知识产权保险研究
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摘要
知识产权保险,系属商业保险范畴,根据保险人与被保险人双方合同约定,将知识产权作为保险标的,投保人向保险人交付保险费,保险人对所承保的知识产权发生合同约定情形时承担赔偿责任的保险方式。目前发达国家或地区的知识产权保险主要包括专利保险、商标保险和著作权保险三种类型。
根据产权制度、成本费用、交易风险等多种理论,研究表明知识产权需要保险。纵观金融市场,按照不同的标准,知识产权保险种类繁多。从本质上看,知识产权保险是一种知识产权集中托管的有效方式,就是将知识产权侵权纠纷案件交由保险公司集中管理,更强有力地应对知识产权侵权诉讼纠纷,与现有的著作权集体管理机制具有一定的共性。因此,这是一种科学的战略管理新思路,为国家或地区知识产权战略增添新的内涵。
与有形财产保险相比,知识产权保险在保险标的、承保范围、业务开展前提、保险程序及时空限制等方面具有独特性,不同类型的知识产权保险在保费收取、保险给付、保险风险类型等角度也存在显著的差异。然而,任何制度都难免隐含着自身的缺陷,知识产权保险同样也是优缺点兼备。深刻地了解知识产权保险的特殊性以及优缺点,是高效地开展该业务的重要前提,采取如下方法是实现该制度扬长避短的重要保证:其一,转移知识产权风险评估时点:其二,以理赔初步审查替代风险评估;其三,部分险种的保费与知识产权制度相结合;其四,尽量降低高昂的保费,建立有效的知识产权保险监管机制。
美国、日本、英国、瑞士、欧盟等发达国家或地区的知识产权保险机制各有特色,如果这些国家或地区广泛且有效地实施知识产权保险将对其经济、立法与司法实践产生深远影响。然而,实践表明,当前亟需解决发达国家知识产权保险所面临的发展瓶颈与被滥用的格局,抑制知识产权保险制度的消极作用,甚至,化消极为积极,这也为发展中国家开拓知识产权保险业务提供借鉴作用。因此,首先,通过国家知识产权战略保障知识产权保险实施的充分性;其次,建立知识产权防御联盟战略保障其实施的力度;再次,通过知识产权诉讼互助保险战略降低其实施的风险性;最后,尽量采取低保费政策,建立有效的监管机制等。
固然,发达国家或地区知识产权保险的经验值得引以为鉴,我国已具有初级形态的知识产权保险机制,而且,国内市场开展该险种具有可行性与必要性。随着知识产权保险市场多元组织体系日益健全,我国不妨首先拟设自愿性的专利申请保险与专利侵权责任保险,尽量采取低廉保费的政策,并且,在前期阶段采取公共资金资助或税收优惠政策,通过政府行政力量引导,并在北京中关村与深圳等地首先进行试点工作。
Intellectual property insurance, belonging to the commercial one, is one of significant ways to protect intellectual property. In accordance with the contract signed by the two sides of the insurer and the insured, intellectual property is the subject of the insurance, the insured delivers premium to the insurer, and once the contracted cases occurring, the insurer have to assume the liability of insurance. At present, intellectual property insurance of the developed countries or regions mainly includes insurance of patent, trademark and copyright.
After analyzing the property rights system, transaction cost and transaction risk of intellectual property, this study shows that intellectual property especially need to be insuranced. Taking a panoramic view of the world financial markets, there is a wide range of intellectual property insurance, according to different standards. In essence, effectively providing intellectual property insurance means that intellectual property can be entrusted rationally and intensively to insurance company to effective management, which has a certain similarity with Chinese Mechanisms of Collective Management of Copyright, the infringement of intellectual property dispute cases are to handled by insurance companies as the plaintiff, and at the same time, who should provide intellectual property advisory service.
Compared with other insurance products, intellectual property insurance has its' own particularity, especially in insurance subject, insurance coverage, business premise, insurance procedures, restriction of time and coverage of space. There is no doubt that different types of intellectual property insurance have their own characteristics. However, any system will inevitably imply its own defects. And intellectual property insurance has also both advantages and disadvantages, while most people have come to accept the need of intellectual property insurance. Consequently, we have to profoundly understand the special nature of intellectual property insurance as well as the advantages and disadvantages, which is the important prerequisite for carrying out the business of intellectual property insurance more efficiently. And it is a very significant warranty that we take the following approaches to play a very important role of the strongpoint of intellectual property insurance system and to avoid the weaknesses of it. To begin with, we can transfer the time point of intellectual property risk assessment; Then, the risk assessment is substituted for the preliminary review of claims; Furthermore, the premium of certain insurances is combined with the intellectual property system; Finally, we have to try to reduce the high premiums, and establish the effective regulatory mechanism of intellectual property insurance.
