双峰驼牙齿形态与头颅的相关性和MPR研究
摘要
为了探讨双峰驼对炎热、寒冷的荒漠、半荒漠地区生态环境适应的形态学机制,本论文对双峰驼牙齿进行了全面、细致地解剖学研究。通过对双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus)牙齿解剖学研究、牙齿与头颅相关性分析、CT图像MPR三维研究,结果表明,双峰驼牙齿的解剖学结构特殊,上颌门齿、犬齿和臼齿发育较下颌臼齿发育得好。齿体生长方向与头颅生长呈相关性,说明双峰驼在特殊环境下,牙齿在漫长的进化过程中有定向选择的趋势。
对双峰驼的牙齿研究运用线性回归分析,结果具有较为明显的性别差异。二维测量结果显示,公驼多数牙齿变量的变异要大于母驼,在犬齿、门齿表现得尤为突出,异速生长的研究也显示出了公、母驼之间的差异。根据线性分析结果,对公驼,几乎所有牙齿的变量,不论是M／D向,还是B／L向,对颅骨长均表现为正的异速生长。对母驼,除I2(B/L)、P3(M/D)、P3(B/L)外,其余变量对颅骨长均呈负的异速生长。从面积变量来分析,所列指标对颅骨长在公驼表现为正的异速生长,在母驼则表现为负的异速生长。不同牙齿具有不同的生长率(b),意味着不同的食性对牙弓不同部位牙齿形态的影响不同。就牙齿变量及有关牙齿的面积与颅骨长的相关程度来看,公驼比母驼的相关关系表现得更为紧密。在母驼及公+母双峰驼,颊齿的线性型和面积对于颅骨长的异速生长指数较小。
多平面重组(MPR)CT采集的单个图像,对螺旋扫描采集的立体信息集合体进行选择和重组,选择和重组依据是构成立体的体素信息,即位置信息和密度信息。以根据体素的位置信息进行任意平面的选择和重组。因牙齿位置信息和密度信息特殊,对成年双峰驼牙齿的全长、冠长、根长、冠宽、颈宽、冠厚、颈厚和头颅解剖标志点分别进行矢状、冠状、水平CT测量线性回归分析,结果为公驼I1 AL b=0.003、r=0.848,CAL b=0.003、r=0.848,P3 AL b=0.004、r=0.945, M3 CW b=-0.002、r=0.802,母驼P5 AL b=-0.384、r=0.768,NT b=-0.392、r=0.934,而公+母双峰驼M1 AL b=0.011、r=0.400,NT b=0.003、r=0.440,P<0.005存在显著意义。
根据对双峰驼牙齿MPR数据和对其头颅线性与牙齿冠状、矢状、水平面上的结果进行分析,发现双峰驼牙齿具有明显的性别差异,公驼牙齿的变异程度在门齿、犬齿、前臼齿表现突出。在线性型和面积方面,公驼牙齿的异速生长均快于母驼和公驼+母驼,与二维测量结果相同。在公驼、母驼或公+母,下颌齿,变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切。牙齿组织的发育除遗传因素和行为因素外,同时也受动物营养条件、草地类型、年龄等因素的影响。
A comprehensive investigation was conducted into the adaptation mechanisms of teeth in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in both warm and cold arid regions. The study analyzed morphology of the teeth, correlation analysis between the teeth and skull, CT three-dimensional MPR images and the anatomical structure of the teeth in the Bactrian camel.
Two-dimensional measurements using linear regression analysis of the camel's teeth showed gender variation, where the males teeth is larger than the females, especially in the canine and incisors. Allometric results also showed differences between female and male groups. From the linear model analysis in the male, dental variables M/D and B/L showed positive growth. In females, I2 (B/L), P3 (M/D) and P3 (B/L) showed positive growth, while the other variables showed negative growth. Indicators of skull length in males showed positive growth, while the females showed negative growth. Analysis further showed that different teeth have different growth rates (b) and different feeding habits influence the shape of teeth. Variation between tooth size and skull length show a correlation in males rather than females. In the female and male+female camel, molar teeth and size of the skull growth varied little.
Multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) CT images were acquired on a single three-dimensional spiral scan. Three-dimensional measurements of density and length were used in linear regression analysis. The male results showed I1 AL b= 0.003, r= 0.848, C AL6= 0.003, r= 0.848, P3 ALb= 0.004, r= 0.945, M3 CW b=-0.002, r= 0.802, female results showed P5 AL b=-0.384, r= 0.768, NT b=-0.392, r= 0.934, while male+female results showed M1 AL b= 0.011, r= 0.400, NT b= 0.003, r= 0.440, P<0.005.
Analysis of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional results indicate obvious gender growth differences, which showed male teeth growth was faster than the female and male+female groups. Other growth differences were seen in male incisor teeth, canine and premolars. A greater correlation between mandibular teeth growth and skull length was seen in male, female or male+female groups, as compared to the upper jaw teeth growth. In conclusion, the study indicates that the development of teeth is not only due to genetic factors and behavioral factors, but also by animal nutrition, grassland types, ages and other factors.
