摘要
杨梅(Myrica rubra)属于杨梅科(Myricaceae)杨梅属,起源于我国,其种质资源丰富,有2000多年的栽培历史。杨梅营养价值高,是天然的绿色保健食品,市场潜力巨大。本研究基于杨梅全基因组鸟枪测序结果开发了大量SSR标记,为以后杨梅遗传图谱构建及育种提供理论依据,并从分子水平上探讨我国杨梅雄株种质资源的遗传多样性及其育种用途,主要研究结果如下:
1.基于杨梅基因组测序的SSR标记开发
首次对杨梅进行全基因组鸟枪测序及初步分析,共获得9.01Gb序列信息,预测其基因组大小约为323Mb,覆盖深度为26x,其基因组杂合度较高,重复序列含量较低;测序后经拼接获得序列总长度达255Mb,其中包含28,602个SSR位点(重复次数≥5),以二核苷酸重复单元类型为主,所占比例为84.73%,三核苷酸重复单元类型占13.78%,四核苷酸重复单元类型占1.34%,五核苷酸重复单元类型及六核苷酸重复单元类型分别占0.12%,0.04%。我们设计并合成600对SSR引物,其中186对具有多态性,从中选择158对用于分析评价29份杨梅及3份近缘种材料的遗传亲缘关系,发现SSR引物在近缘种青杨梅、矮杨梅及蜡杨梅中具有一定的通用性,分别为91.14%,89.87%与46.84%。采用UPGMA对以上所有样品进行聚类分析,结果表明来源于我国西南地区的青杨梅与矮杨梅亲缘关系较近,而来源于美国的蜡杨梅与其它样品亲缘关系最远且划分为一个独立的分支。
2.杨梅雄株遗传多样性及其育种应用的探索
杨梅一般为雌雄异株植物,栽培品种为雌株,其研究报道较多,而雄株很少受到关注。在本研究中调查统计了139份杨梅雄株花序的颜色与形状特性,同时利用13对多态性SSR标记对其遗传多样性进行分析,并与具有代表性的91份雌株群体做对比研究,结果发现杨梅雄株花序按照色泽差异可分为黄绿色、黄红色与红色三种类型;而按照形状差异可分为棒形、圆柱形与长圆锥形;其中黄红色及长圆锥形类型占绝大部分。杨梅雄株群体等位基因数量,期望杂合度(He)及多态信息含量(PIC)的均值都略低于雌株群体,但两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。同时在杨梅雄株群体中发现了10个稀有等位基因;根据UPGMA聚类结果表明,具有相同地域来源的杨梅雄株及雌株表现为亲缘关系较近;我们分别在两个杨梅品种荸荠与丁岙上发现了单个枝条雄花突变现象,而在东魁品种上出现较多的雄花,这些花粉可用于杨梅杂交育种研究。
3.不同性别类型杨梅花粉特性观测
利用10对多态性SSR引物构建了慈溪杨梅雄株、雌株突变雄枝、雌雄同株三种性别类型杨梅植株的指纹图谱,结果发现雌株突变雄枝类型植株为荸荠品种。三种性别类型杨梅花粉经扫描电镜观测结果表明,花粉大小为(22.90-23.63)×(20.27-22.10)gm,具有直径2.90-3.03μm的萌发孔3个,且无显著性差异;花粉外壁呈颗粒状且分布均匀。使用花粉发芽法与碘-碘化钾染色法对花粉的生活力测定发现,雌雄同株类型花粉生活力为最高;最适宜花粉萌发的培养基为5%蔗糖、0.01%硼酸和1%琼脂。
Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) is native to China and has been cultivated for more than2000years with abundant germplasm resources. Limited molecular markers have been developed and applied to evaluate genetic diversity and management of genetic resources. This thesis presented the development of large set of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from a genome survey and preliminary genetic diversity of Chinese bayberry androphytes. It will provide a basis for genetic map construction and breeding in the future, the main results were summarized as followings:
1. Development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from a genome survey of Chinese Bayberry
Here we report, for the first time, a genome survey of whole genome shotgun data of Myrica rubra to develop a large number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to analyse the genetic diversity of the common cultivated Chinese bayberry and the relationship with three other Myrica species. The whole genome shotgun survey of Chinese bayberry produced9.01Gb of sequence data, about26x coverage of the estimated genome size of323Mb. The genome sequences were highly heterozygous, but with little duplication. From the initial assembled scaffold covering255Mb sequence data,28,602SSRs (≥5repeats) were identified. Dinucleotide was the most common repeat motif with a frequency of84.73%, followed by13.78%trinucleotide,1.34%tetranucleotide,0.12%pentanucleotide and0.04%hexanucleotide. From600primer pairs,186polymorphic SSRs were developed. Of these,158were used to screen29Chinese bayberry accessions and three other Myrica species:91.14%,89.87%and46.84%SSRs could be used in Myrica adenophora, Myrica nana and Myrica cerifera, respectively. The UPGMA dendrogram tree showed that cultivated Myrica rubra is closely related to Myrica adenophora and Myrica nana, originating in southwest China, and very distantly related to Myrica cerifera, originating in America.
2. Exploring the genetic diversity of Chinese bayberry androphytes and the potential use in cross breeding programs
Chinese bayberry is generally dioecious, the female plants have been cultivated for fruit and studied extensively, but male individuals (androphyte) have gained very little attention in the past. Here we described the morphological variation of the male followers in a collection of139androphyte individuals, and compared their genetic diversity with91cultivars using13polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR). The staminate inflorescences can be classified in three colors (yellow-green, yellow-red and red) and three shapes (club, cylindrical and long-conical), Yellow-red color and long-conical shape is more frequent. We found that the number of alleles, expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were slightly lower in the androphyte population than in cultivars, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05). Ten new alleles were found among androphyte individuals that did not exist in any of the cultivars investigated. The accessions of both cultivars and androphytes originating from the same region were generally clustered together. In Bi-qi and Ding-ao cultivars, we found one individual each bearing male inflorescences which are limited to a branch, while in Dong-kui, a large proportion of shoots can bear male flowers due to growing conditions and retarding regulator spray. The pollens can be used for crossing with other cultivars.
3. Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and viability of pollens from different sex individuals of Chinese bayberry
Scanning electron microscope observation was carried out with the pollens of Chinese bayberry from androphyte (male plant), female individuals with a mutant branch of staminate inflorescence and monoecious plant. The results showed that the size of pollen were in the range of (22.90-23.63)×(20.27-22.10) μm and and three germinal poles were2.90-3.03μm in diameter, respectively. The outside surface of pollen was even granular ornamented. The size of three sources'pollens showed no marked difference. Study on pollen viability through germination and I-KI staining method showed that the germination percentage of pollen was the highest from monoecious plant. The optimal culture medium is composed of5%sucrose,0.01%boric acid and1%agar.
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