标准化与中国对外贸易发展研究
|
摘要
在经济全球化条件下,世界经济处于一个标准化程度不断提高的环境。但是,世界的标准化却因相关国家或地区的差异而呈现出多元化的局面,这种多元化的局面使国际贸易的竞争越来越激烈。但标准究竟怎样影响国际贸易的?中国的标准化对国际贸易影响程度如何?如何通过标准化来促进中国的对外贸易互利共赢地健康发展?系统深入地研究这些问题,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
从现有文献来看,标准化对国际贸易有着重要的影响这个观点被普遍接受,但大多为理论假说和实证分析,鲜有从理论的角度探讨其作用机制。本文从三个方面深入探讨了标准化作用于中国对外贸易发展的机制,丰富了标准化和国际贸易的理论研究。
首先是标准化对国际贸易规模的影响。贸易规模是一个衡量贸易整体发展水平的指标,探讨标准化对贸易规模的影响,实质上就是将标准作为影响贸易发展的一个因素,研究其作用机制。本文先运用规模经济的思想对此进行解释。标准从技术和制度两方面促进了规模经济的发展,而规模经济是战后国际贸易理论中引入的一个极其重要的贸易发展因素,所以,标准是一个促进贸易发展的因素。接着将网络外部性引进来,因为标准具有非常典型的网络外部性,它改变了消费者和厂商从单纯的技术角度来判断产品价值的习惯,而将用户基础纳入到产品价值判断中来。国际贸易将产品的用户基础从国内市场扩大到国际市场,提高了产品基于网络外部性的价值。再从信息不对称的角度,通过比较有标准和没有标准两种情况下的国际贸易博弈,说明了标准较好地解决了国际贸易中的信息不对称问题。运用中国的标准和贸易数据进行的实证结果表明,标准的确是促进中国对外贸易发展的重要因素之一。
其次是标准化对国际贸易结构的影响。贸易结构是一个测度贸易发展质量的重要指标。贸易结构是否能够不断优化,是否符合国内经济特点,是一个国家对外贸易考虑的重要内容。标准从技术的角度能够促进贸易结构的高级化,高技术标准提升出口产品的技术含量,促进出口产品的结构高级化,而低技术标准会抑制出口商品技术水平的提升,阻碍出口商品的结构高级化;标准能提高产品内分工强度,促进国际分工的深化和中间产品贸易的发展;但标准对产品多样性的约束却对贸易结构是一个不利因素。中国的经验表明,标准的增加对出口结构的优化和中间产品的贸易有着明显的正相关的关系。
第三是标准化对国际贸易利益的影响。贸易利益是一个评判贸易发展结果的主要指标。因为标准差异的存在导致产品生产中的利润转移,所以无论是在最终产品贸易中,还是在中间产品贸易中,或是从价值链治理的角度看,谁掌握了标准制定和实施的主动权、控制权,谁就能在国际贸易中获取更多的利益。经过实证检验中国的标准存量和中国价格贸易条件以及产品内贸易条件时,可以证明,国家标准存量的增加有利于我国价格贸易条件的改善。
通过与英国、德国等国家的标准化发展状况和经济效果的比较发现,虽然中国标准化取得了很好的发展,但与发达国家相比,无论是从标准化的制修订来看,还是从标准对经济增长和贸易发展的作用来看,仍然存在大力拓展的空间。所以文章基于前面的理论和实证分析,从增加国内标准存量、强化国际标准竞争、提升国内标准自主技术含量等方面,就进一步发展我国标准化工作、强化标准化对经济发展的作用提出了一些政策建议。
With the development of economic globalization, the world economy is in a situation with increasing standardization. However, there appears a diversification of standards in the world standardization process because of the differences of the countries or regions involved. This diversification makes competition in international competition more and more fierce. However, how does standard affect international trade? To what extent will China’s standardization affect international trade? How to promote mutual benefits in China’s international trade through standardization? It has important theoretical and practical implications to explore these issues systematically.
According to the existing literature, it is widely accepted that standardization has an important impact on international trade. However, the existing research mostly focuses on theoretical assumptions and empirical analysis, with few attempting to analyze its theoretical mechanism. In this paper, we explore from three perspectives the mechanism through which standard acts on international trade, enriching the theoretical research in standardization and international trade.
First is the impact of standardization on scale of international trade. Scale of international trade is an indicator measuring the overall development of trade. To explore the impact of standardization on trade scale is in fact to treat standard as a factor affecting trade development and then to analyze the mechanism. In this paper I first explain this using the theory of scale economy. Standard promotes the development of scale economy from the technological and institutional perspectives, while scale economy which was introduced into international trade theory after World War II, is a very important factor affecting trade development, therefore standard is a factor promoting trade development. Then we introduced the concept of network externalities, since standard has a typical characteristic of network externalities which changed the consumers’and producers’practice of evaluating product value merely from the technical perspective without taking into consideration of the user base. The user base of a product is enlarged from domestic market to international market through international trade, increasing product value based on network externalities. Empirical evidence using China’s standard and trade statistics indicates that standard is really one of the important factors promoting China’s foreign trade development.
Second is the impact of standardization on international trade structure. Trade structure is an important indicator measuring the quality of trade development. Whether the trade structure can be optimized continuously and whether it suits the domestic economic characteristics or not are both important issues when considering a country’s foreign trade. Technologically, standard can advance the international trade structure with high technological standard being able to raise the technological content of the exported products, hence the structure advancement of exported products; on the contrary, product with low technological content will check the quality jump of the exported products, inhibiting the structure advancement of the exports products. Standard can help increase the intensity of production process division, deepen the international division of labor and development of trade in intermediate products. However, the constraint of standards on product diversification is an unfavorable factor. China’s experience indicates that increase of standards has a significantly positive impact on optimization of export structure and trade in intermediate products.
Third is the impact of standardization on international trade benefits. Trade benefit is the major indicator assessing the results of trade development. Differences in standards result in profit transfer in the manufacturing process. Therefore, whether viewed from the perspective of final product, intermediate product, or value chain governance, who takes the initiative and has control right over the promulgation and implementation of the standards, who then can gain more benefits in the international trade. The empirical testing of China’s standard stock, China’s price terms of trade and the terms of trade by production process division show that increase of national standard stock is conducive to improvement of China’s price terms of trade.
After comparing the development status of standardization process and its economic effect among China, Britain and Germany, we found that although China’s standardization has made some progress, compared to the developed countries, whether considered from the promulgation and its implementation and modification, or from the perspective of the role of standardization on economic and trade development, there still exists a large room for further development in China. Therefore, based on the above theoretical and empirical analyses, we give some suggestions on how to further develop our standardization and strengthen the impact of standardization on economic development in such aspects as strengthening international competition in standards, increasing the self-owned technological content of domestic standards and so on.