The intellectual property insurance mechanism of USA, Japan, UK, Switzerland, EU and other developed countries or regions has its' own characteristic, and if they all implemented the intellectual property insurance widely and effectively, they would have made a very significant improvement to their own economic, legislative and judicial practice. However, all these countries or regions have to overcome the negative effects of the insurance mechanism, to break the bottlenecks of its' development, to look into and settle the problem of the mechanism abuse, to inhibit the negative of intellectual property insurance, and even to change any negative effective to the positive. Therefore, we need cope with the adverse situation by at least four strategies. Firstly, the sufficient implementation of intellectual property insurance can be ensured by the national intellectual property strategy; Secondly, the effective implementation of intellectual property insurance can be protected by the strategy of intellectual property defence union; Thirdly, the low-risk implementation of intellectual property insurance can be achieved through the strategy of mutual insurance for intellectual property litigation; And finally, we can implement a low-premium policy, and establish an effective monitoring mechanism.
The experience of intellectual property insurance of Developed countries or regions is worthy of being learned, while China has had the primary forms of intellectual property insurance mechanism, and the feasibility and necessity to carry out the kind of insurance has been proved in the domestic insurance market. Establishing the sound multi-organizational system of intellectual property insurance increasingly, I prefer suggesting that we try to establish the voluntary patent application insurance and patent infringement liability insurance, at the same time, take low-cost policy of premiums as much as possible, and moreover, ordain public finance policy and (or) preferential tax policies in the early stage, especially, chose Zhongguancun and Shenzhen as the test zone firstly through the guidance of the executive power of the government.
根据产权制度、成本费用、交易风险等多种理论,研究表明知识产权需要保险。纵观金融市场,按照不同的标准,知识产权保险种类繁多。从本质上看,知识产权保险是一种知识产权集中托管的有效方式,就是将知识产权侵权纠纷案件交由保险公司集中管理,更强有力地应对知识产权侵权诉讼纠纷,与现有的著作权集体管理机制具有一定的共性。因此,这是一种科学的战略管理新思路,为国家或地区知识产权战略增添新的内涵。
与有形财产保险相比,知识产权保险在保险标的、承保范围、业务开展前提、保险程序及时空限制等方面具有独特性,不同类型的知识产权保险在保费收取、保险给付、保险风险类型等角度也存在显著的差异。然而,任何制度都难免隐含着自身的缺陷,知识产权保险同样也是优缺点兼备。深刻地了解知识产权保险的特殊性以及优缺点,是高效地开展该业务的重要前提,采取如下方法是实现该制度扬长避短的重要保证:其一,转移知识产权风险评估时点:其二,以理赔初步审查替代风险评估;其三,部分险种的保费与知识产权制度相结合;其四,尽量降低高昂的保费,建立有效的知识产权保险监管机制。
美国、日本、英国、瑞士、欧盟等发达国家或地区的知识产权保险机制各有特色,如果这些国家或地区广泛且有效地实施知识产权保险将对其经济、立法与司法实践产生深远影响。然而,实践表明,当前亟需解决发达国家知识产权保险所面临的发展瓶颈与被滥用的格局,抑制知识产权保险制度的消极作用,甚至,化消极为积极,这也为发展中国家开拓知识产权保险业务提供借鉴作用。因此,首先,通过国家知识产权战略保障知识产权保险实施的充分性;其次,建立知识产权防御联盟战略保障其实施的力度;再次,通过知识产权诉讼互助保险战略降低其实施的风险性;最后,尽量采取低保费政策,建立有效的监管机制等。
固然,发达国家或地区知识产权保险的经验值得引以为鉴,我国已具有初级形态的知识产权保险机制,而且,国内市场开展该险种具有可行性与必要性。随着知识产权保险市场多元组织体系日益健全,我国不妨首先拟设自愿性的专利申请保险与专利侵权责任保险,尽量采取低廉保费的政策,并且,在前期阶段采取公共资金资助或税收优惠政策,通过政府行政力量引导,并在北京中关村与深圳等地首先进行试点工作。
Intellectual property insurance, belonging to the commercial one, is one of significant ways to protect intellectual property. In accordance with the contract signed by the two sides of the insurer and the insured, intellectual property is the subject of the insurance, the insured delivers premium to the insurer, and once the contracted cases occurring, the insurer have to assume the liability of insurance. At present, intellectual property insurance of the developed countries or regions mainly includes insurance of patent, trademark and copyright.
After analyzing the property rights system, transaction cost and transaction risk of intellectual property, this study shows that intellectual property especially need to be insuranced. Taking a panoramic view of the world financial markets, there is a wide range of intellectual property insurance, according to different standards. In essence, effectively providing intellectual property insurance means that intellectual property can be entrusted rationally and intensively to insurance company to effective management, which has a certain similarity with Chinese Mechanisms of Collective Management of Copyright, the infringement of intellectual property dispute cases are to handled by insurance companies as the plaintiff, and at the same time, who should provide intellectual property advisory service.
