空间等离子体探测中粒子谱仪读出电子学方法的研究
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摘要
空间等离子体探测,自20世纪末至今,都是世界各地的空间探测科学家们密切关注的研究领域。空间等离子特性的研究,对于航空航天、无线电通讯技术、太阳风暴预警、行星大气环境研究等方面都有非常积极的意义。近年来,空间等离子体探测的技术发展迅速,这些技术主要探知的是等离子体的电荷、质量、能量以及分布密度信息。目前,国际上发射了很多近地环境的空间等离子体探测卫星,包括：Cluster、FAST、WIND、GIOTTO、AMPTE等等。这些卫星中等离子体的探测手段各有不同,但是最终都能得到等离子体的参数信息。另外,火星快车、金星快车等行星探测器,以及ROSETTA这类彗星探测器中,也有类似的粒子探测仪器。
在空间等离子体探测中,顶帽型静电分析仪是一种应用非常普遍的离子能量选择器,其能够根据供给分析仪的电压来选择不同能量电荷比的离子。同时,飞行时间测量谱仪是一种常用的、通过测量离子在固定长度内的飞行时间得出粒子速度信息的手段。国外在空间等离子体探测方面的技术起步较早,发展时间较长,但是国内却不尽然。为了自主研发并掌握空间等离子探测的技术,国内的科研单位也开展了该方面的研究工作。本论文的内容将就基于顶帽型静电分析仪的离子量能器及其读出电子学系统的原理样机的研发工作、飞行时间探测谱仪和电子学中飞行时间测量关键技术的研究展开。具体章节如下：
第一章介绍空间等离子体的研究背景、可应用于空间等离子探测的几类探测器以及国际上的各类空间探测任务。
第二章介绍基于顶帽型静电分析仪的离子量能器及其读出电子学的原理样机的研究工作。详细介绍了量能器及读出电子学的框架结构、各类参数以及实现的功能,并说明了对整机进行标定的方案。
第三章介绍了空间等离子体探测飞行时间谱仪的几类探测手段,对其离子飞行时间测量原理进行了说明,同时对其读出电子学系统需要实现的功能进行说明,指出其中的关键技术与难点。
第四章对空间等离子体飞行时间谱仪读出电子学的关键技术——基于Actel抗辐射FPGA的时间数字转换器的研究工作进行说明,分别描述了在Flash型和反熔丝型FPGA中利用延时链法实现时间内插,得到的高精度时间数字转换器的原理框架和测试结果。Flash型FPGA中,延时链的延时单元的是CMOS Buffer,而在反熔丝FPGA中延时单元是专用进位链。本章最后,对Actel的FPGA的抗辐照性能进行说明。
第五章中,就FPGA中时间数字转换器的温度漂移效应进行标定,并根据TDC码宽随温度变化的线性特性,提出使用线性函数法修正TDC的温度漂移。同时,把线性函数法修正后的时间测量精度,与使用码密度法在各个温度点分别标定后实现的精度相对比,验证了线性函数法修正的准确性。
第六章在延时链法时间数字转换器的基础上,利用Flash型FPGA的可重复编程性,研究提高时间测量精度的方法,分别使用多次测量法和游标卡尺延时链法实现了几十皮秒的时间分辨。其中多次测量法包含Wave-union和平行延时链两种方法。最后,把实现这几种提高时间测量精度的方法所需要的代价进行了对比。
第七章,讲述了空间等离子探测谱仪飞行时间测量系统读出电子学原型样机的方案设计,将基于Actel FPGAde时间数字转换器应用于离子飞行时间测量,并得到了初步的电子学测试结果。同时说明了飞行时间测量系统读出电子学下一步的工作。
第八章,总结与展望。
Space Plasma Detection has been the center of attention for space scientists since the end of20th century. The research on space plasma is significant for the aerospace industry, radio communication, solar wind early warning, the research on planetary atmosphere, etc. In the recent years, techniques on measuring the charge, the mass, and the energy information of the space plasmas have being developed rapidly. Till now, the European countries and America have launched many satellites for plasma detection around near-earth orbits, such as:Cluster, FAST, WIND, GIOTTO, AMPTE, etc. There are different sorts of plasma detectors in these satellites, however, the detectors can achieve the same purpose finally. On the other hand, similar instruments have been loaded on planet detectors such as Mars Express and Venus Express, and comet detectors such as ROSETTA.
