虚拟现实中大规模粒子系统的研究
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摘要
在计算机虚拟仿真领域,应用粒子系统模拟不规则模糊物体的方法已经得到了广泛应用。随着游戏玩家对场景环境要求的日益提高,粒子系统已经成为计算机游戏领域不可或缺的关键技术。然而,传统的粒子系统在整个场景使用单一的运动方程来控制粒子运动,对于和视点距离不同的粒子而言,增加了很多不必要的计算量,影响了绘制速度。因此,研究出一种对粒子运动比较灵活的控制方法,对于提高绘制速度和模拟真实度方面具有积极的意义。
本文通过对粒子系统的研究,把基于空间感知的AM模型应用于粒子系统中,用来解决整个场景中粒子运动方程单一而带来的运算量大和模拟效果不好等问题。本文主要完成了以下几个方面的工作:
1.将基于空间感知的AM模型引入粒子系统绘制中,对全部粒子进行层次划分,克服了传统粒子系统对粒子运动的控制所采用单一运动方程,带来了很多不必要的计算量等问题。本文按照感知强度的强弱将全部粒子进行层次划分,针对不同的层次来采用不同的运动方程控制粒子的运动。
2.在按照层次关系优化粒子运动方程的基础上,本文依据GPU特点设计了二级缓冲,解决由于粒子数目巨大而给CPU带了的负担,同时,将对粒子属性和运动方程的计算于GPU内完成,这样做可以更高效地对系统资源进行利用。同时还采用公告板技术(BillBoarding)对粒子系统的绘制效率进行优化。
在Windows XP操作系统中,使用Visual C++、OpenGL和Direct3D编程对本文方法进行实验,分别针对大规模场景中的雨和雪两种不同模型进行模拟。实验证明,本方法对粒子进行合理的层次划分,根据被模拟现象的不同设计出适合各个层次粒子的运动方程,并在GPU上采用二级缓冲技术并行计算,提高了系统的拟真度,减少了CPU的运算负担,最终克服了传统粒子系统粒子数目过少不能适应大场景下的应用以及传统粒子系统绘制效率低等问题。
The application of Particle System Simulation irregular fuzzy objects has been widely applied in the field of computer Virtual Simulation. While the increasing requirements of the game, Particle System has become the key technology. But for the particle which has different distance from viewpoint, traditional Particle System in the entire scene using a single particle equation of motion to control particles` movement, which increases the calculation and impact the rendering speed. So the development of a more flexible controlling the movement of the particle method, is for improving the rendering speed and virtual reality in terms of positive significance.
Through the research of Particle System, the AM model, which is applied to Particle System, used to solve the problem of redundant computation which is produced by single equation of motion in the whole scene. It also can bring a great simulation result. We work about the following aspects:
First, by bringing the AM model in Particle System, and designing the level of particles, we solve the problem of redundant computation which is produced by single equation of motion in the whole scence.
Second, We design a kind of double buffer in GPU, so that we can improve the using of system resources. We also use a technology named BillBoarding to improve rendering efficiency of Particle System.
We use Visual C++, OpenGL and Direct3D to complete the experiment in Windows XP. By rendering rain and snow, the experiment proves that this method can improve the rendering efficiency and the reality of Particle System.
本文通过对粒子系统的研究,把基于空间感知的AM模型应用于粒子系统中,用来解决整个场景中粒子运动方程单一而带来的运算量大和模拟效果不好等问题。本文主要完成了以下几个方面的工作:
1.将基于空间感知的AM模型引入粒子系统绘制中,对全部粒子进行层次划分,克服了传统粒子系统对粒子运动的控制所采用单一运动方程,带来了很多不必要的计算量等问题。本文按照感知强度的强弱将全部粒子进行层次划分,针对不同的层次来采用不同的运动方程控制粒子的运动。
2.在按照层次关系优化粒子运动方程的基础上,本文依据GPU特点设计了二级缓冲,解决由于粒子数目巨大而给CPU带了的负担,同时,将对粒子属性和运动方程的计算于GPU内完成,这样做可以更高效地对系统资源进行利用。同时还采用公告板技术(BillBoarding)对粒子系统的绘制效率进行优化。
在Windows XP操作系统中,使用Visual C++、OpenGL和Direct3D编程对本文方法进行实验,分别针对大规模场景中的雨和雪两种不同模型进行模拟。实验证明,本方法对粒子进行合理的层次划分,根据被模拟现象的不同设计出适合各个层次粒子的运动方程,并在GPU上采用二级缓冲技术并行计算,提高了系统的拟真度,减少了CPU的运算负担,最终克服了传统粒子系统粒子数目过少不能适应大场景下的应用以及传统粒子系统绘制效率低等问题。
The application of Particle System Simulation irregular fuzzy objects has been widely applied in the field of computer Virtual Simulation. While the increasing requirements of the game, Particle System has become the key technology. But for the particle which has different distance from viewpoint, traditional Particle System in the entire scene using a single particle equation of motion to control particles` movement, which increases the calculation and impact the rendering speed. So the development of a more flexible controlling the movement of the particle method, is for improving the rendering speed and virtual reality in terms of positive significance.
