大城市非正规就业行为空间研究
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摘要
人本主义的新型社会发展观在世界范围内日益盛行,就业研究也因此越来越受到学界的重视。在转型社会中,劳动力过量供给、制度转换等因素导致大量的非正规就业。本文关注非正规就业的主要视角是就业者的行为空间模式及其社会地理意义,这在理论上是对城市社会地理问题的一种拓展,在实践上可以为减少城市贫困、建设全面小康社会、实现ILO提出的充分就业理念提供一些政策依据。
本文在对非正规就业的理论渊源进行梳理的基础上,界定了非正规就业定义的基础是:非正规就业首先应该是生计经济;行为主体是弱势群体;以城市社区为空间载体;以小型企业和微型企业为主.国内外对非正规就业行为空间研究相对较少,近年来由于对就业问题的关注,就业空间行为研究正在逐渐增多,但研究重点是就业决策。这些都为研究非正规就业行为空间提供了基础,同时本文也借鉴了行为地理学一些相关理论。
20世纪90年代,上海市在城市经济体制改革和产业结构调整中产生了大量的失业人员,与此同时,市外大量农村剩余劳动力涌入城市,这二者叠加在一起,导致了城市劳动力市场供求之间失衡。这二者在劳动力市场上处于低端,在劳动力过量供给环境下,他们在就业过程中缺乏要价的砝码,社会转型过程中劳动关系复杂化,都促使这些人员从事非正规就业。考虑到中国劳动力市场分割的特点,在具体研究过程中把非正规就业者分成两大群体:上海非正规就业,主要是指上海户籍人口的非正规就业;流动人口非正规就业,主要是来自上海以外的省区农民工为主就业。上海非正规就业是政府扶持下的“准市场就业”,就业人员主要以失业、协保人员、农村富裕劳动力为主。外来人口主要是政府就业政策准入、社区管理、企业成本理念的约束,以及外来人口自身素质原因,导致他们主要从事非正规就业。
在具体研究中,本文采用宏观与微观相结合的方法。在宏观层面上,运用第五次人口普查数据和相关统计资料进行分析,在微观层面上运用问卷调查、访谈等方法对宏观行为进行验证。根据研究群体特点,采取相应的研究视角。上海非正规就业重点研究其在城市层次、区层次、个人层次的就业特征;外来人口行为空间研究重点是强调就业行为的空间选择性。
总体上,上海非正规就业是政府、社区、个人三者互动的结果。上海非正规就业人员行为空间受到制度、家庭经济压力、实物经济的文化心理和社会声望等因素共同影响。他们对实体空间认知程度比较高,社会认知中间以社区为主,工作寻访受到政府政策扶持影响。从上海非正规就业者的空间分布上看,基本没有空间隔离,行动空间也只是暂时的剥夺。上海非正规劳动组织就业有拓宽了就
With the new development view focusing on humanism in the world, the researches on employment become more and more popular. In the transitional society, the excessive supply of labor and institutional change has brought forth a large number of informal employees. The thesis mainly focuses on the informal employee behavioral space model and its social geographic implications, which enriches the urban social geography in the theories and provides the making policy data such as reducing urban poverty, building a well-off society and realizing ILO's the concept of full employment in practice.At first, combing the origin of informal employment theories and its concepts, we conclude that the fundamental definition of informal employment has four characteristics: subsistence economy, vulnerable group, and community space, small and micro firm. There are few literatures on the informal employee behavioral space. Fortunately, there're some theses on the employment behavioral-space, which mainly emphasizes on the job search and decision-making. So, I apply some behavioral geographic theories, with which we concern about the group behavior in macro and individual behavior in micro.In the 1990s, great changes had taken place in Shanghai city, especially in the economic system reforming and industrial structure adjusting, which brings forth a large number of unemployees. What's more, the surplus rural labors in china swarmed into cities at this period. These two groups unbalanced of urban labor market. They being at the bottom of labor market, lackage of bargaining power in job searching, and work relations complexity in social transition, makes them find their job in informal sector. Considering the segmented labor market in China, We divide the informal employment into two groups: household registered population informal employee, namely Shanghai informal employee, SIE) and floating population informal employee (FPIE). The SIE includes unemployment, the people who have no work but enjoy work social security, the surplus labor from Shanghai suburb. The reasons for SIE entering the informal sector are the government supporting, the semi-market employment. The FPs coming from the outer city, their
reasons are the government employment policy permission, community management, enterprise cost-minimization, and their human resource quality.In the method, this thesis applies the combination of microanalysis and macro-analysis. Macro-analysis is based on the 5th census and relation data, and microanalysis is based on questionnaire and interview. Also the relation subject knowledge such as behavioral geography, Culture geography, economics, and sociology is applied. Considering the different groups texture, our research have the different emphases. The thesis focuses on SIE's employment behavior space and FP's occupational selectivity.SIE is the result of the game among government, community and individual. In all, institute, family economic pressure, materialism culture psychology and social prestige have influenced SIE's behavioral space. Their objective space cognition ability is higher; the social cognition space is mainly in community; and job searching affected by favorable policy. In view of SIE's spatial distribution, they essentially have no spatial segment, but there is temporal deprivation in action space, and the deprivation disappears when they find new jobs. The SIE actively enhance the weak group's obtain employment ability, incubate a number of small and micro firms, alleviate social polarization. But it also has negative influence, such as relying on the government in obtaining jobs, producing finance deficit, always using by the powerful group, enlarging the segment of labor market. Although their job searching is supported by the local government policy, holding house, which aid to get work offers, but they get low wages in informal organization. The SIE socio-spatial polarization became distinctness in the renewal area in the city.As group, FP's location-decision to Shanghai city is to chase economic benefits, dominatin