The "Top-hat" electrostatic analyzer (ESA) is widely used in space plasma detection, the analyzer can select the incoming ions according to their energy charge ratio by supplying various reference voltage to its inner and outer semispheres. In addition, time-of-flight (TOF) systems are frequently used for measuring the flight speed of the selected ions. The techniques on space plasma detections have been developed much earlier in the foreign countries than in China. We conducted an investigation into space plasma detector independently using the foreign ones as a reference, and this paper is on the development of principle prototype of the "Top-hat" ESA based ion detector and its read-out electronics, as well as the resercch on the key technology for TOF system:
Chapter1introduces the background study of space plasmas, and shows the different sorts of instruments that can be applied in space plasma detection. Finally, some space detectors including the introduced detectors are presented.
In chapter2, the work on the development of principle prototype of the "Top-hat" ESA based ion detector and its read-out electronics is presented. The detector and the read-out electronics structures, the performance as well as the parameters are describled in detail, and the overall calibrating plan is also presented.
Chapter3introduces different kinds of time-of-flight measurement systems in space plasma detection, and explans their operation principle. The needed fuctions of time-of-flight electronics are decribled, and the key techniques as well as difficulties are also mentioned.
In chapter4, the research on the key technique of read-out electronics in space plasma detectors is discussed. High resolution time-to-digital convenors (TDC) are implemented repectively in Actel Flash-based and Anti-fuse based FPGAs. The TDC is based on time interpolating method employing time delay chains, and the architecture and test results are describled in detail, In Flash-based FPGAs, the delay element for the delay chain is CMOS Buffer, and in Anti-fuse FPGA, the delay element is the dedicated carry chain. Finally, the radiation-torlerant performance of Actel radiation strengthening FPGAs is illustrated.
Chapter5discusses the temperature drift of FPGA-based TDC bin size according to the thermal tests. The TDC bin size changes linearly with temperature, thus the linear function algotithm is employed for correction. The correcting precision of the linear function algotithm is proved by comparing with the code-density method.
Chapter6presents some methods on improving the TDC timing performance: multi-time averaging method and vernier delay chains method, In the discussion of multi-time averaging method, wave-union and parallel delay chains methods are included. At last, the consumed resources for these methods are showed for comparision.
Chapter7introduces the schematic design of the readout electronics prototype for the TOF system in the space plasma detector, and preliminary test results are presented. Meanwhile, the future work for the TOF system is illustrated.
Chapter8summarizes our work on the research of space plasma detection, and prospects the future work.
在空间等离子体探测中,顶帽型静电分析仪是一种应用非常普遍的离子能量选择器,其能够根据供给分析仪的电压来选择不同能量电荷比的离子。同时,飞行时间测量谱仪是一种常用的、通过测量离子在固定长度内的飞行时间得出粒子速度信息的手段。国外在空间等离子体探测方面的技术起步较早,发展时间较长,但是国内却不尽然。为了自主研发并掌握空间等离子探测的技术,国内的科研单位也开展了该方面的研究工作。本论文的内容将就基于顶帽型静电分析仪的离子量能器及其读出电子学系统的原理样机的研发工作、飞行时间探测谱仪和电子学中飞行时间测量关键技术的研究展开。具体章节如下：
第一章介绍空间等离子体的研究背景、可应用于空间等离子探测的几类探测器以及国际上的各类空间探测任务。
第二章介绍基于顶帽型静电分析仪的离子量能器及其读出电子学的原理样机的研究工作。详细介绍了量能器及读出电子学的框架结构、各类参数以及实现的功能,并说明了对整机进行标定的方案。
第三章介绍了空间等离子体探测飞行时间谱仪的几类探测手段,对其离子飞行时间测量原理进行了说明,同时对其读出电子学系统需要实现的功能进行说明,指出其中的关键技术与难点。
第四章对空间等离子体飞行时间谱仪读出电子学的关键技术——基于Actel抗辐射FPGA的时间数字转换器的研究工作进行说明,分别描述了在Flash型和反熔丝型FPGA中利用延时链法实现时间内插,得到的高精度时间数字转换器的原理框架和测试结果。Flash型FPGA中,延时链的延时单元的是CMOS Buffer,而在反熔丝FPGA中延时单元是专用进位链。本章最后,对Actel的FPGA的抗辐照性能进行说明。
第五章中,就FPGA中时间数字转换器的温度漂移效应进行标定,并根据TDC码宽随温度变化的线性特性,提出使用线性函数法修正TDC的温度漂移。同时,把线性函数法修正后的时间测量精度,与使用码密度法在各个温度点分别标定后实现的精度相对比,验证了线性函数法修正的准确性。
第六章在延时链法时间数字转换器的基础上,利用Flash型FPGA的可重复编程性,研究提高时间测量精度的方法,分别使用多次测量法和游标卡尺延时链法实现了几十皮秒的时间分辨。其中多次测量法包含Wave-union和平行延时链两种方法。最后,把实现这几种提高时间测量精度的方法所需要的代价进行了对比。