从现有文献来看,标准化对国际贸易有着重要的影响这个观点被普遍接受,但大多为理论假说和实证分析,鲜有从理论的角度探讨其作用机制。本文从三个方面深入探讨了标准化作用于中国对外贸易发展的机制,丰富了标准化和国际贸易的理论研究。
首先是标准化对国际贸易规模的影响。贸易规模是一个衡量贸易整体发展水平的指标,探讨标准化对贸易规模的影响,实质上就是将标准作为影响贸易发展的一个因素,研究其作用机制。本文先运用规模经济的思想对此进行解释。标准从技术和制度两方面促进了规模经济的发展,而规模经济是战后国际贸易理论中引入的一个极其重要的贸易发展因素,所以,标准是一个促进贸易发展的因素。接着将网络外部性引进来,因为标准具有非常典型的网络外部性,它改变了消费者和厂商从单纯的技术角度来判断产品价值的习惯,而将用户基础纳入到产品价值判断中来。国际贸易将产品的用户基础从国内市场扩大到国际市场,提高了产品基于网络外部性的价值。再从信息不对称的角度,通过比较有标准和没有标准两种情况下的国际贸易博弈,说明了标准较好地解决了国际贸易中的信息不对称问题。运用中国的标准和贸易数据进行的实证结果表明,标准的确是促进中国对外贸易发展的重要因素之一。
其次是标准化对国际贸易结构的影响。贸易结构是一个测度贸易发展质量的重要指标。贸易结构是否能够不断优化,是否符合国内经济特点,是一个国家对外贸易考虑的重要内容。标准从技术的角度能够促进贸易结构的高级化,高技术标准提升出口产品的技术含量,促进出口产品的结构高级化,而低技术标准会抑制出口商品技术水平的提升,阻碍出口商品的结构高级化;标准能提高产品内分工强度,促进国际分工的深化和中间产品贸易的发展;但标准对产品多样性的约束却对贸易结构是一个不利因素。中国的经验表明,标准的增加对出口结构的优化和中间产品的贸易有着明显的正相关的关系。
第三是标准化对国际贸易利益的影响。贸易利益是一个评判贸易发展结果的主要指标。因为标准差异的存在导致产品生产中的利润转移,所以无论是在最终产品贸易中,还是在中间产品贸易中,或是从价值链治理的角度看,谁掌握了标准制定和实施的主动权、控制权,谁就能在国际贸易中获取更多的利益。经过实证检验中国的标准存量和中国价格贸易条件以及产品内贸易条件时,可以证明,国家标准存量的增加有利于我国价格贸易条件的改善。
通过与英国、德国等国家的标准化发展状况和经济效果的比较发现,虽然中国标准化取得了很好的发展,但与发达国家相比,无论是从标准化的制修订来看,还是从标准对经济增长和贸易发展的作用来看,仍然存在大力拓展的空间。所以文章基于前面的理论和实证分析,从增加国内标准存量、强化国际标准竞争、提升国内标准自主技术含量等方面,就进一步发展我国标准化工作、强化标准化对经济发展的作用提出了一些政策建议。
With the development of economic globalization, the world economy is in a situation with increasing standardization. However, there appears a diversification of standards in the world standardization process because of the differences of the countries or regions involved. This diversification makes competition in international competition more and more fierce. However, how does standard affect international trade? To what extent will China’s standardization affect international trade? How to promote mutual benefits in China’s international trade through standardization? It has important theoretical and practical implications to explore these issues systematically.
According to the existing literature, it is widely accepted that standardization has an important impact on international trade. However, the existing research mostly focuses on theoretical assumptions and empirical analysis, with few attempting to analyze its theoretical mechanism. In this paper, we explore from three perspectives the mechanism through which standard acts on international trade, enriching the theoretical research in standardization and international trade.
First is the impact of standardization on scale of international trade. Scale of international trade is an indicator measuring the overall development of trade. To explore the impact of standardization on trade scale is in fact to treat standard as a factor affecting trade development and then to analyze the mechanism. In this paper I first explain this using the theory of scale economy. Standard promotes the development of scale economy from the technological and institutional perspectives, while scale economy which was introduced into international trade theory after World War II, is a very important factor affecting trade development, therefore standard is a factor promoting trade development. Then we introduced the concept of network externalities, since standard has a typical characteristic of network externalities which changed the consumers’and producers’practice of evaluating product value merely from the technical perspective without taking into consideration of the user base. The user base of a product is enlarged from domestic market to international market through international trade, increasing product value based on network externalities. Empirical evidence using China’s standard and trade statistics indicates that standard is really one of the important factors promoting China’s foreign trade development.
Second is the impact of standardization on international trade structure. Trade structure is an important indicator measuring the quality of trade development. Whether the trade structure can be optimized continuously and whether it suits the domestic economic characteristics or not are both important issues when considering a country’s foreign trade. Technologically, standard can advance the international trade structure with high technological standard being able to raise the technological content of the exported products, hence the structure advancement of exported products; on the contrary, product with low technological content will check the quality jump of the exported products, inhibiting the structure advancement of the exports products. Standard can help increase the intensity of production process division, deepen the international division of labor and development of trade in intermediate products. However, the constraint of standards on product diversification is an unfavorable factor. China’s experience indicates that increase of standards has a significantly positive impact on optimization of export structure and trade in intermediate products.
Third is the impact of standardization on international trade benefits. Trade benefit is the major indicator assessing the results of trade development. Differences in standards result in profit transfer in the manufacturing process. Therefore, whether viewed from the perspective of final product, intermediate product, or value chain governance, who takes the initiative and has control right over the promulgation and implementation of the standards, who then can gain more benefits in the international trade. The empirical testing of China’s standard stock, China’s price terms of trade and the terms of trade by production process division show that increase of national standard stock is conducive to improvement of China’s price terms of trade.
After comparing the development status of standardization process and its economic effect among China, Britain and Germany, we found that although China’s standardization has made some progress, compared to the developed countries, whether considered from the promulgation and its implementation and modification, or from the perspective of the role of standardization on economic and trade development, there still exists a large room for further development in China. Therefore, based on the above theoretical and empirical analyses, we give some suggestions on how to further develop our standardization and strengthen the impact of standardization on economic development in such aspects as strengthening international competition in standards, increasing the self-owned technological content of domestic standards and so on.
引文
①尹翔硕,李春顶,孙磊,国际贸易摩擦的类型、原因、效应及化解途径,世界经济,2007(7):74-85
①杨益,全球贸易救济的现状、发展及我国面临的形势,国际贸易,2007(9):4-9
①夏先良,面对外国技术性贸易壁垒:中国的战略措施,国际贸易,2007(7)
②国家质检总局,中国技术性贸易措施年度报告(2007)
③Shapiro和Varian(1999)认为标准战已经成为信息时代的固有特征。
①宋名顺,WTO《贸易技术壁垒协议》规则、实践及对策,北京:中国计量出版社,2002
②见刘源张院士给于欣丽著《标准化与经济增长——理论、实证与案例》一书所作序言。
①亚当·斯密,国民财富的性质和原因的研究(上卷),北京:商务印书馆,1972年版,第8页
[1]杨海余.中国出口增长贡献主体替代研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2007,8-24
[2]中国标准化研究院.标准化若干重大理论问题研究.北京:中国标准化出版社, 2007,54-57
[3] C Shapiro , H Varian.信息规则——网络经济的策略指导(中译本).北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000
[4] WTO. World Trade Report:Exploring the links between trade, standards and the WTO. 2005,4
[5] de Vries H J.Standerdization.A Business Apporach to the Role of National Standerdization Organizations, Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999,18-21