Through the research of Particle System, the AM model, which is applied to Particle System, used to solve the problem of redundant computation which is produced by single equation of motion in the whole scene. It also can bring a great simulation result. We work about the following aspects:
First, by bringing the AM model in Particle System, and designing the level of particles, we solve the problem of redundant computation which is produced by single equation of motion in the whole scence.
Second, We design a kind of double buffer in GPU, so that we can improve the using of system resources. We also use a technology named BillBoarding to improve rendering efficiency of Particle System.
We use Visual C++, OpenGL and Direct3D to complete the experiment in Windows XP. By rendering rain and snow, the experiment proves that this method can improve the rendering efficiency and the reality of Particle System.
引文
[1] W T Reeves. Particle Systems-A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects[J]. Computer Graphics, 1983, 17(3) : 359-376
[2] Karl Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation[J]. Computer Graphics, 1990, 24(4) : 405-413,
[3] Ian Buck. Data Parallel Computing on Graphics Hardware[J]. Stanford University, 2003 : 49-86
[4] Lutz Latta. Building a Million Particle System[A]. Game Developers Conference[C], 2004 : 178-217
[5] Andreas Kold, Lutz Latta, ChristofRezk-Salama. Hardware-based Simulation and Collision Detection for Large Particle Systems[A]. The Eurographics Association 2004[C] : 180-233
[6]许楠,郝爱民,王莉莉.一种基于GPU的粒子系统[J].计算机工程与应用, 2006 ,(19) : 77-79
[7] Xie Jian bin, Hao Jian bin. The real time simulating algorithm of rain and snow descending based on particle systems[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 1999, 4(9) : 734-737
[8] Wang Run jie, Tian Jing quan, Ni Zheng guo. Realtime simulation of rain and snow based on particle system[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2003, 15(4) : 495-496
[9] Chen Lei, Chen He xin, Wang Run jie, et al. Real time snow simulation in flight simulator[J]. Journal of J ilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2005, 35(2) : 164-166
[10] Shi Xiangbin, Li Qiang, Wang Yue, et al. An Awareness Model for Interest Management in MMOG[J], MINI-MICRO SYSTEMS. in press
[11]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程, 2003, 29(18) : 46-48
[12]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2003
[13]禹海全,李岩,冯振声.基于某型防空导弹的尾焰仿真研究[J].计算机仿真, 2004, 21(2) : 22-24
[14]宿春慧,张雪兰,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展, 2004, 14(5) : 47-49
[15] N. K. Govindaraju, D.Knott, N.Jain,I.Kabul, R.Tamstorf, R.Gayle, M.C.Lin, and D.Manocha, Interactive Collision Detection between Deformable Models using Chromatic Decomposition[M], ACM Transactions on Graphics, pp. 991-999, 2005
[16] M. Senin, N. Kojekine, V. Savchenko, and I. Hagiwara,Particle-based Collision Detection[C], In short papers proceedings of Eurographics EG2003, pp. 1-8, 2003
[17]王润杰,田景全,倪政国.基于粒子系统的实时雨雪模拟[J].系统仿真学报, 2003, 15(4) : 495-496
[18]马骏,朱衡君.基于动态纹理和粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].北京交通大学学报, 2005, 29(1) : 90-94
[19]于静怡,朱衡君.基于局部力场的粒子系统仿真[J].计算机仿真, 2006, 23(6) : 184-188
[20]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程, 2003,29(18) : 46-48
[21] STOLK J, VAN W IJK J J. Surface particles for 3D flow visualization[C]//POST F H,H IN A J.Advances in Scientific Visulaization.Berlin : Springer, 1992
[22]宿春慧,张雪兰,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展, 2004, 14(5) : 47-49
[23] Pilar Herrero. Angélica de Antonio. A Formal Awareness Model For 3D Webbased Collaborative Environments[A]. In proceedings of the International Workshop on Awareness and the WWW, held at the ACM CSCW 2000 Conference[C] 2000
[24]王裕俭.基于Multigen Creator和Vega的虚拟现实探讨[J].测绘信息与工程, 2003, 28(4) : 14