对双峰驼的牙齿研究运用线性回归分析,结果具有较为明显的性别差异。二维测量结果显示,公驼多数牙齿变量的变异要大于母驼,在犬齿、门齿表现得尤为突出,异速生长的研究也显示出了公、母驼之间的差异。根据线性分析结果,对公驼,几乎所有牙齿的变量,不论是M／D向,还是B／L向,对颅骨长均表现为正的异速生长。对母驼,除I2(B/L)、P3(M/D)、P3(B/L)外,其余变量对颅骨长均呈负的异速生长。从面积变量来分析,所列指标对颅骨长在公驼表现为正的异速生长,在母驼则表现为负的异速生长。不同牙齿具有不同的生长率(b),意味着不同的食性对牙弓不同部位牙齿形态的影响不同。就牙齿变量及有关牙齿的面积与颅骨长的相关程度来看,公驼比母驼的相关关系表现得更为紧密。在母驼及公+母双峰驼,颊齿的线性型和面积对于颅骨长的异速生长指数较小。
多平面重组(MPR)CT采集的单个图像,对螺旋扫描采集的立体信息集合体进行选择和重组,选择和重组依据是构成立体的体素信息,即位置信息和密度信息。以根据体素的位置信息进行任意平面的选择和重组。因牙齿位置信息和密度信息特殊,对成年双峰驼牙齿的全长、冠长、根长、冠宽、颈宽、冠厚、颈厚和头颅解剖标志点分别进行矢状、冠状、水平CT测量线性回归分析,结果为公驼I1 AL b=0.003、r=0.848,CAL b=0.003、r=0.848,P3 AL b=0.004、r=0.945, M3 CW b=-0.002、r=0.802,母驼P5 AL b=-0.384、r=0.768,NT b=-0.392、r=0.934,而公+母双峰驼M1 AL b=0.011、r=0.400,NT b=0.003、r=0.440,P<0.005存在显著意义。
根据对双峰驼牙齿MPR数据和对其头颅线性与牙齿冠状、矢状、水平面上的结果进行分析,发现双峰驼牙齿具有明显的性别差异,公驼牙齿的变异程度在门齿、犬齿、前臼齿表现突出。在线性型和面积方面,公驼牙齿的异速生长均快于母驼和公驼+母驼,与二维测量结果相同。在公驼、母驼或公+母,下颌齿,变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切。牙齿组织的发育除遗传因素和行为因素外,同时也受动物营养条件、草地类型、年龄等因素的影响。
A comprehensive investigation was conducted into the adaptation mechanisms of teeth in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in both warm and cold arid regions. The study analyzed morphology of the teeth, correlation analysis between the teeth and skull, CT three-dimensional MPR images and the anatomical structure of the teeth in the Bactrian camel.
Two-dimensional measurements using linear regression analysis of the camel's teeth showed gender variation, where the males teeth is larger than the females, especially in the canine and incisors. Allometric results also showed differences between female and male groups. From the linear model analysis in the male, dental variables M/D and B/L showed positive growth. In females, I2 (B/L), P3 (M/D) and P3 (B/L) showed positive growth, while the other variables showed negative growth. Indicators of skull length in males showed positive growth, while the females showed negative growth. Analysis further showed that different teeth have different growth rates (b) and different feeding habits influence the shape of teeth. Variation between tooth size and skull length show a correlation in males rather than females. In the female and male+female camel, molar teeth and size of the skull growth varied little.
Multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) CT images were acquired on a single three-dimensional spiral scan. Three-dimensional measurements of density and length were used in linear regression analysis. The male results showed I1 AL b= 0.003, r= 0.848, C AL6= 0.003, r= 0.848, P3 ALb= 0.004, r= 0.945, M3 CW b=-0.002, r= 0.802, female results showed P5 AL b=-0.384, r= 0.768, NT b=-0.392, r= 0.934, while male+female results showed M1 AL b= 0.011, r= 0.400, NT b= 0.003, r= 0.440, P<0.005.
Analysis of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional results indicate obvious gender growth differences, which showed male teeth growth was faster than the female and male+female groups. Other growth differences were seen in male incisor teeth, canine and premolars. A greater correlation between mandibular teeth growth and skull length was seen in male, female or male+female groups, as compared to the upper jaw teeth growth. In conclusion, the study indicates that the development of teeth is not only due to genetic factors and behavioral factors, but also by animal nutrition, grassland types, ages and other factors.
引文
America. Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool.156:99-118.
Anderson, D., et al.1975. Evolutionary dental change. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,43:95-102.
Bloch, [J]. I., Rose, K. D., and Gingerich, P. D.1998. New species of Batodonoides (Lipotyphla, Geolabididae) from the Early Eocene of Wyoming:Smallest known mammal [J]. Mammal. 79:804-827.
Buettner-Junusch, [J]., et al.,1962. The use of the incisors by primate grooming. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,20(2):127-129.
Cachel, S. M.1983 Diet of the Oligocen Anthropodis. Aegytopithecus and Apidium. Primates, 24(1):109-128.
Cachel, S. M.1979. A function analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the Anthropoid post-orbital septum. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,43:95-102.
Crompton, A. W., and Hiiemae, K.1970. Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, L.Zool. [J]. Linn. Soc.49: 21-47.
Crompton, A. W., and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.1978. Molar structure and occlusion in Cretaceous therian mammals. In:Studies in the Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, P. M. Butler and K. A. Joysey, eds., pp.249-287, Academic Press, London.
Dierbach A. Intraspecific variability and sexual dimorphism in the skull of Pan troglodytes verus [J] Human Evolution,1986,1:41-50.
