大学教师工作压力的现状及其与人格维度关系的研究
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摘要
大学教师工作压力状况不仅涉及到其身心健康的好坏及工作绩效的高低，而且与整个高等教育事业息息相关。本研究通过访谈、文献分析、问卷调查等方法收集资料，采用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、相关分析及回归分析对数据进行处理，初步探讨了我国大学教师工作压力的内部结构、不同教师在工作压力维度上的差异以及大学教师人格与工作压力的关系，并根据研究的结果对教师个人和管理机构提出了种种建议，以期减轻教师的压力、增强学校的管理效能。
本研究的初步结论是：
第一，大学教师工作压力结构模型的维度主要包括：组织功能、社会支持、人际关系、职业发展和工作负荷。我国大学教师在组织功能和职业发展上的压力相对较高，在人际关系、社会支持、工作负荷三方面的压力相对稍低，总体上我国大学教师处于中度的工作压力状态。
第二，人口统计学变量对其工作压力具有一定的影响：(1)一般本科的教师压力大于重点大学和一般专科教师。(2)女性在社会支持上的压力比男性大，男性在工作负荷上的压力比女性高。(3)31-40岁的教师压力偏大，50岁以上的教师压力较小。(4)本科学历的教师比硕士和博士学历的教师压力偏大。(5)讲师的压力偏大，教授的压力较小。(6)艺术专业教师的压力比文科和理科专业教师的压力大。
第三，大学教师的人格总分与其工作压力各维度及总分都存在显著性相关，人格各维度对工作压力总体情况具有一定的预测性，其中神经质的贡献率最大，精神质，内外向次之。
The job stress of university teachers is related not only to both their health and job performance, but with whole higher education. The purpose of research is to investigate the internal structure of university teacher's job stress, the distinction of different teachers as well as the relation between their personality and job stress. For these purpose, .the relevant date are collected by open questionnaies, researches into some relevant references, some standard research method, such as exploratory analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis and correlation analysis are employed. In the end of the article, some suggestion are put forward to decrease the stress of university teachers and to improve the job performance of the section related with teachers.
The conclusions drawn by this research are as follows:
First, university teachers' s job stress is composed of 5 factors: the function of organization, social support, human relationship, occupation development and job load. The whole job stress of university teachers in our country is medium, but it is higher in the function of organization and occupation development, lower in social support, human relationship and job load.
Second , the variable in population statistics can affect job stress : (1) the stress of teachers in ordinary undergraduate universities is higher than that of key universities and ordinary technical college . (2) the stress of women is higher than that of men" in social support, but lower than that of men' in job load . (3 ) the stress of teachers whose age are range with 31_40 is comparatively big, and the stress of teachers whose age are over 50 is comparatively small. (4) the stress of undergraduate teachers are higher than that of Master and court academician teachers (5 ) the stress of lecturers is higher, the stress of professors 'is lower. (6) the stress of teachers who teach art is higher than that of those who teach humanities or science.
Third, the personality grade of university teacher is related to the grade of job stress and its factors, personality factors can predict the degree of job stress, the effect of Neuroticism is the biggest among the factors, the effect of Psychoticism and Intraversion_Extraversion is smaller.
本研究的初步结论是：
第一，大学教师工作压力结构模型的维度主要包括：组织功能、社会支持、人际关系、职业发展和工作负荷。我国大学教师在组织功能和职业发展上的压力相对较高，在人际关系、社会支持、工作负荷三方面的压力相对稍低，总体上我国大学教师处于中度的工作压力状态。
第二，人口统计学变量对其工作压力具有一定的影响：(1)一般本科的教师压力大于重点大学和一般专科教师。(2)女性在社会支持上的压力比男性大，男性在工作负荷上的压力比女性高。(3)31-40岁的教师压力偏大，50岁以上的教师压力较小。(4)本科学历的教师比硕士和博士学历的教师压力偏大。(5)讲师的压力偏大，教授的压力较小。(6)艺术专业教师的压力比文科和理科专业教师的压力大。
第三，大学教师的人格总分与其工作压力各维度及总分都存在显著性相关，人格各维度对工作压力总体情况具有一定的预测性，其中神经质的贡献率最大，精神质，内外向次之。
The job stress of university teachers is related not only to both their health and job performance, but with whole higher education. The purpose of research is to investigate the internal structure of university teacher's job stress, the distinction of different teachers as well as the relation between their personality and job stress. For these purpose, .the relevant date are collected by open questionnaies, researches into some relevant references, some standard research method, such as exploratory analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis and correlation analysis are employed. In the end of the article, some suggestion are put forward to decrease the stress of university teachers and to improve the job performance of the section related with teachers.
The conclusions drawn by this research are as follows:
First, university teachers' s job stress is composed of 5 factors: the function of organization, social support, human relationship, occupation development and job load. The whole job stress of university teachers in our country is medium, but it is higher in the function of organization and occupation development, lower in social support, human relationship and job load.
Second , the variable in population statistics can affect job stress : (1) the stress of teachers in ordinary undergraduate universities is higher than that of key universities and ordinary technical college . (2) the stress of women is higher than that of men" in social support, but lower than that of men' in job load . (3 ) the stress of teachers whose age are range with 31_40 is comparatively big, and the stress of teachers whose age are over 50 is comparatively small. (4) the stress of undergraduate teachers are higher than that of Master and court academician teachers (5 ) the stress of lecturers is higher, the stress of professors 'is lower. (6) the stress of teachers who teach art is higher than that of those who teach humanities or science.
Third, the personality grade of university teacher is related to the grade of job stress and its factors, personality factors can predict the degree of job stress, the effect of Neuroticism is the biggest among the factors, the effect of Psychoticism and Intraversion_Extraversion is smaller.
引文
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[2]丁秀峰编著，心理测量学，开封：河南大学出版社，2001年版
[3]王重鸣著，心理学研究方法，北京：人民教育出版社，2001年版
[4]高玉祥著，个性心理学，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1997年版
[5]卢盛忠主编，管理心理学，杭州：浙江教育出版社，2001年版
[6]张厚粲编著，心理与教育统计学，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1997年版
[7]郭志刚主编，社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999年版
[8][美]斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯著，组织行为学，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996年版
[9]郑昌晶，蔡永红，周益群著，心理测量学，北京：人民教育出版社，1999年版
[10]姜法奎，刘锟花主编，领导科学，大连：东北财经大学出版社，2002年版
[11][美]Phillip L. Rice著，石林等译，压力与健康，北京：中国轻工业出版社，2000年版
[12]苏虹，青年教师心理压力之探析与调适，现代中小学教育，2004，53(2)52-54
[13]王淑敏，青少年压力应对策略的研究概述，心理探索，2004．3，25-29
[14]徐晓飞，略论青少年压力应对的干预模式，教育科学研究，2004．1，53-55
[15]周跃萍，不同职业人员工作压力源及压力反应的比较研究，心理学探新，2004．1，62-65
[16]赵立芹，教师压力成因分析，外国教育研究，2004．2，38-40
[17]石林，工作压力的研究现状与方向，心理科学，2003,26(3)，494-496
[18]姜文锐，马剑虹，工作压力的要求——控制模型，心理科学进展，2003，11(2)，209-213
[19]张虹，高中学生心理应做及其中介变量的研究，心理科学，1999．22,508-511
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