我国上市公司融资结构问题研究
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摘要
西方国家对企业融资结构的研究已经有五十余年历史,使融资结构理论取得较大的发展,特别是信息经济理论、制度经济学理论、产权理论等成果的面世,更是在研究的广度和深度上有所拓展,研究也更具实际意义。伴随着经济发展的要求以及证券市场的发展过程中存在的问题,不管是出于规范资本市场的健康发展、提高上市公司资金使用效率和上市公司经营业绩,提升股东权益回报率,实现社会资源的优化配置和国民经济的持续增长,还是出于中国企业融资结构的理论研究,都要求对我国证券市场发展十余年来上市公司融资结构的相关问题进行系统的研究,本研究正是在这种要求的背景下产生的。
     文章主要采用理论研究、实践考察与实证分析相结合的方法,通过统计分析、比较分析、结构分析等手段,抓住资本市场的资源配置效率特征,结合产权理论、制度经济学理论、信息经济理论、契约理论等相关理论研究的成果,分六章对我国上市公司融资结构问题进行研究。
     研究的主要成果与结论:
     1、发达国家所谓“市场导向型”“银行导向型”融资结构的说法,随着实践的发展已有“误导”之嫌。“市场导向型”也好,“银行导向型”也好,发达国家企业都越来越重视内部积累,融资结构大多以内源融资为主,外源融资为辅。
     2、发达国家日益开拓内源融资为主、外源融资中以债券融资为主的融资结构,是基于社会资源配置效率的要求;而上世纪80年代非发达国家和地区以股权融资为主导的融资结构会给整个资本市场积累巨大金融风险,不利于社会资源配置效率的可持续发挥。
     3、发达国家企业高度发展内源融资的融资结构与发达国家企业的获利能力和权益积累水平相关。上世纪80年代非发达国家和地区企业主要依赖股权融资的融资结构是与非发达国家的股权融资成本相关。
     4、我国上市公司融资结构存在过度依赖股权融资、忽视内源融资的特点。
    
     5、我国上市公司股权融资成本远远低于债务融资,偏好股权融资的
    融资结构是上市公司机会性选择的结果。有必要从提高上市公司股权融资
    成本,均衡各种融资方式的融资成本的角度来优化上市公司融资结构。
     6、我国上市公司融资结构与业绩变化的关系符合西方融资顺序理论,
    理性的融资结构应该以内源融资一一债务融资—股权融资为顺序,但实
    际情况却是相反,并使得上市公司资金使用效率低下,业绩总体上不断下
    降,资本市场的资源配置功能没能有效发挥。从效率的角度来说,我国上
    市公司融资结构顺序应该改善为内源融资一一刁责务融资—股权融资。
     7、我国上市公司现有融资结构实践下,资金使用效率低下,业绩不
    断下降,上市公司融资结构实践不利于资源配置效率的提高。
     8、我国资本市场与上市公司融资结构发展应该与发达国家企业基于
    效率的融资结构接轨,而不是与非发达国家偏于股权融资的结构接轨:应
    当改变“重股权融资轻内源融资”观念和做法,以效率为导向,提升上市
    公司内部积累的能力,提高内源融资比例,使上市公司和资本市场得以持
    续的发展。
     9、我国上市公司非效率倾向融资结构的形成除了成本因素以外,其
    深层原因在于产权约束机制滞后、资本市场非均衡进展。
     10、应该以资源配置效率的提升为导向,从协调发展资本市场、健全
    产权制度和完善法律法规入手,优化上市公司融资结构,提升社会经济资
    源配置效率。
The research on enterprise's financing structure in the western countries have a history of more than 50 years, and has got lots of useful results, especially with the development of the theories, such as theory of information economics, system economics, property rights, etc., the research has gained more rapidly progress, and the results of more and more practical value. Fellow the request for economic development and the problems existed during the evolution of the security market, no matter to standardize the development of the capital market, improve the capital's efficiency of the listed companies and the listed companies business performance, promote the stockholder's equity payback, realize the optimally allocation of the social resources and the lasting growth of the national economy, or to improve the theoretical research on the financing structure of Chinese enterprise, all requires to take systematic research to the related problems of the financing structure of listed companies in our country, T
    his article was just the production under the background of this kind of request.
    The article adopts the theoretical study, practical observation and empirical research together, by the means of statistical analysis, comparative analysis, structure analysis etc., to undertake the research on the financing structure problems of the listed companies in our country on the base of efficiency characteristic of economic resource allocation.
    The research divided into six chapters, and has got lots of useful achievements. The main results and originalities of the article as fellows:
    First, the statement of "market orient model" and "bank orient model" financing structure in developed country suspected to be of "misleading" with the process of development. No matter the "market orient model" or the "bank orient model", the companies tend to depend on the internal accumulation more and more in the developed countries. Internal (endogenous) financing was the main component in the financing structure for most developed countries, and other financing channel was just for complement.
    Second, it's the request of the rule of allocation efficiency of social resource that impels the developed countries' companies to rely on internal
    
    
    financing and bond financing mainly. The financing structure rely on stock financing mainly in the developing countries and regions in 1980s' tends to accumulate enormous financial risks for the whole capital market for a long run, and will be harmful for the allocation efficiency of the social resource.
    Third, the financing structure rely on internal financing mainly in the developed countries was correlated with the strong earning capacity and the high degree internal equity accumulate of the companies. The financing structure rely on stock financing mainly in the developing countries and regions in 1980s correlated with the lower cost of this financing channel.
    Fourth, the financing structure of listed companies in our country holds the characteristic to depend unduly on the stock financing, but ignores internal financing.
    Fifth, the cost of the stock financing in China is far lower than the bond financing, so the financing structure to rely on stock financing mainly is the result of opportunism selection of the listed companies. It's necessary to raise the cost of the stock financing to balance the cost of all kinds of financing channel so as to optimize the financing structure of the listed companies in our country.
    Sixth, the relationship between financing structure and the change direction of performance has been empirical proved to be accord with the financing order theory of western countries. The rational financing structure of the Chinese listed companies should be in the order of internal financing -debt financing -stock right financing, but the current situation is opposite. This situation has made the general achievement of the listed companies drop constantly, and has made the resource allocation function of the capital market fails to play effectively. From the
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