De Vore [J],Washburn S.Baboon ecology and human evolution M.In:Howell F,Bourliere F,eds. African Ecology and Human Evolution.Aldine,Chicago.1963.50-61.
Eisenberg, [J]. F.1990. The behavioral/ecological significance of body size in the Mammalia. In: Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology, [J]. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds., pp.25-37, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, England.
Garn S M, Lewis A B, Kerewsky R S. Sex difference in tooth size. [J] Dent Res,1964,43:306.
Garn S M, Kerewsky RS, Swindler D R. Canine"Field"in sexual dimorphism of tooth size [J]. Nature,1966,212:1501-1502.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size[J] Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971.
Gaulin S, Sailer L.Sexual dimorphism in weight among the primates,the relative impact of allometry and sexual selection [J].International Journal of Primatology,1984,5(6):515-535.
Gingerich, P. D.1985 Correlation of toothsize and body size in living hominoid primates and insectiovres. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, L. Junger(ed.). State University of New York at Stoy Brook. New York, pp,257-272.
Gonda K. On the sexual difference in the dimensions of the human teeth. [J] Anthrop Soc Nippon,,1959,67:151-63.
Gingerich, P. D.1974. Dental function in the Paleocene primate Plesiadapis. In:Prosimian Biology, R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle, and A. C. Walker, eds., pp.531-541, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
Gingerich, P. D., and Smith, B. H.1984. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, W. L. Jungers,ed., pp.257-272, Plenum Press, New York.
Gingerich, P. D., Smith, B. H., and Rosenberg, K.1982. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils. Amer. [J]. Phys. Anthropol. 58:81-100.
Gingerich PD. Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size in Aegyptopithecus and Proconsul [J] Amer [J] Phys Anthropol,1977,47: 395-398.
Gingerich PD, Smith BH. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores A. In: Jungers WL ed. Size and Scaling in Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery(ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Hiiemae, K. M., and Crompton, A. W.1971. A cinefluorographic study of feeding in the American opossum Didelphis marsupialis. In:Dental Morphology and Evolution, A. A. Dahlberg, ed., pp.299-334, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Janis, C. M.1990. Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodids.In:Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology, [J]. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds., pp.255-299, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Jutta S, Peter M K. Fluctuating sexual dimorphism and differential hibernation by sex in a primate, the gray mouse lemur(Microcebus murinus)[J] Behav Ecol Sociobiol,1998,43:125-132.
Kay, R. F.1973. Mastication, Molar Tooth Structure and Diet in Primates. PhD Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven.
Kay, R. F.1975. The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Kay, R. F.1978. Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecidae. In:Studies in the Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, P. M. Butler and K. A. Joysey, eds., pp. 309-339, Academic Press, London.
Kay, R. F.1984. On the use of anatomical features to infer foraging behavior in extinct primates. In:Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates:Contributions to an Organismal Biology of Prosimians, Monkeys and Apes, P. S. Rodman and J. G. H. Cant, eds., pp.21-53, Columbia University Press, New York.
Kay, R. F., and Hylander, W. L.1978. The dental structure of mammalian folivores with special reference to Primates and Phalangeroidea (Marsupialia). In:The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp.173-191, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
LaBarbera, M.1986. The evolution and ecology of body size. In:Patterns and Processes in the History of Life, D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski, eds., pp.69-98, Springer, Heidelberg.
Legendre, S.1989. Les communaut'es de mammif eres du Pal'eog'ene (Eoc'ene sup'erieur et Oligoc`ene)Europe occidentale:Structures, milieux et'evolution. Munch, eowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 16:1-110.
Lucas PH. Corlett and Luke DA. Sexual dimorphism of tooth size in anthropoids [J] Human Evolution,1986,1:23-29.
Lauer, C.1975 The relationship f tooth size to body size in a population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta.) Am. [J] Phys. Anthropol.,43:333-339
Leutenegger W,Cheverud J M.Correlation of sexual dimorphism in primates:ecological and size Variables J.International Journal of Primatology,1982,3:387-420.
Leutenegger W,Cheverud [J] M.Sexual dimorphism in primates,the effects of size A.In:Jungers WL ed.Size and Scaling in Primate Biology.State University of New York at Stony Brook, NewYork:Plenum Press,1985,33-50.
Leutenegger W,Kelly J R.Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social, behavioral, and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates [J].Primates,1977,18:117-136.
Leutenegger W,Cheverud [J] M.Correlation of sexual dimorphism in primates:ecological and sizeVariables J.International Journal of Primatology,1982,3:387-420.
Leutenegger W, Cheverud J M.Sexual dimorphism in primates,the effects of size A.In:Jungers Leutenegger W.Scaling of sexual dimorphism on body size and breeding system in primates J Nature,1978,272:610-611.
Leutenegger W.Sexual dimorphism in nonhuman primates M.In:Hall R L,ed.Sexual Dimorphism in Homo sapiens.Praeager,New York.1982,11-36.
McNab, B. K.1990. The physiological significance of body size. In:Body Size in Mammalian Palebiology, [J]
Monkeys J.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,1998,107:243-256.
Napier P H.Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum and elsewhere in the British Isles M. In: Part II.Family Cerecopithecidae, subfamily Cercopithecinae.British Museum,London.1981, 100-203.
Peters, R. H.1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985,257-272.
Hylander W. Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae [J] Science,1975,189:1095-1098.