[6] David P A,Greenstein S.The economics of compathiblity standards:an introduction to recent research.Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1990,1:3-41
[7] Tushman M L,Anderson P.Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environment.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(4):604-633
[8] Swann G M P.The Economics of Standardization.final report for standards and technical regulations,Directorate Department of Trade and Industry. Manchester:University of Manchester, 2000
[9] David P A.Some New Standards for the Economics of Standardization in the Information Ages.In Dasgupta P and P Stoneman(eds). Economic Policy and Technology Performance.Combridge: Combridge University Press, 1987, 330-346
[10] Kindleberger C P.Standards as public,collectve and private goods.KYKLOS, 1983,36:377-396
[11] Antonelli C.Localized technological change and the evolution of standardsaseconomic institution.Information Economics and Policy, 1994,(6):195-216
[12]李春田.标准化概论(第四版).北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2005,25-30
[13] Katz M L,C Shapiro.Network externalities,competition and compatilities. American Economic Review. 1985,75:424-440
[14] Leibenstein, H. Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers' Demand.Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1950,64:183-207
[15] Rohlfs J. A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service. Bell Journal of Economics, 1974,5(1):16-37
[16] Farrell J,G Saloner.Standardization, compatibility and innovation.Rand Journal of Economics, 1985,16:70-83
[17] Liebowitz S J, Margolis S E. Network externality: an uncommon tragedy. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994, (8):133-150
[18] Economides N,L J. White.Networks and Compatibility: Implications for Antitrust. European Economic Review. 1994,38:651-662
[19] Economides N.The economics of networks.International Journal ofIndustrial Orgnization. 1996,14:673-699
[20] Yang Yi-Nung.Essays on network effects.Disertion Department of Economics. Utah State University.Logan,Utah, 1997
[21] Westarp F V.Reconsidering network effect theory.Reseach paperssubmitted to the 8th European Conference on Information Systems. 2000
[22]朱彤.网络效应经济理论.北京:中国人民出版社, 2004,89-95
[23]毛丰付.标准竞争与竞争政策.上海:上海三联书店, 2007,41-45
[24] Farrell J,G Saloner.Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncement, and Predation.American Economic Review. 1986,76:940-955
[25] Katz M L,C Shapiro. Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities. Journal of Political Economy. 1986, 94:822-841
[26] Church, J,N Gandal. Network Effects, Software Provision and Standardization. Journal of Industrial Economics. 1992,40(1): 85-104
[27] Clements M T.Direct vs indirect network effects:standardization and compatibility.Working paper,Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences Department,Kellogg Graduate School of Management,Northwestern University, 2000
[28]钱春海,郑学信.网络外部性、专用性资产与网络市场竞争的经济学分析—以中国移动产业为例.中国软科学, 2003,(9):49-54
[29]鲁文龙,陈宏民.网络外部性与我国第三代移动通讯标准竞争.管理工程学报, 2004,(4):113-115
[30]周鹏.标准化、网络效应以及企业组织的演进.大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2005
[31] Marshall A.Industry and Trade.MacMillian and Co.Limited. 1919,198-201
[32] Dosi G.Technological paradigms and technological trajectories:a suggested interpreation of the determinants and directions of technical change.Research Policy, 1982,(12):147-162
[33] David, P. A. and G. Rothwell.Standardization, diversity and learning: Strategies for the coevolution of technology and industrial capacity. International Journal of Industrial Organization. 1996,14(2):181-201
[34] Metcalfe J. S,Miles I. Standards, selection and variety: an evolutionary approach. Information Economics and Policy. 1994,6(3-4):243-268
[35]安佰生. WTO与国家标准化战略.北京:中国商务出版社, 2005,15-78
[36] Bauer. C. O. Technische Normen-iher, methoden und Wirkungen als Gegenstand von Forschung und Lehre, DIN-Mitteilungen, 1980,59-329
[37] DIN.German Institute for Standardization, Economic benefits of standardization, 2000
[38] Krechmer K. The Fundamental Nature of Standards: Technical Perspective.IEEECommunications Magazine. 2000,38(6):70-85
[39] Gregory Tassey. Standardization in Technology-based Markets.Research Policy.2000,29: 587-602
[40] Stoneman, P. and Diederen, P.‘Technology Diffusion and Public Policy’, Economic Journal, 1994,104,(425): 918-30
[41] Blind, K. The Economic of Standards: Theory, Evidence, Policy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2004
[42] Adolphi H, J Kleinemeyer.The Economic Importance of Standardization for Enterprises.in W. Hesser (ed.) From Company Standardisation to European Standardization, Hamburg: Universit?t der Bundeswehr, 1995
[43] Dale B,S Oakland .Quality Improvement Through Standards, London: Stanley Thornes ,1994
[44] Swann G M P. Standards from a Business Strategy Perspective: Or, Business Strategy for the Standards Institution.Benefits of Standardization in Business, Proceedings of EURAS International Seminar, Hamburg, 1994,3-4
[45] Perez P. Benefits of European Standards for SMEs. Benefits of Standardization in Business, Proceedings of EURAS International Seminar, Hamburg, 1994,3-4
[46] Swann G M P, T P Watts .Visualisation Needs Vision: The Pre-Paradigmatic Character of Virtual Reality. in S. Woolgar (ed.), The Virtual Society?,Oxford University Press, 2000
[47] de Vries H J.Standardization-what’s in a name?Terminology. 1997,4(1):55-83
[48] Jones P. and J. Hudson. Standardization and the Costs of Assessing Quality, European Journal of Political Economy, 1996,12(2):355-361
[49] David P A.‘Clio and the Economics of QWERTY’. American Economic Review Proceedings. 1985,75 (2):332-6
[50] David P A. Heroes, Herds and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and 'The Battle of the Systems' Reconsidered".Industrial and Corporate Change .1992, 1(1):129-180
[51] David P A. Path-dependence and predictability in dynamic systems with local network externalities: A paradigm for historical economics, in D. Foray and C. Freeman (eds.) Technology and the Wealth of Nations: The Dynamics of Constructed Advantage, London: Pinter Publishers, 1993
[52] Callon M. Techno-economic networks and irreversibility. in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge, 1991
[53] Cowan R. A. Nuclear Power Reactors: a Study in Technological Lock in. Journal of Economic History. 1990,50:541–567
[54] Dheber A. Complementarity, Compatibility, and Product Change: Breaking With the Past? Journal of Product Innovation Management. 1995,12:136-152
[55] Arthur W B. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events. Economic Journal. 1989,99 (394):116-31
[56] Hanseth O, E Monteiro, M. Hatling. Developing information infrastructure: The tension between standardization and flexibility. Science, Technology, and Human Values. 1996, 21(4):407-426
[57] Bailetti A J,J R Callahan.Managing consistency between product development and public standards evolution.Research Policy. 1995,24:913-931
[58] Weizacker C. von .The Costs of Substitution. Econometrica. 1984,52:1085-1116
[59] Farrell J,C ShapiroDynamic Competition with Switching Costs.RAND Journal of Economics. 1988,19:123-137