[25] Batty C, Wiebe M, Houston B. High performance production-quality fluid simulation via NVIDIA’s QuadroFX 2003[M]
[26] Harris MJ, Coombe G, Scheuermann T, Lastra A. Simulation of cloud dynamics on graphics hardware[C].In: Proc. of the GraphicsHardware. Aire-la-Ville : Eurographics Association, 2003. 92-101
[27] Goodnight N, Woolley C, Luebke D, Humphreys G. A multigrid solver for boundary value problems using programmable graphics hardware[C]. In : Proc. of the Graphics Hardware.Aire-la-Ville : Eurographics Association, 2003. 102-111
[28] Bolz J, Farmer I, Grinspun E, Schr?oder P. Sparse matrix solvers on the GPU:Conjugate gradients and multigrid[C]. ACM Trans.on Graphics(Proc.of the SIGGRAPH), 2003, 22(3) : 917-924
[29] Krüger J, Westermann R. Linear algebra operators for GPU implementation of numerical algorithms[C]. ACM Trans.on Graphics(Proc. of the SIGGRAPH), 2003, 22(3) : 908-916
[30] Wu EH, Liu YQ.General purpose computation on GPU[C].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics, 2004, 16(5) : 601-612(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] Wu EH, Liu YQ, Liu XH.An Improved study of real-time fluid simulation on GPU[C].Journal of Computer Animation and Virtual World (CASA 2004), 2004, 15 : 139-146
[32] Fedkiw R,Stam J, Jensen HW.Visual simulation of smoke[C].In: Proc.of the SIGGRAPH.New York:ACM Press, 2001. 15-22
[33] Wu E H, Liu Y Q, Liu X H.An improved study of real—time fluid simulation on GPU[C]. Computer Animation&Virtual World(CASA2004), 2004, 15(3,4) : 139-146
[34]柳有权,刘学慧,吴恩华.基于GPU带有复杂边界的三维实时流体模拟[J].软件学报. 2006, 17(3) : 568-578
[35] Yang X D, Pi x x, Zeng L et a1.GPU-based real-time simulation and rendering of unbounded ocean surface[C]. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics.Hong Kong, 2005 : 428-433
[36]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.图形硬件加速的实时水面绘制[J].计算机工程与应用. 2006, 42(15) : 85-89
[37] Zeller C.Cloth simulation on the GPU[C]. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques,New Zealand, 2005 : 1056-1059
[38] Rodrignez-Navarro J, Sainz M, Susin A.Fast body-cloth simulation with moving humanoids[C]. The 26th annual conference of the European association for computer graphics`05, Ireland. 2005 : 85-88
[39] Wang Y. GPU based cloth simulation on moving avatars[J]. M.S.Thesis.University ofMaryland at Baltimore County. 2005. 13(1) :61-94
[40]李苏军,吴玲达.基于粒子系统的实时雨模拟[J].计算机工程. 2007, 33(18) : 3-6
[2] Karl Sims. Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation[J]. Computer Graphics, 1990, 24(4) : 405-413,
[3] Ian Buck. Data Parallel Computing on Graphics Hardware[J]. Stanford University, 2003 : 49-86
[4] Lutz Latta. Building a Million Particle System[A]. Game Developers Conference[C], 2004 : 178-217
[5] Andreas Kold, Lutz Latta, ChristofRezk-Salama. Hardware-based Simulation and Collision Detection for Large Particle Systems[A]. The Eurographics Association 2004[C] : 180-233
[6]许楠,郝爱民,王莉莉.一种基于GPU的粒子系统[J].计算机工程与应用, 2006 ,(19) : 77-79
[7] Xie Jian bin, Hao Jian bin. The real time simulating algorithm of rain and snow descending based on particle systems[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 1999, 4(9) : 734-737
[8] Wang Run jie, Tian Jing quan, Ni Zheng guo. Realtime simulation of rain and snow based on particle system[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2003, 15(4) : 495-496
[9] Chen Lei, Chen He xin, Wang Run jie, et al. Real time snow simulation in flight simulator[J]. Journal of J ilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2005, 35(2) : 164-166
[10] Shi Xiangbin, Li Qiang, Wang Yue, et al. An Awareness Model for Interest Management in MMOG[J], MINI-MICRO SYSTEMS. in press
[11]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程, 2003, 29(18) : 46-48