Richard F K, Daniel S, Christopher JV,et al.The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates J Journal of Human Evolution,2004,46:3-25.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.1984. Scaling:Why Is Animal Body Size So Important? Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, England.
Strait, S. G.1991. Dietary Reconstruction in Small-bodied Fossil Primates. PhD Dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Temerin, L. A, Wheatley, B. P., and Rodman, P. S.1984. Body size and foraging in primates. In: Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates, P. S. Rodman and J. G. H. Cant, eds., pp. 217-248, Columbia University Press, New York.
Thewissen, [J] G. M., and Gingerich, P. D.1989. Skull and endocranial cast of Eoryctes melanus, a newpalaeoryctid (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the early Eocene of western North America. [J]. Vertebr. Paleontol.9:459-470.
Thomas [J] M, Walter C H. Degrees of Sexual Dimorphism in Cebus and Other New World
Richard [J] S. Statistics of sexual size dimorph:ism [J] Journal of human Evolution,1999,36: 423-459.
Western, D.1979. Size, life history and ecology in mammals. Afr. [J]. Ecol.17:185-204.
Wood, B. A.1979. An analysis of tooth and body size relationships in five primate taxa. Folia Primatol.31:187-211.
Wood, C. B., and Clemens, W. A.2001. A new specimen and a functional reassociation of the molar dentition of Batodon tenuis (Placentalia, incertae sedis), Latest Cretaceous (Lancian), North
Turner C H, Akhter M P.The mechanics of bone adaptation M.In:Tacahashi H E,ed.Mechanical Loading of Bones and Joints. Tokyo, Springer-Verlag.1999,79-91.
WL ed. Size and Scaling in Primate Biology.State University of New York at Stony Brook, NewYork:Plenum Press,1985,33-50.
宋朝枢,瞿文元.太行山猕猴自然保护区科学考察M.北京：中国林业出版社,1996,16-113.
吴汝康.灵长类的性别二态问题[J]人类学学报,1987,6(3)：255-261.
吴汝康,王令红.禄丰古猿的两性差别[J]人类学学报,1987,6(3)：169-174.
赵晓进,胡春红,王斌,等.太行山猕猴颊齿大小的性差研究初报[J]人类学学报,2005,24(4)：334-340.
赵晓进.太行山猕猴髋骨变量研究初报[J]人类学学报,2003,22(1)：69-74.
赵晓进,翟心慧,宛霞,等.太行山猕猴下颌骨变量相关性研究J 人类学学报,1999,18(1)：60-64.
张耀平,李志祥,彭燕章,等.金丝猴的牙齿[J]动物学报,1983,29(2)：239-248.
皮听主编.口腔解剖学彩色图谱.武汉：湖北科学技术出版社,200220-28
皮听主编.口腔解剖生理学.第5版.北京：人民卫生出版社,20035-50
王惠芸编著.牙体解剖生理学.北京：人民卫生出版社,195816-28
徐峰主编.人体断面解剖学图谱.北京：人民卫生出版社,198932-36
张朝佑主编.人体解剖学.第2版.北京：人民卫生出版社,199825-28
Anderson, D. L.et al.1975 Evolutionary dental change. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.43:95-102.
Anderson, D. L. et al.1977 Tooth, chin,bone and body size correlation. Ibid 46:7-12.
Buettner-Janusch, J.et al.1962 The use of the incisors by primate grooming, Ibid 20(2):127-129
Chen Q Sh, Wang W H (2002). Morphological features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel (in Chinese). Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2):245-250
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W. L. Junger ed. Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Gingerich, P. D.et al.1985 Allometry Scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In size and Scaling in Primate Biology. W. L. Jungers(ed). Plenum Press, New York. pp.257-272.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size J Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971
Gingerich, P. D.et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W.L. Junger ed.Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. NewYork:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Hladik,E.M.1978 Adaptive strategics of in relation to leaf eating.In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores,G.G.Montgomer(ed.).Simithsenian.Institution Press, Washington,D.C.pp.373-395.
Henderson, A. M. et al.1976 Relationship between tooth size and body size in American blacks. J. Dent. Res.55:94-96.
Hylander, W.1975 Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cereopithecidae Science 189:1096-1098.
Hladik, E. M.1981 Diet and the evolution of feeding strategies among forest primates. In Omnivorous Primates. R. S. O. Harding and G. Teleki (eds). Columbia University Press, New York. Pp 215-245.
Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery(ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportiobs and skeleted allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportions and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Key, R. F.1975. The functional adaptions of Primate molar teeth. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Lavelle, C. L. B. Relationship between tooth and skull in a population rhesus monkey. (Macaca mulatta). Am J. Phs. Anthropot.43:333-340
Leutenegger, W. et al.1977 Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social behavioral and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 8(1):117-136.
Lavelle, C. L. B.1977 Relationship between tooth and long bone size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.46: 423-426.
Philip D Gingerich, B Holly Smith:Allometric Scaling in the Dentition of Primates and Insectivores Allometric scaling in dentition J. M; Am J Phys Anthropol; M; Am J Phys Anthropol; 1983
Shea, B. T.1983 Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form. Folia Primatel. 40:32-36.
Schwartz H J, Dioli M (1992) The one-humped camel in eastern Africa. Verlag Josef Margraf, Germany, pp 137-140
Sumer, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Sumner, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Wolpoff,M.1973 Posterior tooth size, body size and diet in south African gracile auslralopithecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Wood, B. A.1979 An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa. Folia Frimatel.31:187-211.