本文在对非正规就业的理论渊源进行梳理的基础上,界定了非正规就业定义的基础是:非正规就业首先应该是生计经济;行为主体是弱势群体;以城市社区为空间载体;以小型企业和微型企业为主.国内外对非正规就业行为空间研究相对较少,近年来由于对就业问题的关注,就业空间行为研究正在逐渐增多,但研究重点是就业决策。这些都为研究非正规就业行为空间提供了基础,同时本文也借鉴了行为地理学一些相关理论。
20世纪90年代,上海市在城市经济体制改革和产业结构调整中产生了大量的失业人员,与此同时,市外大量农村剩余劳动力涌入城市,这二者叠加在一起,导致了城市劳动力市场供求之间失衡。这二者在劳动力市场上处于低端,在劳动力过量供给环境下,他们在就业过程中缺乏要价的砝码,社会转型过程中劳动关系复杂化,都促使这些人员从事非正规就业。考虑到中国劳动力市场分割的特点,在具体研究过程中把非正规就业者分成两大群体:上海非正规就业,主要是指上海户籍人口的非正规就业;流动人口非正规就业,主要是来自上海以外的省区农民工为主就业。上海非正规就业是政府扶持下的“准市场就业”,就业人员主要以失业、协保人员、农村富裕劳动力为主。外来人口主要是政府就业政策准入、社区管理、企业成本理念的约束,以及外来人口自身素质原因,导致他们主要从事非正规就业。
在具体研究中,本文采用宏观与微观相结合的方法。在宏观层面上,运用第五次人口普查数据和相关统计资料进行分析,在微观层面上运用问卷调查、访谈等方法对宏观行为进行验证。根据研究群体特点,采取相应的研究视角。上海非正规就业重点研究其在城市层次、区层次、个人层次的就业特征;外来人口行为空间研究重点是强调就业行为的空间选择性。
总体上,上海非正规就业是政府、社区、个人三者互动的结果。上海非正规就业人员行为空间受到制度、家庭经济压力、实物经济的文化心理和社会声望等因素共同影响。他们对实体空间认知程度比较高,社会认知中间以社区为主,工作寻访受到政府政策扶持影响。从上海非正规就业者的空间分布上看,基本没有空间隔离,行动空间也只是暂时的剥夺。上海非正规劳动组织就业有拓宽了就
With the new development view focusing on humanism in the world, the researches on employment become more and more popular. In the transitional society, the excessive supply of labor and institutional change has brought forth a large number of informal employees. The thesis mainly focuses on the informal employee behavioral space model and its social geographic implications, which enriches the urban social geography in the theories and provides the making policy data such as reducing urban poverty, building a well-off society and realizing ILO's the concept of full employment in practice.At first, combing the origin of informal employment theories and its concepts, we conclude that the fundamental definition of informal employment has four characteristics: subsistence economy, vulnerable group, and community space, small and micro firm. There are few literatures on the informal employee behavioral space. Fortunately, there're some theses on the employment behavioral-space, which mainly emphasizes on the job search and decision-making. So, I apply some behavioral geographic theories, with which we concern about the group behavior in macro and individual behavior in micro.In the 1990s, great changes had taken place in Shanghai city, especially in the economic system reforming and industrial structure adjusting, which brings forth a large number of unemployees. What's more, the surplus rural labors in china swarmed into cities at this period. These two groups unbalanced of urban labor market. They being at the bottom of labor market, lackage of bargaining power in job searching, and work relations complexity in social transition, makes them find their job in informal sector. Considering the segmented labor market in China, We divide the informal employment into two groups: household registered population informal employee, namely Shanghai informal employee, SIE) and floating population informal employee (FPIE). The SIE includes unemployment, the people who have no work but enjoy work social security, the surplus labor from Shanghai suburb. The reasons for SIE entering the informal sector are the government supporting, the semi-market employment. The FPs coming from the outer city, their
reasons are the government employment policy permission, community management, enterprise cost-minimization, and their human resource quality.In the method, this thesis applies the combination of microanalysis and macro-analysis. Macro-analysis is based on the 5th census and relation data, and microanalysis is based on questionnaire and interview. Also the relation subject knowledge such as behavioral geography, Culture geography, economics, and sociology is applied. Considering the different groups texture, our research have the different emphases. The thesis focuses on SIE's employment behavior space and FP's occupational selectivity.SIE is the result of the game among government, community and individual. In all, institute, family economic pressure, materialism culture psychology and social prestige have influenced SIE's behavioral space. Their objective space cognition ability is higher; the social cognition space is mainly in community; and job searching affected by favorable policy. In view of SIE's spatial distribution, they essentially have no spatial segment, but there is temporal deprivation in action space, and the deprivation disappears when they find new jobs. The SIE actively enhance the weak group's obtain employment ability, incubate a number of small and micro firms, alleviate social polarization. But it also has negative influence, such as relying on the government in obtaining jobs, producing finance deficit, always using by the powerful group, enlarging the segment of labor market. Although their job searching is supported by the local government policy, holding house, which aid to get work offers, but they get low wages in informal organization. The SIE socio-spatial polarization became distinctness in the renewal area in the city.As group, FP's location-decision to Shanghai city is to chase economic benefits, dominatin
引文
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