[12]和平鸽工作室. OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2003
[13]禹海全,李岩,冯振声.基于某型防空导弹的尾焰仿真研究[J].计算机仿真, 2004, 21(2) : 22-24
[14]宿春慧,张雪兰,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展, 2004, 14(5) : 47-49
[15] N. K. Govindaraju, D.Knott, N.Jain,I.Kabul, R.Tamstorf, R.Gayle, M.C.Lin, and D.Manocha, Interactive Collision Detection between Deformable Models using Chromatic Decomposition[M], ACM Transactions on Graphics, pp. 991-999, 2005
[16] M. Senin, N. Kojekine, V. Savchenko, and I. Hagiwara,Particle-based Collision Detection[C], In short papers proceedings of Eurographics EG2003, pp. 1-8, 2003
[17]王润杰,田景全,倪政国.基于粒子系统的实时雨雪模拟[J].系统仿真学报, 2003, 15(4) : 495-496
[18]马骏,朱衡君.基于动态纹理和粒子系统的喷泉模拟[J].北京交通大学学报, 2005, 29(1) : 90-94
[19]于静怡,朱衡君.基于局部力场的粒子系统仿真[J].计算机仿真, 2006, 23(6) : 184-188
[20]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程, 2003,29(18) : 46-48
[21] STOLK J, VAN W IJK J J. Surface particles for 3D flow visualization[C]//POST F H,H IN A J.Advances in Scientific Visulaization.Berlin : Springer, 1992
[22]宿春慧,张雪兰,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展, 2004, 14(5) : 47-49
[23] Pilar Herrero. Angélica de Antonio. A Formal Awareness Model For 3D Webbased Collaborative Environments[A]. In proceedings of the International Workshop on Awareness and the WWW, held at the ACM CSCW 2000 Conference[C] 2000
[24]王裕俭.基于Multigen Creator和Vega的虚拟现实探讨[J].测绘信息与工程, 2003, 28(4) : 14
[25] Batty C, Wiebe M, Houston B. High performance production-quality fluid simulation via NVIDIA’s QuadroFX 2003[M]
[26] Harris MJ, Coombe G, Scheuermann T, Lastra A. Simulation of cloud dynamics on graphics hardware[C].In: Proc. of the GraphicsHardware. Aire-la-Ville : Eurographics Association, 2003. 92-101
[27] Goodnight N, Woolley C, Luebke D, Humphreys G. A multigrid solver for boundary value problems using programmable graphics hardware[C]. In : Proc. of the Graphics Hardware.Aire-la-Ville : Eurographics Association, 2003. 102-111
[28] Bolz J, Farmer I, Grinspun E, Schr?oder P. Sparse matrix solvers on the GPU:Conjugate gradients and multigrid[C]. ACM Trans.on Graphics(Proc.of the SIGGRAPH), 2003, 22(3) : 917-924
[29] Krüger J, Westermann R. Linear algebra operators for GPU implementation of numerical algorithms[C]. ACM Trans.on Graphics(Proc. of the SIGGRAPH), 2003, 22(3) : 908-916
[30] Wu EH, Liu YQ.General purpose computation on GPU[C].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics, 2004, 16(5) : 601-612(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] Wu EH, Liu YQ, Liu XH.An Improved study of real-time fluid simulation on GPU[C].Journal of Computer Animation and Virtual World (CASA 2004), 2004, 15 : 139-146
[32] Fedkiw R,Stam J, Jensen HW.Visual simulation of smoke[C].In: Proc.of the SIGGRAPH.New York:ACM Press, 2001. 15-22
[33] Wu E H, Liu Y Q, Liu X H.An improved study of real—time fluid simulation on GPU[C]. Computer Animation&Virtual World(CASA2004), 2004, 15(3,4) : 139-146
[34]柳有权,刘学慧,吴恩华.基于GPU带有复杂边界的三维实时流体模拟[J].软件学报. 2006, 17(3) : 568-578
[35] Yang X D, Pi x x, Zeng L et a1.GPU-based real-time simulation and rendering of unbounded ocean surface[C]. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics.Hong Kong, 2005 : 428-433
[36]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.图形硬件加速的实时水面绘制[J].计算机工程与应用. 2006, 42(15) : 85-89
[37] Zeller C.Cloth simulation on the GPU[C]. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques,New Zealand, 2005 : 1056-1059
[38] Rodrignez-Navarro J, Sainz M, Susin A.Fast body-cloth simulation with moving humanoids[C]. The 26th annual conference of the European association for computer graphics`05, Ireland. 2005 : 85-88
[39] Wang Y. GPU based cloth simulation on moving avatars[J]. M.S.Thesis.University ofMaryland at Baltimore County. 2005. 13(1) :61-94
[40]李苏军,吴玲达.基于粒子系统的实时雨模拟[J].计算机工程. 2007, 33(18) : 3-6