Wood, B. A. An analysis of tooth and body size relationshipsin five primate taxa.Folia.Primatolo., 1979,31:187-211.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth sizc, body size and diet in south African gracile australopitlhecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Zhao X X (1995) Ecophysiology and reproduction of the camel (In Chinese). Gansu Science and Technology Press, China, pp 50-52
潘汝亮,彭燕章.菲氏叶猴牙齿与颅长的相关性研究.叶智彰编.叶猴生物学.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993.299-293.
路纪琪,吕九全,薛德明等.太行山猕猴颅容量与颅骨其他变量的相关性研究.动物学研究,2000,21(1)：94-96.
邵象清,人体测量手册.上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.57-99.
薛德明,辛丙乾,瞿文元等.成年太行山猕猴肱骨与锁骨的初步研究.动物学研究,1998,19(2)：143-147.
Anderson, D. L.et al.1975 Evolutionary dental change. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43:95-102.
Anderson, D. L. et al.1977 Tooth, chin,bone and body size correlation. Ibid 46:7-12.
Buettner-Janusch, J.et al.1962 The use of the incisors by primate grooming, Ibid 20(2):127-129
Chen Q Sh, Wang W H (2002). Morphological features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel (in Chinese). Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2):245-250
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W. L. Junger ed. Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Gingerich, P. D.et al.1985 Allometry Scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In size and Scaling in Primate Biology. W. L. Jungers (ed). Plenum Press, New York. pp.257-272.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size [J] Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W.L. Junger ed.Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Hladik, E.M.1978 Adaptive strategics of in relation to leaf eating.In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, G.G. Montgomery. Simithsenian.Institution Press, Washington,D.C.pp.373-395.
Henderson, A. M. et al.1976 Relationship between tooth size and body size in American blacks.[J]. Dent. Res.55:94-96.
Hylander, W.1975 Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cereopithecidae Science 189:1096-1098.
Hladik, E. M.1981 Diet and the evolution of feeding strategies among forest primates. In Omnivorous Primates. R. S. O. Harding and G. Teleki. Columbia University Press, New York. Pp 215-245.
Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportiobs and skeleted allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportions and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Key, R. F.1975. The functional adaptions of Primate molar teeth. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Lavelle, C. L. B. Relationship between tooth and skull in a population rhesus monkey. (Macaca mulatta). Am [J]. Phs. Anthropot.43:333-340
Leutenegger, W. et al.1977 Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social behavioral and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 8(1):117-136.
Lavelle, C. L. B.1977 Relationship between tooth and long bone size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.46: 423-426.
Philip D Gingerich, B Holly Smith; Allometric Scaling in the Dentition of Primates and Insectivores Allometric scaling in dentition [J]. M; Am J Phys Anthropol; 1983
Richard J Smith; The Mandibular Corpus of Female Primates:Taxonomic, Dietary, and Allometric Correlates of Interspecific Variationin Size and Shape [J]M; Am J Phys Anthropol;1983
Shea, B. T.1983 Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form. Folia Primatel. 40:32-36.
Schwartz H J, Dioli M 1992 The one-humped camel in eastern Africa. Verlag Josef Margraf, Germany, pp 137-140
Sumer, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Sumner, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth size, body size and diet in south African gracile auslralopithecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Wood, B. A.1979 An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa. Folia Frimatel.31:187-211.
Wood, B. A. An analysis of tooth and body size relationshipsin five primate taxa.Folia.Primatolo., 1979,31:187-211.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth sizc, body size and diet in south African gracile australopitlhecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Zhao X X 1995 Ecophysiology and reproduction of the camel (In Chinese). Gansu Science and Technology Press, China, pp 50-52
潘汝亮,彭燕章.菲氏叶猴牙齿与颅长的相关性研究.叶智彰编.叶猴生物学.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993.299-293.
路纪琪,吕九全,薛德明等.太行山猕猴颅容量与颅骨其他变量的相关性研究.动物学研究,2000,21(1)：94-96.
邵象清,人体测量手册.上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.57-99.
薛德明,辛丙乾,瞿文元等.成年太行山猕猴肱骨与锁骨的初步研究.动物学研究,1998,19(2)：143-147.
Anderson, D., et al.1975. Evolutionary dental change. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,43:95-102.
Bloch, [J]. I., Rose, K. D., and Gingerich, P. D.1998. New species of Batodonoides (Lipotyphla, Geolabididae) from the Early Eocene of Wyoming:Smallest known mammal [J]. Mammal. 79:804-827.
Buettner-Junusch, [J]., et al.,1962. The use of the incisors by primate grooming. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,20(2):127-129.
Cachel, S. M.1983 Diet of the Oligocen Anthropodis. Aegytopithecus and Apidium. Primates, 24(1):109-128.
Cachel, S. M.1979. A function analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the Anthropoid post-orbital septum. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.,43:95-102.
Crompton, A. W., and Hiiemae, K.1970. Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, L.Zool. [J]. Linn. Soc.49: 21-47.
Crompton, A. W., and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.1978. Molar structure and occlusion in Cretaceous therian mammals. In:Studies in the Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, P. M. Butler and K. A. Joysey, eds., pp.249-287, Academic Press, London.
Dierbach A. Intraspecific variability and sexual dimorphism in the skull of Pan troglodytes verus [J] Human Evolution,1986,1:41-50.
