长白落叶松苗木耗水特性与节水培育技术研究
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摘要
节水是我国经济社会发展的一项长期的基本国策,是实现水资源可持续利用、构建人水和谐社会的重要战略举措。节水又是一项社会系统工程,实现社会的水资源节约利用和保护目标,涉及到社会的各个区域和行业,林业实施节水工程是当今林业发展的必经之路。随着全球水资源短缺,节水培育技术成为农林种植行业发展的重点研究领域之一,本文以长白落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry)为试验材料,从研究苗木生长耗水特性入手,以苗木施肥、苗木灌溉、苗木生长规律分析以及试验地气象资料为基础数据,采用盆栽称重法和大田培育两种试验方法来研究苗木生长耗水规律和节水培育技术,利用图表、数据、相关分析、回归拟合等统计方法对长白落叶松苗木培育进行研究,为苗木节水培育制定一套科学的、经济的、环保的培育技术。主要研究结果如下：
(1)通过对长白落叶松幼苗进行盆栽试验,研究苗木生长耗水的变化规律,对生长季节内苗木耗水量与苗高生长量变化关系进行比较分析。研究发现,试验播种苗在2008年自6月20日至9月20日平均单株苗木总耗水量约63.7 g,单株日均耗水量0.7 g／d,日均最大耗水量出现在7月下旬,约1.2 g／d。苗木高生长速度在8月中旬达到最大值,日均高生长量1.5 mm／d。
(2)对比分析田间不同覆盖物播种试验,发明了稻草纸覆盖林木小粒种子田间育苗方法,使长白落叶松大田播种出苗率达到32%,比常规河沙和煤渣灰覆盖提高至少10%以上,稻草纸覆盖降低了土壤蒸发量,使出苗期耗水量减少约40%左右,不仅降低了育苗成本,而且更好地改善了圃地土壤结构和保护了环境资源。另外,作物碎硝覆盖提高了苗床土壤温度,缩短了播种种子的发芽时间。
(3)对长白落叶松苗木生长过程全年测量分析,将苗型1-0和1-1在吉林地区整个生长季节生长节律时间进行了较为明确的划分。苗型1-0全年生长节律划分为4个阶段：出苗期、幼苗期、速生期和苗木硬化期；苗型1-1全年生长节律划分为3个阶段：生长初期、速生期、苗木硬化期,这为相关研究和苗木生产管理提供了时间参照。
(4)研究土壤含水率和田间灌溉对长白落叶松苗木生长的影响,在促进苗木质量和对比分析田间现行灌溉制度的基础上,结合降雨量和土壤水势值变化,确定正常年份长白落叶松1-0苗木在吉林地区的灌溉域值是100mm,即在平均降雨量条件下,田间灌溉水量在100mm左右时不会影响苗木的生长质量,在此灌溉水量下田间土壤最低水势值保持在-18KPa以上,此种水分管理措施与常规育苗灌溉相比,节水约30%。
Saving water is a long-term basic national policy, and an important step for sustainable utilization of water resources. And it is the necessary way to guarantee economy and social development in order to built harmonious society. It is a social systems engineering, and it comes down to many areas and industries. Water-saving cultivation of forestry implements an important manifestation of the scientific development concept. With the global water shortage, water-saving cultivation technique becomes one of the key study areas in agriculture and forestry.
The thesis was based on statistics and other mathematical theory, adopting water using properties of Larix olgensis Henry seedlings, irrigation, fertilization, seedlings growth and weather data in research nursery, the experiment was made in potted and field plant, all the basic data was from sample potted and field investigation, the water saving cultivation techniques of Larix olgensis Henry seedlings was established by different statistics methods such as charts, data, correlation analysis and regression fitting. The followings are the major findings:
1. The Larix olgensis Henry potted experiment data shows:seedlings of 1-0 growth consume water about 63.7g in first year, average about 0.7g in every day, the peak value happened in the last ten-day of July, about 1.2g every day, the highest velocity of growth happened in the middle ten-day of August, it is about 1.5 mm every day.
2. Through the analysis of Larix olgensis Henry seed covered with crop pieces in field, the ways of small-scale seed of trees cultivation covered with straw paper in field was invented, by this way, the ratio of seedlings burgeoned in field is 32%, it is more 10% than routine ways, it is not only reduced evaporation of soil, but also economized cost of cultivation, in addition, by this way, the temperature of soil is increased, it is shorten the time of burgeon term.