[60] Beggs A,P Klemperer.Multi-period competition with switch costs.Econometrica. 1992,60:651-666
[61] Farrell J,C Shapiro.Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis.American Economic Review. 1990,80: 107-126
[62] Ferguson C,C Morris.Computer Wars.New York:Time Books. 1993
[63]翁轶丛,陈宏民.基于网络外部性的技术标准控制策略与企业兼并.系统工程理论方法应用. 2001,(3):189-193
[64] Dreze,J H. The Standard Goods Hypothesis. Oxford(UK):Oxford University Press.1961
[65] Balassa, Bela.The theory of Economic Integration (Third Edition). Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, 1961
[66]陈淑梅.欧洲经济一体化背景下的技术标准化.南京:东南大学出版社, 2005,28-35
[67] Wilson J S. Standarda and APEC:An Action Agenda.Institute for International Economics, Washington,DC, 1995
[68] Egan M P.Constructing a European Market:Standards,Regulation,and Governance.Oxford University Press, 2001
[69] Sykes A O.,Product standards for internationally integrated goods market.The Brookings, Washington,D.C, 1995
[70] Gregory Tassey. Standardization in technology-based markets,Research Policy. 2000,(29):587–602
[71] Castells M. The Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996
[72] Baldwin C. Y., Kim B. Clark. Managing in an Age of Modularity. Harvard Business Review, 1997,(5)
[73] Sturgeon T. J.What Really Goes on in Silicon Valley? Spatial Clustering and Dispersal in Modular ProductionNetworks[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2003,(3)
[74]青木昌彦.模块时代:新产业结构的本质.上海:上海远东出版社, 2003
[75]朱瑞博.价值模块整合与产业融合.中国工业经济, 2003,(8):48-53
[76]胡晓鹏.价值系统的模块化与价值转移.中国工业经济, 2004,(11)
[77]罗珉,何长见.组织间关系:界面规则与治理机制.中国工业经济, 2006,(5)
[78]刘春青,薛学通.企业标准化与贸易.北京:中国计量出版社, 2007,37-50
[79]吴林海.贸易与技术标准国际化.北京:经济管理出版社, 2004,80-95
[80] Link A N. Market Structure and Voluntary Product Standards.Applied Economics, 1983,(15): 393-401
[81] Atkins W. S. Dismantling Barriers: Technical Barriers to Trade.The Single Market Review Series, Subseries III, Cogan Page, Earthscan, 1998
[82] Swann G M, P Temple, M Shurmer.Standards and Trade Performance: The British Experience.Economic Journal, 1996,(106):1297-1313
[83] Moenius J. Information versus Product Adaptation: The Role of Standards in Trade. Northwestern University, mimeo, 2000
[84]克努特·布林德.标准经济学—理论、证据与政策.高鹤译.北京:中国标准出版社, 2006, 191-270
[85]金雪军.提高国际竞争力的技术标准体系战略研究.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2006,101-130
[86]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势.李明轩,邱如美译.北京:华夏出版社, 2002,123-165
[87] Swann G M,P. Temple.BSI Standards and Trade Performance.BSI News.March, 1995
[88] Ronnen U. Minimum Quality Standard, Fixed Costs, and Competition.The Rand Journal of Economics, 1991,(22):490-504
[89]程鉴冰.最低质量标准政府规制研究.中国工业经济, 2008,(2):40-47
[90] Stephenson S.Standards,conformity assessment and developing countries.World Bank Policy Research Paper,NO.1826, 1997
[91] Wilson J S. The Post-Seattle Agenda of the WTO and Technical Barriers to Trade:Issues for the Developing Countries.World Bank,Washington,DC, 1999
[92] David P A , T. Shaimen.Competition, Regulation, Standards and Trade Policy for Information and Telecommunication Services, Report on CEPR/GEI Workshop, London Business School, July, 1996
[93] Stern J P.The Japanese Technology Infrastructure: Issues and Opportunities. in J. R. McIntyre (ed.) Japan's Technical Standards - Implications for Global Trade and Competitiveness, Westport, CT and London: Quorum Books, 1997
[94] Tanabe K. Globalisation and the Role of Standards".in J. R. McIntyre (ed.) Japan's Technical Standards - Implications for Global Trade and Competitiveness, Westport CT and London: Quorum Books, 1997
[95] Fisher R,P Serra.Standards and Protection.Journal of International Economics, 2000,52(2)
[96]张平,马骁.标准化与知识产权战略(第二版).北京:知识产权出版社, 2005,125-200
[97] Boom A. Asymmetric International Minimum Quality Standards and Vertical Differentiation.Journal of Industrial Economics, 1995,(43):101-119
[98] Das S, Donnenfeld S.Trade policy and its impact on the quality of imports.Journal of International Economics.1987, 23: 77- 95
[99] Das S, Donnenfeld S.Oligopolistic competition and international trade: quantity and quality restrictions. Journal of International Economics.1989, 27:299- 318
[100] Orden, David, E Romano.TheAvocado Dispute and Other Technical Barriers toAgricultural Trade under NAFTA. paper presentedto the conference .NAFTAand Agriculture: Is theExperiment Working?. San Antonio, TX, November, 1996
[101] Krissoff, Barry, Linda.Barriers to Trade in Global Apple Markets.Fruit and Tree Nuts Situation and Outlook, FTS-280,Econ. Res. Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr., August, 1997
[102] OECD.Regulatory reform and international standardization.OECD Document: TD/TC/WP (98)36/FINAL. 29-January, 1999
[103] Otsuki,Tsunehiro,J S.Wilson,M Sewadelf.Saving Two in a Billion:A case Study to Quantify the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports.World Bank Paper, Washington,DC, 2000
[104] Paarburg,Philip,J Lee.Import Restriction in the Presence of a Health Risk:An Illustration Using FMD.Amrican Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1998, 80(1)
[105]冯宗宪,柯大钢.开放经济条件下的国际贸易壁垒.北京:经济科学出版社, 2000,477-488
[106]张海东.技术性贸易壁垒与中国对外贸易.北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2004
[107]孙东升.技术性贸易壁垒与农产品贸易.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社, 2006
[108]周华,王卉,严科杰.标准对贸易及福利影响的实证检验——基于价格楔方法以欧盟RoHS指令对上海市机电产业的影响为例.数量经济技术经济研究. 2007,(8):100-108
[109]赵英.中国制造业技术标准与国际竞争力研究.北京:经济管理出版社, 2008
[110]郭力生.标准化与国际贸易.中国标准化, 2002,(2):4-5
[111]李春田.标准化在市场经济发展中的作用——标准化与经济全球化.上海标准化. 2003,(10):25-30
[112]于欣丽.标准化与经济增长——理论、实证与案例.北京:中国标准出版社, 2008,51-54
[113]段琼,姜太平.环境标准对国际贸易竞争力的影响——中国工业部门的实证分析.国际贸易问题, 2002,(12):49-51
[114]阿弗里德·马歇尔.经济学原理(上卷).北京:商务印书馆, 2005
[115]约翰·穆勒.政治经济学原理(上卷).北京:商务印书馆, 1991
[116] Krugman P.Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991,99(3):483-499
[117] Metcalfe, J.S. and I. Miles.Standards, selection and variety: an evolutionary approach.Information Economics and Policy. 1994,(6)
[118] Baldwin C Y,Clark K B.Design Rules:The Power of Modularity. Combridge:MITPress.2000,1-78
[119]青木昌彦,安藤晴彦.模块时代:新产业结构的本质.周国荣译.上海:上海远东出版社, 2003,54-78
[120]约瑟夫·派恩.大规模定制——企业竞争新前沿.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000
[121]童时中.模块化原理设计方法及应用.北京:中国标准出版社, 2000
[122]张其仔.模块化、产业内分工与经济增长方式转变.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2008
[123]弗里德里克·泰勒.科学管理原理.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1982,8-59
[124] Hayek F A.The use of knowledge in society.American Economic Review, 1945,35(4):519-530
[125]亨利·明茨伯格.管理工作的本质.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2007,25-30
[126] Mueller, J.Patent misuse through the capture of industry standards. Berkley technical law journal, 2002,17(2):623,
[127] Christophe B.New product diffusion Acceleration:measurement and analysis. Marketing Science, 2000,19(4):366-380
[128] Bass F M.A new product growth for Model Consumer Durables.The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1969,(15):215-227
[129]刘庆林.基于网络外部性的产品扩散模型分析.中国工业经济, 2004,(4):88-93
[130] Arthur W B. Competing technologies: An overview. G. Dosi, ed. Technical Change and Economic Theory. Columbia University Press, New York, 1987,590-607