De Vore [J],Washburn S.Baboon ecology and human evolution M.In:Howell F,Bourliere F,eds. African Ecology and Human Evolution.Aldine,Chicago.1963.50-61.
Eisenberg, [J]. F.1990. The behavioral/ecological significance of body size in the Mammalia. In: Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology, [J]. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds., pp.25-37, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, England.
Garn S M, Lewis A B, Kerewsky R S. Sex difference in tooth size. [J] Dent Res,1964,43:306.
Garn S M, Kerewsky RS, Swindler D R. Canine"Field"in sexual dimorphism of tooth size [J]. Nature,1966,212:1501-1502.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size[J] Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971.
Gaulin S, Sailer L.Sexual dimorphism in weight among the primates,the relative impact of allometry and sexual selection [J].International Journal of Primatology,1984,5(6):515-535.
Gingerich, P. D.1985 Correlation of toothsize and body size in living hominoid primates and insectiovres. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, L. Junger(ed.). State University of New York at Stoy Brook. New York, pp,257-272.
Gonda K. On the sexual difference in the dimensions of the human teeth. [J] Anthrop Soc Nippon,,1959,67:151-63.
Gingerich, P. D.1974. Dental function in the Paleocene primate Plesiadapis. In:Prosimian Biology, R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle, and A. C. Walker, eds., pp.531-541, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
Gingerich, P. D., and Smith, B. H.1984. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, W. L. Jungers,ed., pp.257-272, Plenum Press, New York.
Gingerich, P. D., Smith, B. H., and Rosenberg, K.1982. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils. Amer. [J]. Phys. Anthropol. 58:81-100.
Gingerich PD. Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size in Aegyptopithecus and Proconsul [J] Amer [J] Phys Anthropol,1977,47: 395-398.
Gingerich PD, Smith BH. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores A. In: Jungers WL ed. Size and Scaling in Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery(ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Hiiemae, K. M., and Crompton, A. W.1971. A cinefluorographic study of feeding in the American opossum Didelphis marsupialis. In:Dental Morphology and Evolution, A. A. Dahlberg, ed., pp.299-334, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Janis, C. M.1990. Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodids.In:Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology, [J]. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds., pp.255-299, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Jutta S, Peter M K. Fluctuating sexual dimorphism and differential hibernation by sex in a primate, the gray mouse lemur(Microcebus murinus)[J] Behav Ecol Sociobiol,1998,43:125-132.
Kay, R. F.1973. Mastication, Molar Tooth Structure and Diet in Primates. PhD Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven.
Kay, R. F.1975. The functional adaptations of primate molar teeth. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Kay, R. F.1978. Molar structure and diet in extant Cercopithecidae. In:Studies in the Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, P. M. Butler and K. A. Joysey, eds., pp. 309-339, Academic Press, London.
Kay, R. F.1984. On the use of anatomical features to infer foraging behavior in extinct primates. In:Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates:Contributions to an Organismal Biology of Prosimians, Monkeys and Apes, P. S. Rodman and J. G. H. Cant, eds., pp.21-53, Columbia University Press, New York.
Kay, R. F., and Hylander, W. L.1978. The dental structure of mammalian folivores with special reference to Primates and Phalangeroidea (Marsupialia). In:The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp.173-191, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
LaBarbera, M.1986. The evolution and ecology of body size. In:Patterns and Processes in the History of Life, D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski, eds., pp.69-98, Springer, Heidelberg.
Legendre, S.1989. Les communaut'es de mammif eres du Pal'eog'ene (Eoc'ene sup'erieur et Oligoc`ene)Europe occidentale:Structures, milieux et'evolution. Munch, eowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 16:1-110.
Lucas PH. Corlett and Luke DA. Sexual dimorphism of tooth size in anthropoids [J] Human Evolution,1986,1:23-29.
Lauer, C.1975 The relationship f tooth size to body size in a population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta.) Am. [J] Phys. Anthropol.,43:333-339
Leutenegger W,Cheverud J M.Correlation of sexual dimorphism in primates:ecological and size Variables J.International Journal of Primatology,1982,3:387-420.
Leutenegger W,Cheverud [J] M.Sexual dimorphism in primates,the effects of size A.In:Jungers WL ed.Size and Scaling in Primate Biology.State University of New York at Stony Brook, NewYork:Plenum Press,1985,33-50.
Leutenegger W,Kelly J R.Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social, behavioral, and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates [J].Primates,1977,18:117-136.
Leutenegger W,Cheverud [J] M.Correlation of sexual dimorphism in primates:ecological and sizeVariables J.International Journal of Primatology,1982,3:387-420.
Leutenegger W, Cheverud J M.Sexual dimorphism in primates,the effects of size A.In:Jungers Leutenegger W.Scaling of sexual dimorphism on body size and breeding system in primates J Nature,1978,272:610-611.
Leutenegger W.Sexual dimorphism in nonhuman primates M.In:Hall R L,ed.Sexual Dimorphism in Homo sapiens.Praeager,New York.1982,11-36.
McNab, B. K.1990. The physiological significance of body size. In:Body Size in Mammalian Palebiology, [J]
Monkeys J.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,1998,107:243-256.
Napier P H.Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum and elsewhere in the British Isles M. In: Part II.Family Cerecopithecidae, subfamily Cercopithecinae.British Museum,London.1981, 100-203.