3. By measuring seedling growth of Larix olgensis Henry, the growth rhythm of 1-0 and 1-1 seedlings was divided into four periods for 1-0 seedlings and three periods for 1-1 seedlings.
4. In the field experiment, routine irrigation and rainfall was analysis, the irrigation regime is established. The critical quantity of irrigation is 100 mm, in this quantity of water the water potential of soil is-18 KPa, it is saving about 30% quantity of water than usual way of cultivation of Larix olgensis Henry seedlins.
(1)通过对长白落叶松幼苗进行盆栽试验,研究苗木生长耗水的变化规律,对生长季节内苗木耗水量与苗高生长量变化关系进行比较分析。研究发现,试验播种苗在2008年自6月20日至9月20日平均单株苗木总耗水量约63.7 g,单株日均耗水量0.7 g／d,日均最大耗水量出现在7月下旬,约1.2 g／d。苗木高生长速度在8月中旬达到最大值,日均高生长量1.5 mm／d。
(2)对比分析田间不同覆盖物播种试验,发明了稻草纸覆盖林木小粒种子田间育苗方法,使长白落叶松大田播种出苗率达到32%,比常规河沙和煤渣灰覆盖提高至少10%以上,稻草纸覆盖降低了土壤蒸发量,使出苗期耗水量减少约40%左右,不仅降低了育苗成本,而且更好地改善了圃地土壤结构和保护了环境资源。另外,作物碎硝覆盖提高了苗床土壤温度,缩短了播种种子的发芽时间。
(3)对长白落叶松苗木生长过程全年测量分析,将苗型1-0和1-1在吉林地区整个生长季节生长节律时间进行了较为明确的划分。苗型1-0全年生长节律划分为4个阶段：出苗期、幼苗期、速生期和苗木硬化期；苗型1-1全年生长节律划分为3个阶段：生长初期、速生期、苗木硬化期,这为相关研究和苗木生产管理提供了时间参照。
(4)研究土壤含水率和田间灌溉对长白落叶松苗木生长的影响,在促进苗木质量和对比分析田间现行灌溉制度的基础上,结合降雨量和土壤水势值变化,确定正常年份长白落叶松1-0苗木在吉林地区的灌溉域值是100mm,即在平均降雨量条件下,田间灌溉水量在100mm左右时不会影响苗木的生长质量,在此灌溉水量下田间土壤最低水势值保持在-18KPa以上,此种水分管理措施与常规育苗灌溉相比,节水约30%。
Saving water is a long-term basic national policy, and an important step for sustainable utilization of water resources. And it is the necessary way to guarantee economy and social development in order to built harmonious society. It is a social systems engineering, and it comes down to many areas and industries. Water-saving cultivation of forestry implements an important manifestation of the scientific development concept. With the global water shortage, water-saving cultivation technique becomes one of the key study areas in agriculture and forestry.
The thesis was based on statistics and other mathematical theory, adopting water using properties of Larix olgensis Henry seedlings, irrigation, fertilization, seedlings growth and weather data in research nursery, the experiment was made in potted and field plant, all the basic data was from sample potted and field investigation, the water saving cultivation techniques of Larix olgensis Henry seedlings was established by different statistics methods such as charts, data, correlation analysis and regression fitting. The followings are the major findings:
1. The Larix olgensis Henry potted experiment data shows:seedlings of 1-0 growth consume water about 63.7g in first year, average about 0.7g in every day, the peak value happened in the last ten-day of July, about 1.2g every day, the highest velocity of growth happened in the middle ten-day of August, it is about 1.5 mm every day.
2. Through the analysis of Larix olgensis Henry seed covered with crop pieces in field, the ways of small-scale seed of trees cultivation covered with straw paper in field was invented, by this way, the ratio of seedlings burgeoned in field is 32%, it is more 10% than routine ways, it is not only reduced evaporation of soil, but also economized cost of cultivation, in addition, by this way, the temperature of soil is increased, it is shorten the time of burgeon term.
3. By measuring seedling growth of Larix olgensis Henry, the growth rhythm of 1-0 and 1-1 seedlings was divided into four periods for 1-0 seedlings and three periods for 1-1 seedlings.
4. In the field experiment, routine irrigation and rainfall was analysis, the irrigation regime is established. The critical quantity of irrigation is 100 mm, in this quantity of water the water potential of soil is-18 KPa, it is saving about 30% quantity of water than usual way of cultivation of Larix olgensis Henry seedlins.
引文
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