[131] Arthur W B. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events. Economic Journal, 1989,99(394):116-31
[132] Besen S M. J Farrell.Choosing How to Compete:Strategies and Tactics in Standardization. Journal ofEconomic Perspectives, 1994,(8):117-131
[133]熊红星.网络效应、标准竞争与公共政策.上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2006,84-88
[134] Nelson P. Information and consumer behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 1970, 78:311-329
[135] Akerlof G. The Market for Lemons. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1970,84(3):488-500
[136] Tinbergen J. Shaping the world Economy, Appendix VI,“An Analysis of World Trade Flows”, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962
[137] Poyhonen P. A Tentative Model of the Volume of Trade between Countries,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1963,(90):93-99
[138] Linnemann Hans, An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows.Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company,1966
[139] Rodrik D. What’s So Special About China's Exports.NBER Working Paper ,No.11947, 2006
[140] Mundell R.International Trade and Factor Mobility.American Economic Review, 1957,(47):321-335
[141]小岛清.对外贸易论.天津:南开大学出版社, 1987
[142]盛斌,廖明中.中国的贸易流量与出口潜力:引力模型的研究.世界经济, .2004,(2):3-12
[143] Granger C W. Some resent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics. 1988,(39):199-121
[144] M.V.Posner.International Trade and Technical Change.Oxford Economic Papers. 1961,(13):323-41
[145] Vernon, Raymond.International Investment and International Trade in The Product Cycle.Qaterly Journal of Economics.1966,80:190-207
[146] Grossman G,Helpman E. Intergration Versus Outsourcing in Industry Equilibrium.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,(117): 85-120
[147] Verspagen B, K Wakelin. Trade and Technology from a Schumpeterian perspective. International review of applied economics, 1997,11(2):181-194
[148] Maskus K E. The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment andTechnology Transfer.Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 1998,(32): 471-506
[149]胡小娟.跨国公司FDI中间产品贸易研究:[中南大学博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学商学院, 2007,2-15
[150]卢锋.产品内分工.经济学季刊, 2004,4(1):55-82
[151] Linder, S B.An Essay on Trade and Transformation.Uppsala: Almqvist & Wilksell, 1961
[152] Lancaster K. Intra-Industry Trade Under Perfect Monopolistic Competition. Journal of International Economics, 1980,(10):151-75
[153]周梅妮.李嘉图国际贸易理论的新兴古典分析.国际贸易问题, 2005,(8):123-128
[154]吴俊,王学鸿.产品差异、偏好和产业升级——一个国际贸易纯理论模型.云南财贸学院学报, 2005,(4):40-44
[155]祝树金,许和连,赖明勇.国际商品贸易和Ramsey增长模型中的不确定性.管理科学学报, 2006,(6):31-36
[156]乔治·泰奇.研究与开发政策的经济学.苏竣,柏杰译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2002,8-63
[157]张曙宵.中国对外贸易结构论.北京:中国经济出版社, 2003,19-22
[158] Keller W. Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners. European Economic Review, 1998,(42):1469-1481
[159] Buckley P,Clegg J, Wang C. The Impacts of FDI on the Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 2002,33(4): 637-655
[160]杨迤.外商直接投资对中国进出口影响的相关分析.世界经济. 2000,(2):44-49
[161]许和连,赖明勇.我国出口与经济增长关系分析.湖南大学学报. 2001,(3):33-35
[162]奚君羊,刘卫江.外商直接投资的贸易效应实证分析.上海财经大学学报, 2001,(6):3-11
[163]赵晓晨.利用加工贸易技术扩散优化出口商品结构研究.财贸研究. 2006,(4):49-56
[164]曾铮,张亚斌.人民币实际汇率升值与中国出口商品结构调整.世界经济, 2007,(5):16-24
[165]冯正强,杨晓霞.人民币汇率对我国对外贸易结构的影响分析.经济经纬, 2007,(4):42-44
[166] Sanyal,K.Vertical Specialization in a Ricardian Model with a Continune of Stages of Production.Economica.1983,(2):71-78
[167] Woodland,A.D. Joint outputs,Intermediate Inputs and International trade Theory. International economic review.1977,(10)517-533
[168] Buckley, P.J., J.H. Dunning and R.B. Pearce.The Influence of Firm Size, Industry,Nationality, and Degree of Multinationality in the Growth and Profitability of the World’s Largest Firms, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1977,CXIV:243-257
[169] Feestra R.C and G.H.Hanson. The impact of outsourcing and hightechnology capital wages : estimates for the USA , 1979-1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,(8):907-940
[170] Campa, Jose and Linda S. Goldberg.The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries.Federal Reserve Bankof New York Economic Policy Review.1997,(4):79-99
[171] Andersson T. and Fredriksson T.Distinction Between Intermediate and Finished Productsin Intra-firmTrade, International Journal of Industrial Organization , 2000,(18):773-792
[172]刘志彪,刘晓昶.垂直专业化:经济全球化中的贸易和生产模式.经济理论与经济管理, 2001,(10):5-10
[173] Hanson,G.H.,Mataloni,R.J. and Slaughter,M.J.Vertical Production Networks in Multinational Firms.NBER Working Paper,No.9723, 2003
[174]陈景华.中间投入品贸易对我国收入分配的影响:理论与实证.技术经济, 2007,(3):80-84
[175] OECD. An assessment of the costs for international trade in meeting regulatory requirements. D/TC/WP(99)8/FINAL.Paris:OECD
[176] Thilmany D D,C B Barrett.Regulatory Barriers in an Integrating World Market.Review of Agricultural Economics, 1997,19(1)
[177]王耀中,侯俊军.论技术性贸易壁垒的消费效应.南方经济, 2005,(2):76-78
[178] Kogut B. Designing Global Strategies: Comparative and Competitive Value-added China . Sloan Management Review, 1985,26 (4):15-28
[179]曾铮,张亚斌.价值链的经济学分析及其政策借鉴.中国工业经济. 2005,(5):104-111
[180] Kaplinsky R., M. Morris .A handbook for value market chain research. Canada: IDRC, 2001
[181] Humphrey, J and Schmitz, H. Developing country firms in the world economy: governance and upgrading in global value chains. INEF Report, University of Duisburg, 2002,25-27
[182]李海舰,原磊.基于价值链层面的利润转移研究.中国工业经济. 2005,(6):81-89
[183] R Prebisch.The Economic Development of Latin America and its Pricipal Problems.New York: United Nations Economic Commission on Latin America, 1950
[184] Singer H. W. Beyond Term s of T rade: Convergence and D ivergence. Journal of International Development, 1999,11(6): 911-916
[185]庄芮.质疑“普雷维什-辛格命题”.世界经济研究, 2006,(9):19-23
[186]赵玉敏,郭培兴,王婷.总体趋于恶化——中国贸易条件变化趋势分析.国际贸易, 2002,(7):18-25
[187]韩青.中国的价格贸易条件恶化——基于影响因素的经验分析.世界经济研究, 2007,(10):9-14
[188]林丽,张素芳. 1994-2002年中国贸易条件的实证研究.国际贸易问题, 2005,(11):17-21
[189]崔津渡,李诚邦.中国对外贸易条件:1995-2005年状况分析.国际经济合作, 2006,(4):27-29
[190]田文.产品内贸易论.北京:经济科学出版社, 2006,10-56
[191]杨海余,黄廷.中美制造业的产品内贸易条件分析.财经理论与实践, 2007,(4):65-68
[192]宗毅君.国际产品内分工与进出口贸易——基于我国工业行业面板数据的经验研究.国际贸易问题, 2008,(2):7-13
[193]中国标准化研究院. 2007中国标准化发展研究报告.北京:中国标准出版社, 2007
[194] Wang Yaozhong,Hou Junjun,Cao Yunhan.Network Effect, Large Country Effect and International Competition of Standards. The 2008 International Conference on business intelligence and financial engineering
[195]赵厚麟.对中国国际标准化工作的几点建议.中兴通讯技术, 2005,(4):1-5
[196]裴长洪.寻求新的突破——我国“十一五”期间的对外贸易.国际贸易.2005, (4)
[197]李雅萍.从低端突围.经济日报, 2005-6-17
[198]互联网实验室.新全球主义:中国高科技标准战略研究报告. www.Chinalabs.com, 2004
[199]刘振刚.技术创新、技术标准与经济发展.北京:中国标准出版社, 2005,99-105
[200] Jungmittag A, Blind K, Grupp H .Innovation, standardisation and the long-term production function. A cointegration analysis for Germany 1960–96. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (ZWS), 1999,119:205–222
①杨益,全球贸易救济的现状、发展及我国面临的形势,国际贸易,2007(9):4-9
①夏先良,面对外国技术性贸易壁垒:中国的战略措施,国际贸易,2007(7)
②国家质检总局,中国技术性贸易措施年度报告(2007)
③Shapiro和Varian(1999)认为标准战已经成为信息时代的固有特征。
①宋名顺,WTO《贸易技术壁垒协议》规则、实践及对策,北京:中国计量出版社,2002
②见刘源张院士给于欣丽著《标准化与经济增长——理论、实证与案例》一书所作序言。
①亚当·斯密,国民财富的性质和原因的研究(上卷),北京:商务印书馆,1972年版,第8页
[1]杨海余.中国出口增长贡献主体替代研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2007,8-24