Peters, R. H.1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985,257-272.
Hylander W. Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae [J] Science,1975,189:1095-1098.
Richard F K, Daniel S, Christopher JV,et al.The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates J Journal of Human Evolution,2004,46:3-25.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.1984. Scaling:Why Is Animal Body Size So Important? Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, England.
Strait, S. G.1991. Dietary Reconstruction in Small-bodied Fossil Primates. PhD Dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Temerin, L. A, Wheatley, B. P., and Rodman, P. S.1984. Body size and foraging in primates. In: Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates, P. S. Rodman and J. G. H. Cant, eds., pp. 217-248, Columbia University Press, New York.
Thewissen, [J] G. M., and Gingerich, P. D.1989. Skull and endocranial cast of Eoryctes melanus, a newpalaeoryctid (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the early Eocene of western North America. [J]. Vertebr. Paleontol.9:459-470.
Thomas [J] M, Walter C H. Degrees of Sexual Dimorphism in Cebus and Other New World
Richard [J] S. Statistics of sexual size dimorph:ism [J] Journal of human Evolution,1999,36: 423-459.
Western, D.1979. Size, life history and ecology in mammals. Afr. [J]. Ecol.17:185-204.
Wood, B. A.1979. An analysis of tooth and body size relationships in five primate taxa. Folia Primatol.31:187-211.
Wood, C. B., and Clemens, W. A.2001. A new specimen and a functional reassociation of the molar dentition of Batodon tenuis (Placentalia, incertae sedis), Latest Cretaceous (Lancian), North
Turner C H, Akhter M P.The mechanics of bone adaptation M.In:Tacahashi H E,ed.Mechanical Loading of Bones and Joints. Tokyo, Springer-Verlag.1999,79-91.
WL ed. Size and Scaling in Primate Biology.State University of New York at Stony Brook, NewYork:Plenum Press,1985,33-50.
宋朝枢,瞿文元.太行山猕猴自然保护区科学考察M.北京：中国林业出版社,1996,16-113.
吴汝康.灵长类的性别二态问题[J]人类学学报,1987,6(3)：255-261.
吴汝康,王令红.禄丰古猿的两性差别[J]人类学学报,1987,6(3)：169-174.
赵晓进,胡春红,王斌,等.太行山猕猴颊齿大小的性差研究初报[J]人类学学报,2005,24(4)：334-340.
赵晓进.太行山猕猴髋骨变量研究初报[J]人类学学报,2003,22(1)：69-74.
赵晓进,翟心慧,宛霞,等.太行山猕猴下颌骨变量相关性研究J 人类学学报,1999,18(1)：60-64.
张耀平,李志祥,彭燕章,等.金丝猴的牙齿[J]动物学报,1983,29(2)：239-248.
皮听主编.口腔解剖学彩色图谱.武汉：湖北科学技术出版社,200220-28
皮听主编.口腔解剖生理学.第5版.北京：人民卫生出版社,20035-50
王惠芸编著.牙体解剖生理学.北京：人民卫生出版社,195816-28
徐峰主编.人体断面解剖学图谱.北京：人民卫生出版社,198932-36
张朝佑主编.人体解剖学.第2版.北京：人民卫生出版社,199825-28
Anderson, D. L.et al.1975 Evolutionary dental change. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.43:95-102.
Anderson, D. L. et al.1977 Tooth, chin,bone and body size correlation. Ibid 46:7-12.
Buettner-Janusch, J.et al.1962 The use of the incisors by primate grooming, Ibid 20(2):127-129
Chen Q Sh, Wang W H (2002). Morphological features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel (in Chinese). Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2):245-250
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W. L. Junger ed. Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Gingerich, P. D.et al.1985 Allometry Scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In size and Scaling in Primate Biology. W. L. Jungers(ed). Plenum Press, New York. pp.257-272.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size J Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971
Gingerich, P. D.et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W.L. Junger ed.Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. NewYork:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Hladik,E.M.1978 Adaptive strategics of in relation to leaf eating.In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores,G.G.Montgomer(ed.).Simithsenian.Institution Press, Washington,D.C.pp.373-395.
Henderson, A. M. et al.1976 Relationship between tooth size and body size in American blacks. J. Dent. Res.55:94-96.
Hylander, W.1975 Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cereopithecidae Science 189:1096-1098.
Hladik, E. M.1981 Diet and the evolution of feeding strategies among forest primates. In Omnivorous Primates. R. S. O. Harding and G. Teleki (eds). Columbia University Press, New York. Pp 215-245.
Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery(ed). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportiobs and skeleted allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportions and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Key, R. F.1975. The functional adaptions of Primate molar teeth. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Lavelle, C. L. B. Relationship between tooth and skull in a population rhesus monkey. (Macaca mulatta). Am J. Phs. Anthropot.43:333-340
Leutenegger, W. et al.1977 Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social behavioral and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 8(1):117-136.
Lavelle, C. L. B.1977 Relationship between tooth and long bone size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.46: 423-426.
Philip D Gingerich, B Holly Smith:Allometric Scaling in the Dentition of Primates and Insectivores Allometric scaling in dentition J. M; Am J Phys Anthropol; M; Am J Phys Anthropol; 1983
Shea, B. T.1983 Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form. Folia Primatel. 40:32-36.