第七章,讲述了空间等离子探测谱仪飞行时间测量系统读出电子学原型样机的方案设计,将基于Actel FPGAde时间数字转换器应用于离子飞行时间测量,并得到了初步的电子学测试结果。同时说明了飞行时间测量系统读出电子学下一步的工作。
第八章,总结与展望。
Space Plasma Detection has been the center of attention for space scientists since the end of20th century. The research on space plasma is significant for the aerospace industry, radio communication, solar wind early warning, the research on planetary atmosphere, etc. In the recent years, techniques on measuring the charge, the mass, and the energy information of the space plasmas have being developed rapidly. Till now, the European countries and America have launched many satellites for plasma detection around near-earth orbits, such as:Cluster, FAST, WIND, GIOTTO, AMPTE, etc. There are different sorts of plasma detectors in these satellites, however, the detectors can achieve the same purpose finally. On the other hand, similar instruments have been loaded on planet detectors such as Mars Express and Venus Express, and comet detectors such as ROSETTA.
The "Top-hat" electrostatic analyzer (ESA) is widely used in space plasma detection, the analyzer can select the incoming ions according to their energy charge ratio by supplying various reference voltage to its inner and outer semispheres. In addition, time-of-flight (TOF) systems are frequently used for measuring the flight speed of the selected ions. The techniques on space plasma detections have been developed much earlier in the foreign countries than in China. We conducted an investigation into space plasma detector independently using the foreign ones as a reference, and this paper is on the development of principle prototype of the "Top-hat" ESA based ion detector and its read-out electronics, as well as the resercch on the key technology for TOF system:
Chapter1introduces the background study of space plasmas, and shows the different sorts of instruments that can be applied in space plasma detection. Finally, some space detectors including the introduced detectors are presented.
In chapter2, the work on the development of principle prototype of the "Top-hat" ESA based ion detector and its read-out electronics is presented. The detector and the read-out electronics structures, the performance as well as the parameters are describled in detail, and the overall calibrating plan is also presented.
Chapter3introduces different kinds of time-of-flight measurement systems in space plasma detection, and explans their operation principle. The needed fuctions of time-of-flight electronics are decribled, and the key techniques as well as difficulties are also mentioned.
In chapter4, the research on the key technique of read-out electronics in space plasma detectors is discussed. High resolution time-to-digital convenors (TDC) are implemented repectively in Actel Flash-based and Anti-fuse based FPGAs. The TDC is based on time interpolating method employing time delay chains, and the architecture and test results are describled in detail, In Flash-based FPGAs, the delay element for the delay chain is CMOS Buffer, and in Anti-fuse FPGA, the delay element is the dedicated carry chain. Finally, the radiation-torlerant performance of Actel radiation strengthening FPGAs is illustrated.
Chapter5discusses the temperature drift of FPGA-based TDC bin size according to the thermal tests. The TDC bin size changes linearly with temperature, thus the linear function algotithm is employed for correction. The correcting precision of the linear function algotithm is proved by comparing with the code-density method.
Chapter6presents some methods on improving the TDC timing performance: multi-time averaging method and vernier delay chains method, In the discussion of multi-time averaging method, wave-union and parallel delay chains methods are included. At last, the consumed resources for these methods are showed for comparision.
Chapter7introduces the schematic design of the readout electronics prototype for the TOF system in the space plasma detector, and preliminary test results are presented. Meanwhile, the future work for the TOF system is illustrated.
Chapter8summarizes our work on the research of space plasma detection, and prospects the future work.
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