[2]中国标准化研究院.标准化若干重大理论问题研究.北京:中国标准化出版社, 2007,54-57
[3] C Shapiro , H Varian.信息规则——网络经济的策略指导(中译本).北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000
[4] WTO. World Trade Report:Exploring the links between trade, standards and the WTO. 2005,4
[5] de Vries H J.Standerdization.A Business Apporach to the Role of National Standerdization Organizations, Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999,18-21
[6] David P A,Greenstein S.The economics of compathiblity standards:an introduction to recent research.Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1990,1:3-41
[7] Tushman M L,Anderson P.Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environment.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(4):604-633
[8] Swann G M P.The Economics of Standardization.final report for standards and technical regulations,Directorate Department of Trade and Industry. Manchester:University of Manchester, 2000
[9] David P A.Some New Standards for the Economics of Standardization in the Information Ages.In Dasgupta P and P Stoneman(eds). Economic Policy and Technology Performance.Combridge: Combridge University Press, 1987, 330-346
[10] Kindleberger C P.Standards as public,collectve and private goods.KYKLOS, 1983,36:377-396
[11] Antonelli C.Localized technological change and the evolution of standardsaseconomic institution.Information Economics and Policy, 1994,(6):195-216
[12]李春田.标准化概论(第四版).北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2005,25-30
[13] Katz M L,C Shapiro.Network externalities,competition and compatilities. American Economic Review. 1985,75:424-440
[14] Leibenstein, H. Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers' Demand.Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1950,64:183-207
[15] Rohlfs J. A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service. Bell Journal of Economics, 1974,5(1):16-37
[16] Farrell J,G Saloner.Standardization, compatibility and innovation.Rand Journal of Economics, 1985,16:70-83
[17] Liebowitz S J, Margolis S E. Network externality: an uncommon tragedy. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994, (8):133-150
[18] Economides N,L J. White.Networks and Compatibility: Implications for Antitrust. European Economic Review. 1994,38:651-662
[19] Economides N.The economics of networks.International Journal ofIndustrial Orgnization. 1996,14:673-699
[20] Yang Yi-Nung.Essays on network effects.Disertion Department of Economics. Utah State University.Logan,Utah, 1997
[21] Westarp F V.Reconsidering network effect theory.Reseach paperssubmitted to the 8th European Conference on Information Systems. 2000
[22]朱彤.网络效应经济理论.北京:中国人民出版社, 2004,89-95
[23]毛丰付.标准竞争与竞争政策.上海:上海三联书店, 2007,41-45
[24] Farrell J,G Saloner.Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncement, and Predation.American Economic Review. 1986,76:940-955
[25] Katz M L,C Shapiro. Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities. Journal of Political Economy. 1986, 94:822-841
[26] Church, J,N Gandal. Network Effects, Software Provision and Standardization. Journal of Industrial Economics. 1992,40(1): 85-104
[27] Clements M T.Direct vs indirect network effects:standardization and compatibility.Working paper,Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences Department,Kellogg Graduate School of Management,Northwestern University, 2000
[28]钱春海,郑学信.网络外部性、专用性资产与网络市场竞争的经济学分析—以中国移动产业为例.中国软科学, 2003,(9):49-54
[29]鲁文龙,陈宏民.网络外部性与我国第三代移动通讯标准竞争.管理工程学报, 2004,(4):113-115
[30]周鹏.标准化、网络效应以及企业组织的演进.大连:东北财经大学出版社, 2005
[31] Marshall A.Industry and Trade.MacMillian and Co.Limited. 1919,198-201
[32] Dosi G.Technological paradigms and technological trajectories:a suggested interpreation of the determinants and directions of technical change.Research Policy, 1982,(12):147-162
[33] David, P. A. and G. Rothwell.Standardization, diversity and learning: Strategies for the coevolution of technology and industrial capacity. International Journal of Industrial Organization. 1996,14(2):181-201
[34] Metcalfe J. S,Miles I. Standards, selection and variety: an evolutionary approach. Information Economics and Policy. 1994,6(3-4):243-268
[35]安佰生. WTO与国家标准化战略.北京:中国商务出版社, 2005,15-78
[36] Bauer. C. O. Technische Normen-iher, methoden und Wirkungen als Gegenstand von Forschung und Lehre, DIN-Mitteilungen, 1980,59-329
[37] DIN.German Institute for Standardization, Economic benefits of standardization, 2000
[38] Krechmer K. The Fundamental Nature of Standards: Technical Perspective.IEEECommunications Magazine. 2000,38(6):70-85
[39] Gregory Tassey. Standardization in Technology-based Markets.Research Policy.2000,29: 587-602
[40] Stoneman, P. and Diederen, P.‘Technology Diffusion and Public Policy’, Economic Journal, 1994,104,(425): 918-30
[41] Blind, K. The Economic of Standards: Theory, Evidence, Policy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2004
[42] Adolphi H, J Kleinemeyer.The Economic Importance of Standardization for Enterprises.in W. Hesser (ed.) From Company Standardisation to European Standardization, Hamburg: Universit?t der Bundeswehr, 1995
[43] Dale B,S Oakland .Quality Improvement Through Standards, London: Stanley Thornes ,1994
[44] Swann G M P. Standards from a Business Strategy Perspective: Or, Business Strategy for the Standards Institution.Benefits of Standardization in Business, Proceedings of EURAS International Seminar, Hamburg, 1994,3-4
[45] Perez P. Benefits of European Standards for SMEs. Benefits of Standardization in Business, Proceedings of EURAS International Seminar, Hamburg, 1994,3-4
[46] Swann G M P, T P Watts .Visualisation Needs Vision: The Pre-Paradigmatic Character of Virtual Reality. in S. Woolgar (ed.), The Virtual Society?,Oxford University Press, 2000
[47] de Vries H J.Standardization-what’s in a name?Terminology. 1997,4(1):55-83
[48] Jones P. and J. Hudson. Standardization and the Costs of Assessing Quality, European Journal of Political Economy, 1996,12(2):355-361
[49] David P A.‘Clio and the Economics of QWERTY’. American Economic Review Proceedings. 1985,75 (2):332-6
[50] David P A. Heroes, Herds and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and 'The Battle of the Systems' Reconsidered".Industrial and Corporate Change .1992, 1(1):129-180
[51] David P A. Path-dependence and predictability in dynamic systems with local network externalities: A paradigm for historical economics, in D. Foray and C. Freeman (eds.) Technology and the Wealth of Nations: The Dynamics of Constructed Advantage, London: Pinter Publishers, 1993
[52] Callon M. Techno-economic networks and irreversibility. in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge, 1991
[53] Cowan R. A. Nuclear Power Reactors: a Study in Technological Lock in. Journal of Economic History. 1990,50:541–567
[54] Dheber A. Complementarity, Compatibility, and Product Change: Breaking With the Past? Journal of Product Innovation Management. 1995,12:136-152
[55] Arthur W B. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events. Economic Journal. 1989,99 (394):116-31
[56] Hanseth O, E Monteiro, M. Hatling. Developing information infrastructure: The tension between standardization and flexibility. Science, Technology, and Human Values. 1996, 21(4):407-426