Compared with other insurance products, intellectual property insurance has its' own particularity, especially in insurance subject, insurance coverage, business premise, insurance procedures, restriction of time and coverage of space. There is no doubt that different types of intellectual property insurance have their own characteristics. However, any system will inevitably imply its own defects. And intellectual property insurance has also both advantages and disadvantages, while most people have come to accept the need of intellectual property insurance. Consequently, we have to profoundly understand the special nature of intellectual property insurance as well as the advantages and disadvantages, which is the important prerequisite for carrying out the business of intellectual property insurance more efficiently. And it is a very significant warranty that we take the following approaches to play a very important role of the strongpoint of intellectual property insurance system and to avoid the weaknesses of it. To begin with, we can transfer the time point of intellectual property risk assessment; Then, the risk assessment is substituted for the preliminary review of claims; Furthermore, the premium of certain insurances is combined with the intellectual property system; Finally, we have to try to reduce the high premiums, and establish the effective regulatory mechanism of intellectual property insurance.
The intellectual property insurance mechanism of USA, Japan, UK, Switzerland, EU and other developed countries or regions has its' own characteristic, and if they all implemented the intellectual property insurance widely and effectively, they would have made a very significant improvement to their own economic, legislative and judicial practice. However, all these countries or regions have to overcome the negative effects of the insurance mechanism, to break the bottlenecks of its' development, to look into and settle the problem of the mechanism abuse, to inhibit the negative of intellectual property insurance, and even to change any negative effective to the positive. Therefore, we need cope with the adverse situation by at least four strategies. Firstly, the sufficient implementation of intellectual property insurance can be ensured by the national intellectual property strategy; Secondly, the effective implementation of intellectual property insurance can be protected by the strategy of intellectual property defence union; Thirdly, the low-risk implementation of intellectual property insurance can be achieved through the strategy of mutual insurance for intellectual property litigation; And finally, we can implement a low-premium policy, and establish an effective monitoring mechanism.
The experience of intellectual property insurance of Developed countries or regions is worthy of being learned, while China has had the primary forms of intellectual property insurance mechanism, and the feasibility and necessity to carry out the kind of insurance has been proved in the domestic insurance market. Establishing the sound multi-organizational system of intellectual property insurance increasingly, I prefer suggesting that we try to establish the voluntary patent application insurance and patent infringement liability insurance, at the same time, take low-cost policy of premiums as much as possible, and moreover, ordain public finance policy and (or) preferential tax policies in the early stage, especially, chose Zhongguancun and Shenzhen as the test zone firstly through the guidance of the executive power of the government.
引文
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20所谓制度变迁,就是用一种制度安排去替代另一种制度安排.详见:盛洪.现代制度经济学(上卷).[M].北京大学出版社,2003(1):260-261.
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26该赔偿额中,其中11500万美元由Microsoft公司承担;1800万美元由Autodesk Inc.承担.
32知识产权保险促进日本信息产业出口[EB/OL],(2005-08-17)http://tech.163.com/05/0817/09/1RBM385L000915BD.html.2008年5月24日访问.
34Aetma Casualty and Surety Co.v.Superior Court;Watercloud Bed Co.,Inc.(19 Cal.App.4th 320,23 CaI.Rptr.2d 442)
35Aetna 保险合同广告条款的原文为:"Injury arising out of an offense committed during the policy period occurring in the course of the named insured' s advertising activities,if such injury arises out of libel,slander,defamation,violation of right of privacy,piracy,unfair competition,or infringement of copyright,title or slogan." See supra noteS,at 2-3.
36判决原文为:"Patent infringement cannot be committed in the course of advertising activities.The patentee is not injured because a product incorporating its invention is advertised,but because the infringer,without consent,used or sold a product utilizing a protected invention." Id,at 446-447.
37John Deere Insurance Company v.Shamrock industries,INC.,(696 F.Supp.434(D.Minn.,1988.))
38IPISC 网站,http://www.infringeins.com.
60Patent Litigation Insurance.http://int.dkpto.dk/ip-policy/selected-policy-areas/patent-litigation-insurance.aspx,2009年1月7日访问.
62UK Patent Office announces proposal for UK Patent Insurance:Bulletin August 2004,http://www.dundas-wilson.com.2008年8月12日访问.
63瑞士再保险公司网站,http://www.swissre.com.
82French economy and finances ministry 2003.Patent infringement litigation-benchmark of defense costs.
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34Aetma Casualty and Surety Co.v.Superior Court;Watercloud Bed Co.,Inc.(19 Cal.App.4th 320,23 CaI.Rptr.2d 442)
35Aetna 保险合同广告条款的原文为:"Injury arising out of an offense committed during the policy period occurring in the course of the named insured' s advertising activities,if such injury arises out of libel,slander,defamation,violation of right of privacy,piracy,unfair competition,or infringement of copyright,title or slogan." See supra noteS,at 2-3.
36判决原文为:"Patent infringement cannot be committed in the course of advertising activities.The patentee is not injured because a product incorporating its invention is advertised,but because the infringer,without consent,used or sold a product utilizing a protected invention." Id,at 446-447.
37John Deere Insurance Company v.Shamrock industries,INC.,(696 F.Supp.434(D.Minn.,1988.))
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