学》，陈晓南译。载《生存空虚说》，北京：作家出版社，1987年。
谭惠娟：《创新·融合·超越：拉尔夫·埃利森文学研究》，北京：北京语言大学博士论文，2007年。
汤玛斯·施密德：《基督徒与同性恋议题》，郑嘉宛译。上海：三联出版社，2001年。
王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》，南京：译林出版社,2006年。
吴萼州：《包德温社会抗议作品研究》，淡水：淡江大学博士论文，1993年。
吴杰文：从基督教的原罪观试论《向苍天呼吁》中的罪感意识，安徽文学,2009年第3期，第221-22页。
——《鲍德温小说<向苍天呼吁>和<如果比尔街能说话>中的父子主题》，泉州：华侨大学硕士论文，2009年。
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德：《爱情心理学》，北京：作家出版社，1988年。
——《精神现象学》(下卷)，何麟、王玖兴译。北京：商务印书馆，1979年。
——《美学》(第二卷)，北京：商务印书馆，1979年。
——《性欲三论》，赵蕾、宋景堂译。北京：国际文化出版公司,2000年。
夏国美：《围不住的春色——当代性伦理新论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2001年。
修树新：《托尼·莫里森小说的文学伦理学批评》，东北师范大学博士论文，2009年，第50-66页。
薛玉凤：《直面创伤的詹姆斯·鲍德温—以《<向苍天呼吁>为例》，荆楚理工学院学报，2011年第2期，第29-33页。
张和龙译：《另一个国家》，南京：译林出版社，2002年。
张玫玫等:《性伦理学》，北京：首都师范大学出版社，1998年。
余小玲：《弱者的呼唤—解读<向苍天呼吁>中黑人的身份认同》，2010年第3期，第68-72页。
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卡尔·自舍客：《基督宗教伦理学》(下卷)，静也、常宏译。武汉：华东师范大学出版社，2002年。
李德顺：《价值论》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1987年。
李鸿雁：《解读詹姆斯·鲍德温作品中父亲形象的<圣经>原型》，东北大学学报，2008年第4期，第371-76页。
李银河：《女性权力的崛起》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997年。
卢梭：《社会契约论-政治权利概论》，何兆武译。北京：翻译出版社，1997年。
马尔库塞：《爱欲与文明》，黄勇、薛民译。上海：上海译文出版社，2008年。
宓芬芳，张璇：从“否认”到“接受”——论詹姆斯·鲍德温的同性恋观，哈尔滨学院学报，2012年第5期，第87-91页。
彭秀峰：《为孤独者的呐喊——詹姆斯鲍德温小说创作初探》，上海师范大学硕士论文，2004年，第6-19页。
叔本华：《性爱的形上学》，陈晓南译。载《生存空虚说》，北京：作家出版社，1987年。
谭惠娟：《创新·融合·超越：拉尔夫·埃利森文学研究》，北京：北京语言大学博士论文，2007年。
汤玛斯·施密德：《基督徒与同性恋议题》，郑嘉宛译。上海：三联出版社，2001年。
王家湘：《20世纪美国黑人小说史》，南京：译林出版社,2006年。
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吴杰文：从基督教的原罪观试论《向苍天呼吁》中的罪感意识，安徽文学,2009年第3期，第221-22页。
——《鲍德温小说<向苍天呼吁>和<如果比尔街能说话>中的父子主题》，泉州：华侨大学硕士论文，2009年。
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德：《爱情心理学》，北京：作家出版社，1988年。
——《精神现象学》(下卷)，何麟、王玖兴译。北京：商务印书馆，1979年。
——《美学》(第二卷)，北京：商务印书馆，1979年。
——《性欲三论》，赵蕾、宋景堂译。北京：国际文化出版公司,2000年。
夏国美：《围不住的春色——当代性伦理新论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2001年。
修树新：《托尼·莫里森小说的文学伦理学批评》，东北师范大学博士论文，2009年，第50-66页。
薛玉凤：《直面创伤的詹姆斯·鲍德温—以《<向苍天呼吁>为例》，荆楚理工学院学报，2011年第2期，第29-33页。
张和龙译：《另一个国家》，南京：译林出版社，2002年。
张玫玫等:《性伦理学》，北京：首都师范大学出版社，1998年。
余小玲：《弱者的呼唤—解读<向苍天呼吁>中黑人的身份认同》，2010年第3期，第68-72页。