[57] Bailetti A J,J R Callahan.Managing consistency between product development and public standards evolution.Research Policy. 1995,24:913-931
[58] Weizacker C. von .The Costs of Substitution. Econometrica. 1984,52:1085-1116
[59] Farrell J,C ShapiroDynamic Competition with Switching Costs.RAND Journal of Economics. 1988,19:123-137
[60] Beggs A,P Klemperer.Multi-period competition with switch costs.Econometrica. 1992,60:651-666
[61] Farrell J,C Shapiro.Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis.American Economic Review. 1990,80: 107-126
[62] Ferguson C,C Morris.Computer Wars.New York:Time Books. 1993
[63]翁轶丛,陈宏民.基于网络外部性的技术标准控制策略与企业兼并.系统工程理论方法应用. 2001,(3):189-193
[64] Dreze,J H. The Standard Goods Hypothesis. Oxford(UK):Oxford University Press.1961
[65] Balassa, Bela.The theory of Economic Integration (Third Edition). Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, 1961
[66]陈淑梅.欧洲经济一体化背景下的技术标准化.南京:东南大学出版社, 2005,28-35
[67] Wilson J S. Standarda and APEC:An Action Agenda.Institute for International Economics, Washington,DC, 1995
[68] Egan M P.Constructing a European Market:Standards,Regulation,and Governance.Oxford University Press, 2001
[69] Sykes A O.,Product standards for internationally integrated goods market.The Brookings, Washington,D.C, 1995
[70] Gregory Tassey. Standardization in technology-based markets,Research Policy. 2000,(29):587–602
[71] Castells M. The Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996
[72] Baldwin C. Y., Kim B. Clark. Managing in an Age of Modularity. Harvard Business Review, 1997,(5)
[73] Sturgeon T. J.What Really Goes on in Silicon Valley? Spatial Clustering and Dispersal in Modular ProductionNetworks[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2003,(3)
[74]青木昌彦.模块时代:新产业结构的本质.上海:上海远东出版社, 2003
[75]朱瑞博.价值模块整合与产业融合.中国工业经济, 2003,(8):48-53
[76]胡晓鹏.价值系统的模块化与价值转移.中国工业经济, 2004,(11)
[77]罗珉,何长见.组织间关系:界面规则与治理机制.中国工业经济, 2006,(5)
[78]刘春青,薛学通.企业标准化与贸易.北京:中国计量出版社, 2007,37-50
[79]吴林海.贸易与技术标准国际化.北京:经济管理出版社, 2004,80-95
[80] Link A N. Market Structure and Voluntary Product Standards.Applied Economics, 1983,(15): 393-401
[81] Atkins W. S. Dismantling Barriers: Technical Barriers to Trade.The Single Market Review Series, Subseries III, Cogan Page, Earthscan, 1998
[82] Swann G M, P Temple, M Shurmer.Standards and Trade Performance: The British Experience.Economic Journal, 1996,(106):1297-1313
[83] Moenius J. Information versus Product Adaptation: The Role of Standards in Trade. Northwestern University, mimeo, 2000
[84]克努特·布林德.标准经济学—理论、证据与政策.高鹤译.北京:中国标准出版社, 2006, 191-270
[85]金雪军.提高国际竞争力的技术标准体系战略研究.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2006,101-130
[86]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势.李明轩,邱如美译.北京:华夏出版社, 2002,123-165
[87] Swann G M,P. Temple.BSI Standards and Trade Performance.BSI News.March, 1995
[88] Ronnen U. Minimum Quality Standard, Fixed Costs, and Competition.The Rand Journal of Economics, 1991,(22):490-504
[89]程鉴冰.最低质量标准政府规制研究.中国工业经济, 2008,(2):40-47
[90] Stephenson S.Standards,conformity assessment and developing countries.World Bank Policy Research Paper,NO.1826, 1997
[91] Wilson J S. The Post-Seattle Agenda of the WTO and Technical Barriers to Trade:Issues for the Developing Countries.World Bank,Washington,DC, 1999
[92] David P A , T. Shaimen.Competition, Regulation, Standards and Trade Policy for Information and Telecommunication Services, Report on CEPR/GEI Workshop, London Business School, July, 1996
[93] Stern J P.The Japanese Technology Infrastructure: Issues and Opportunities. in J. R. McIntyre (ed.) Japan's Technical Standards - Implications for Global Trade and Competitiveness, Westport, CT and London: Quorum Books, 1997
[94] Tanabe K. Globalisation and the Role of Standards".in J. R. McIntyre (ed.) Japan's Technical Standards - Implications for Global Trade and Competitiveness, Westport CT and London: Quorum Books, 1997
[95] Fisher R,P Serra.Standards and Protection.Journal of International Economics, 2000,52(2)
[96]张平,马骁.标准化与知识产权战略(第二版).北京:知识产权出版社, 2005,125-200
[97] Boom A. Asymmetric International Minimum Quality Standards and Vertical Differentiation.Journal of Industrial Economics, 1995,(43):101-119
[98] Das S, Donnenfeld S.Trade policy and its impact on the quality of imports.Journal of International Economics.1987, 23: 77- 95
[99] Das S, Donnenfeld S.Oligopolistic competition and international trade: quantity and quality restrictions. Journal of International Economics.1989, 27:299- 318
[100] Orden, David, E Romano.TheAvocado Dispute and Other Technical Barriers toAgricultural Trade under NAFTA. paper presentedto the conference .NAFTAand Agriculture: Is theExperiment Working?. San Antonio, TX, November, 1996
[101] Krissoff, Barry, Linda.Barriers to Trade in Global Apple Markets.Fruit and Tree Nuts Situation and Outlook, FTS-280,Econ. Res. Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr., August, 1997
[102] OECD.Regulatory reform and international standardization.OECD Document: TD/TC/WP (98)36/FINAL. 29-January, 1999
[103] Otsuki,Tsunehiro,J S.Wilson,M Sewadelf.Saving Two in a Billion:A case Study to Quantify the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports.World Bank Paper, Washington,DC, 2000
[104] Paarburg,Philip,J Lee.Import Restriction in the Presence of a Health Risk:An Illustration Using FMD.Amrican Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1998, 80(1)
[105]冯宗宪,柯大钢.开放经济条件下的国际贸易壁垒.北京:经济科学出版社, 2000,477-488
[106]张海东.技术性贸易壁垒与中国对外贸易.北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2004
[107]孙东升.技术性贸易壁垒与农产品贸易.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社, 2006
[108]周华,王卉,严科杰.标准对贸易及福利影响的实证检验——基于价格楔方法以欧盟RoHS指令对上海市机电产业的影响为例.数量经济技术经济研究. 2007,(8):100-108
[109]赵英.中国制造业技术标准与国际竞争力研究.北京:经济管理出版社, 2008
[110]郭力生.标准化与国际贸易.中国标准化, 2002,(2):4-5
[111]李春田.标准化在市场经济发展中的作用——标准化与经济全球化.上海标准化. 2003,(10):25-30
[112]于欣丽.标准化与经济增长——理论、实证与案例.北京:中国标准出版社, 2008,51-54
[113]段琼,姜太平.环境标准对国际贸易竞争力的影响——中国工业部门的实证分析.国际贸易问题, 2002,(12):49-51
[114]阿弗里德·马歇尔.经济学原理(上卷).北京:商务印书馆, 2005
[115]约翰·穆勒.政治经济学原理(上卷).北京:商务印书馆, 1991
[116] Krugman P.Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 1991,99(3):483-499
[117] Metcalfe, J.S. and I. Miles.Standards, selection and variety: an evolutionary approach.Information Economics and Policy. 1994,(6)
[118] Baldwin C Y,Clark K B.Design Rules:The Power of Modularity. Combridge:MITPress.2000,1-78
[119]青木昌彦,安藤晴彦.模块时代:新产业结构的本质.周国荣译.上海:上海远东出版社, 2003,54-78
[120]约瑟夫·派恩.大规模定制——企业竞争新前沿.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2000
[121]童时中.模块化原理设计方法及应用.北京:中国标准出版社, 2000
[122]张其仔.模块化、产业内分工与经济增长方式转变.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2008
[123]弗里德里克·泰勒.科学管理原理.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1982,8-59
[124] Hayek F A.The use of knowledge in society.American Economic Review, 1945,35(4):519-530
[125]亨利·明茨伯格.管理工作的本质.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2007,25-30
[126] Mueller, J.Patent misuse through the capture of industry standards. Berkley technical law journal, 2002,17(2):623,
[127] Christophe B.New product diffusion Acceleration:measurement and analysis. Marketing Science, 2000,19(4):366-380