Schwartz H J, Dioli M (1992) The one-humped camel in eastern Africa. Verlag Josef Margraf, Germany, pp 137-140
Sumer, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Sumner, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Wolpoff,M.1973 Posterior tooth size, body size and diet in south African gracile auslralopithecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Wood, B. A.1979 An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa. Folia Frimatel.31:187-211.
Wood, B. A. An analysis of tooth and body size relationshipsin five primate taxa.Folia.Primatolo., 1979,31:187-211.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth sizc, body size and diet in south African gracile australopitlhecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Zhao X X (1995) Ecophysiology and reproduction of the camel (In Chinese). Gansu Science and Technology Press, China, pp 50-52
潘汝亮,彭燕章.菲氏叶猴牙齿与颅长的相关性研究.叶智彰编.叶猴生物学.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993.299-293.
路纪琪,吕九全,薛德明等.太行山猕猴颅容量与颅骨其他变量的相关性研究.动物学研究,2000,21(1)：94-96.
邵象清,人体测量手册.上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.57-99.
薛德明,辛丙乾,瞿文元等.成年太行山猕猴肱骨与锁骨的初步研究.动物学研究,1998,19(2)：143-147.
Anderson, D. L.et al.1975 Evolutionary dental change. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43:95-102.
Anderson, D. L. et al.1977 Tooth, chin,bone and body size correlation. Ibid 46:7-12.
Buettner-Janusch, J.et al.1962 The use of the incisors by primate grooming, Ibid 20(2):127-129
Chen Q Sh, Wang W H (2002). Morphological features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel (in Chinese). Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2):245-250
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W. L. Junger ed. Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Gingerich, P. D.et al.1985 Allometry Scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In size and Scaling in Primate Biology. W. L. Jungers (ed). Plenum Press, New York. pp.257-272.
Garn S M, Lrthur A B, Swindler D R, et al. Genetic control of sexual dimorphism in tooth size [J] Dent Res Supplemnet to No.5,1967,46:963-971
Gingerich, P. D. et al. Allometry scaling the dentition of primates and insectivores. In:W.L. Junger ed.Size and Scal-ing in Primate Biology. New York:Plenum Press,1985.257-272.
Hladik, E.M.1978 Adaptive strategics of in relation to leaf eating.In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, G.G. Montgomery. Simithsenian.Institution Press, Washington,D.C.pp.373-395.
Henderson, A. M. et al.1976 Relationship between tooth size and body size in American blacks.[J]. Dent. Res.55:94-96.
Hylander, W.1975 Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cereopithecidae Science 189:1096-1098.
Hladik, E. M.1981 Diet and the evolution of feeding strategies among forest primates. In Omnivorous Primates. R. S. O. Harding and G. Teleki. Columbia University Press, New York. Pp 215-245.
Hladik, E. m.1978 Adaptive strategies of primates in relating to leaf eating. In The Ecology of Abereai Folivores. G. G. Montqomery. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. c.pp 372-395.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportiobs and skeleted allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Jungers, W. L.1979 Locomotion, limb proportions and skeletal allometry in lemurs and lorises. Folia Primatol.32:8-28.
Key, R. F.1975. The functional adaptions of Primate molar teeth. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.43: 195-216.
Lavelle, C. L. B. Relationship between tooth and skull in a population rhesus monkey. (Macaca mulatta). Am [J]. Phs. Anthropot.43:333-340
Leutenegger, W. et al.1977 Relationship of sexual dimorphism in canine size and body size to social behavioral and ecological correlates in anthropoid primates. Primates 8(1):117-136.
Lavelle, C. L. B.1977 Relationship between tooth and long bone size. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.46: 423-426.
Philip D Gingerich, B Holly Smith; Allometric Scaling in the Dentition of Primates and Insectivores Allometric scaling in dentition [J]. M; Am J Phys Anthropol; 1983
Richard J Smith; The Mandibular Corpus of Female Primates:Taxonomic, Dietary, and Allometric Correlates of Interspecific Variationin Size and Shape [J]M; Am J Phys Anthropol;1983
Shea, B. T.1983 Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form. Folia Primatel. 40:32-36.
Schwartz H J, Dioli M 1992 The one-humped camel in eastern Africa. Verlag Josef Margraf, Germany, pp 137-140
Sumer, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Sumner, D. Jr.1984 Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur. Am. [J]. Phys. Anthropol.64:69-74.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth size, body size and diet in south African gracile auslralopithecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Wood, B. A.1979 An analysis of tooth and body size relationship in five primate taxa. Folia Frimatel.31:187-211.
Wood, B. A. An analysis of tooth and body size relationshipsin five primate taxa.Folia.Primatolo., 1979,31:187-211.
Wolpoff, M.1973 Posterior tooth sizc, body size and diet in south African gracile australopitlhecincs. Ibid 39:375-394.
Zhao X X 1995 Ecophysiology and reproduction of the camel (In Chinese). Gansu Science and Technology Press, China, pp 50-52
潘汝亮,彭燕章.菲氏叶猴牙齿与颅长的相关性研究.叶智彰编.叶猴生物学.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993.299-293.
路纪琪,吕九全,薛德明等.太行山猕猴颅容量与颅骨其他变量的相关性研究.动物学研究,2000,21(1)：94-96.
邵象清,人体测量手册.上海：上海辞书出版社,1985.57-99.
薛德明,辛丙乾,瞿文元等.成年太行山猕猴肱骨与锁骨的初步研究.动物学研究,1998,19(2)：143-147.