[128] Bass F M.A new product growth for Model Consumer Durables.The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1969,(15):215-227
[129]刘庆林.基于网络外部性的产品扩散模型分析.中国工业经济, 2004,(4):88-93
[130] Arthur W B. Competing technologies: An overview. G. Dosi, ed. Technical Change and Economic Theory. Columbia University Press, New York, 1987,590-607
[131] Arthur W B. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events. Economic Journal, 1989,99(394):116-31
[132] Besen S M. J Farrell.Choosing How to Compete:Strategies and Tactics in Standardization. Journal ofEconomic Perspectives, 1994,(8):117-131
[133]熊红星.网络效应、标准竞争与公共政策.上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2006,84-88
[134] Nelson P. Information and consumer behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 1970, 78:311-329
[135] Akerlof G. The Market for Lemons. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1970,84(3):488-500
[136] Tinbergen J. Shaping the world Economy, Appendix VI,“An Analysis of World Trade Flows”, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962
[137] Poyhonen P. A Tentative Model of the Volume of Trade between Countries,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1963,(90):93-99
[138] Linnemann Hans, An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows.Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company,1966
[139] Rodrik D. What’s So Special About China's Exports.NBER Working Paper ,No.11947, 2006
[140] Mundell R.International Trade and Factor Mobility.American Economic Review, 1957,(47):321-335
[141]小岛清.对外贸易论.天津:南开大学出版社, 1987
[142]盛斌,廖明中.中国的贸易流量与出口潜力:引力模型的研究.世界经济, .2004,(2):3-12
[143] Granger C W. Some resent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics. 1988,(39):199-121
[144] M.V.Posner.International Trade and Technical Change.Oxford Economic Papers. 1961,(13):323-41
[145] Vernon, Raymond.International Investment and International Trade in The Product Cycle.Qaterly Journal of Economics.1966,80:190-207
[146] Grossman G,Helpman E. Intergration Versus Outsourcing in Industry Equilibrium.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002,(117): 85-120
[147] Verspagen B, K Wakelin. Trade and Technology from a Schumpeterian perspective. International review of applied economics, 1997,11(2):181-194
[148] Maskus K E. The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment andTechnology Transfer.Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 1998,(32): 471-506
[149]胡小娟.跨国公司FDI中间产品贸易研究:[中南大学博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学商学院, 2007,2-15
[150]卢锋.产品内分工.经济学季刊, 2004,4(1):55-82
[151] Linder, S B.An Essay on Trade and Transformation.Uppsala: Almqvist & Wilksell, 1961
[152] Lancaster K. Intra-Industry Trade Under Perfect Monopolistic Competition. Journal of International Economics, 1980,(10):151-75
[153]周梅妮.李嘉图国际贸易理论的新兴古典分析.国际贸易问题, 2005,(8):123-128
[154]吴俊,王学鸿.产品差异、偏好和产业升级——一个国际贸易纯理论模型.云南财贸学院学报, 2005,(4):40-44
[155]祝树金,许和连,赖明勇.国际商品贸易和Ramsey增长模型中的不确定性.管理科学学报, 2006,(6):31-36
[156]乔治·泰奇.研究与开发政策的经济学.苏竣,柏杰译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2002,8-63
[157]张曙宵.中国对外贸易结构论.北京:中国经济出版社, 2003,19-22
[158] Keller W. Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners. European Economic Review, 1998,(42):1469-1481
[159] Buckley P,Clegg J, Wang C. The Impacts of FDI on the Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 2002,33(4): 637-655
[160]杨迤.外商直接投资对中国进出口影响的相关分析.世界经济. 2000,(2):44-49
[161]许和连,赖明勇.我国出口与经济增长关系分析.湖南大学学报. 2001,(3):33-35
[162]奚君羊,刘卫江.外商直接投资的贸易效应实证分析.上海财经大学学报, 2001,(6):3-11
[163]赵晓晨.利用加工贸易技术扩散优化出口商品结构研究.财贸研究. 2006,(4):49-56
[164]曾铮,张亚斌.人民币实际汇率升值与中国出口商品结构调整.世界经济, 2007,(5):16-24
[165]冯正强,杨晓霞.人民币汇率对我国对外贸易结构的影响分析.经济经纬, 2007,(4):42-44
[166] Sanyal,K.Vertical Specialization in a Ricardian Model with a Continune of Stages of Production.Economica.1983,(2):71-78
[167] Woodland,A.D. Joint outputs,Intermediate Inputs and International trade Theory. International economic review.1977,(10)517-533
[168] Buckley, P.J., J.H. Dunning and R.B. Pearce.The Influence of Firm Size, Industry,Nationality, and Degree of Multinationality in the Growth and Profitability of the World’s Largest Firms, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1977,CXIV:243-257
[169] Feestra R.C and G.H.Hanson. The impact of outsourcing and hightechnology capital wages : estimates for the USA , 1979-1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,(8):907-940
[170] Campa, Jose and Linda S. Goldberg.The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries.Federal Reserve Bankof New York Economic Policy Review.1997,(4):79-99
[171] Andersson T. and Fredriksson T.Distinction Between Intermediate and Finished Productsin Intra-firmTrade, International Journal of Industrial Organization , 2000,(18):773-792
[172]刘志彪,刘晓昶.垂直专业化:经济全球化中的贸易和生产模式.经济理论与经济管理, 2001,(10):5-10
[173] Hanson,G.H.,Mataloni,R.J. and Slaughter,M.J.Vertical Production Networks in Multinational Firms.NBER Working Paper,No.9723, 2003
[174]陈景华.中间投入品贸易对我国收入分配的影响:理论与实证.技术经济, 2007,(3):80-84
[175] OECD. An assessment of the costs for international trade in meeting regulatory requirements. D/TC/WP(99)8/FINAL.Paris:OECD
[176] Thilmany D D,C B Barrett.Regulatory Barriers in an Integrating World Market.Review of Agricultural Economics, 1997,19(1)
[177]王耀中,侯俊军.论技术性贸易壁垒的消费效应.南方经济, 2005,(2):76-78
[178] Kogut B. Designing Global Strategies: Comparative and Competitive Value-added China . Sloan Management Review, 1985,26 (4):15-28
[179]曾铮,张亚斌.价值链的经济学分析及其政策借鉴.中国工业经济. 2005,(5):104-111
[180] Kaplinsky R., M. Morris .A handbook for value market chain research. Canada: IDRC, 2001
[181] Humphrey, J and Schmitz, H. Developing country firms in the world economy: governance and upgrading in global value chains. INEF Report, University of Duisburg, 2002,25-27
[182]李海舰,原磊.基于价值链层面的利润转移研究.中国工业经济. 2005,(6):81-89
[183] R Prebisch.The Economic Development of Latin America and its Pricipal Problems.New York: United Nations Economic Commission on Latin America, 1950
[184] Singer H. W. Beyond Term s of T rade: Convergence and D ivergence. Journal of International Development, 1999,11(6): 911-916
[185]庄芮.质疑“普雷维什-辛格命题”.世界经济研究, 2006,(9):19-23
[186]赵玉敏,郭培兴,王婷.总体趋于恶化——中国贸易条件变化趋势分析.国际贸易, 2002,(7):18-25
[187]韩青.中国的价格贸易条件恶化——基于影响因素的经验分析.世界经济研究, 2007,(10):9-14
[188]林丽,张素芳. 1994-2002年中国贸易条件的实证研究.国际贸易问题, 2005,(11):17-21
[189]崔津渡,李诚邦.中国对外贸易条件:1995-2005年状况分析.国际经济合作, 2006,(4):27-29
[190]田文.产品内贸易论.北京:经济科学出版社, 2006,10-56
[191]杨海余,黄廷.中美制造业的产品内贸易条件分析.财经理论与实践, 2007,(4):65-68
[192]宗毅君.国际产品内分工与进出口贸易——基于我国工业行业面板数据的经验研究.国际贸易问题, 2008,(2):7-13
[193]中国标准化研究院. 2007中国标准化发展研究报告.北京:中国标准出版社, 2007
[194] Wang Yaozhong,Hou Junjun,Cao Yunhan.Network Effect, Large Country Effect and International Competition of Standards. The 2008 International Conference on business intelligence and financial engineering
[195]赵厚麟.对中国国际标准化工作的几点建议.中兴通讯技术, 2005,(4):1-5
[196]裴长洪.寻求新的突破——我国“十一五”期间的对外贸易.国际贸易.2005, (4)
[197]李雅萍.从低端突围.经济日报, 2005-6-17
[198]互联网实验室.新全球主义:中国高科技标准战略研究报告. www.Chinalabs.com, 2004
[199]刘振刚.技术创新、技术标准与经济发展.北京:中国标准出版社, 2005,99-105
[200] Jungmittag A, Blind K, Grupp H .Innovation, standardisation and the long-term production function. A cointegration analysis for Germany 1960–96. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (ZWS), 1999,119:205–222