人工饲养条件下蠵龟行为生态学及其常见病研究
|
摘要
海龟是世界濒危物种，也是我国Ⅱ级野生保护动物，因此，进行海龟生态学研究具有重大的现实意义。本文从维持海洋生态平衡，保护生物多样性及与科学技术、经济发展、社会文化的关系等方面系统阐述了海龟研究保护的意义，以及当前国际上和我国海龟资源与保护研究的现状，提出了我国南海海龟的威胁因子：1、海龟的过度捕捞；2、乱采海龟蛋；3、海龟产卵场的破坏；4、海洋环境污染。其中，日益恶化的海洋环境污染是最为重要的因子。目前，我国保护性研究存在以下主要问题：基础研究较为薄弱，对资源现状了解不充分；保护生物学研究亟待加强；病害研究相当薄弱。针对存在问题提出了相应的保护措施，其中，加强疾病防治是目前应当急需研究和解决的重要课题。
人工饲养条件下蠵龟行为生态学及其常见病研究是以蓬莱阁水族馆饲养的3头蠵龟(Caretta caretta)为研究对象，一方面，系统观察了蠵龟的行为生态学特性，包括摄食行为、领域行为、防御行为、呼吸行为、拟态等。研究表明：
1、摄食行为：蠵龟属吞咽式摄食方式；从野生到人工喂食驯化，适应时间需3～7d时间；在食物的选择方面，野生状态对食物的选择性不强，在人工养殖条件下，以六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)为佳(北方沿海)，日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)等也是较好的饵料，并且以体长100～200mm，体重20-100g的个体为好，在上述食物缺少时，也摄食其它水生动物。
2、领域行为：蠵龟喜独栖，只有到繁殖季节才群居，否则相遇易争斗。
3、防御行为：蠵龟易受惊吓，只有对食物和杂物分辨清楚才进行摄食。
4、呼吸行为：蠵龟是“咽气式”呼吸方式，呼吸间隔是不均匀的，呼吸频率11～27次／h，平均为18.0次／h。
5、拟态：蠵龟遇到危险时，会四肢不动，浮于水面，藉以隐蔽和保护自己。
另一方面，研究了蠵龟在人工饲养条件下常见的疾病，包括营养缺乏症、低温引起的疾病、细菌性皮肤溃疡病、寄生水蛭、寄生蔓足类和寄生蠕虫，分析了病因、症状，并对防治方法作了深入探讨。
Sea turtles are endangered species, and classified as Category II by National Protection Law on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. It is of practical significance to study the ecology of the sea turtle. In this thesis, the importance of the study and protection of sea turtle is discussed in the aspects of maintaining the ecological balance in the ocean, safeguarding the biological diversity, and its relationships with the development of science, technology, economy, and culture. Furthermore, the current situations are described on die study of sea turtle resources and its conservation both in our country and in the world. From the study, four factors are found to be threatening the sea turtle in South China Sea, i.e., over-fishing of the sea turtle, over-harvesting of the sea turtle eggs, destroying of the egg laying beaches, and environmental pollution in the ocean; of which the last one is the most terrifying factor. Currently, there are several shortcomings with the study on sea turtle protection in our country. They are the insufficiencies in fundamental study, biological protection study, disease study, and inadequate understanding of the existing resources. Corresponding protection measures have been proposed in this thesis to attempt overcoming these shortcomings. The prevention and treatment of the diseases are the most pressing problems to be tackled with.
In this thesis, the behavioral biology and common diseases of loggerhead turtle (Caretta carettd) in captivity are studied. The three loggerhead turtles bred at the Aquarium of Penglai Pavilion have been taken as specimen for this study. The biological behavior of loggerhead turtles has been observed, including their feeding behavior, territorial behavior, defensive behavior, respiratory behavior, and mimicry. The study indicates:
1. Feeding behavior: Loggerhead turtle takes swallow ingestion for food intake. It takes 3-7 days for a wild Loggerhead turtle to be bred and get used to feeding by human. In the wild, loggerhead turtle has no special favor for certain food. But in captivity, loggerhead turtle prefers fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) from the seaboard of North China. Japanese stone crab (Charybdis japonicd) and dusky stingfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) are also good diet for loggerhead turtle, especially those of 100-200mm in length and 20-100g in weight. Loggerhead turtle can also take other aquatic, when its favorites are not available.
2. Territorial behavior: Loggerhead turtles like living separately, and they live together only in the breeding season. Otherwise, they will fight each other when meeting.
3. Defensive behavior: Loggerhead turtles are easy to be frightened. They will ingest only when they can identify clearly what the food is.
4. Respiratory behavior: Loggerhead turtles breathe in a way of "swallow". They breathe in un-equal periods, with a frequency of 11-27/hour, and 18/hour on an average.
5. Mimicry: When a loggerhead turtle faces a danger, its legs will stop moving and its body will flow on the surface of water so as to hide and protect itself.
In this thesis, the common diseases of Loggerhead turtle in captivity are also studied. They are nutrition deficiency disease, disease caused by low temperature, bacterial skin canker, parasitic leeches, parasitic cirripedes, and parasitic helminthes. The pathogeny and symptom are analyzed, and the prevention and treatment are discussed in depth.
人工饲养条件下蠵龟行为生态学及其常见病研究是以蓬莱阁水族馆饲养的3头蠵龟(Caretta caretta)为研究对象，一方面，系统观察了蠵龟的行为生态学特性，包括摄食行为、领域行为、防御行为、呼吸行为、拟态等。研究表明：
1、摄食行为：蠵龟属吞咽式摄食方式；从野生到人工喂食驯化，适应时间需3～7d时间；在食物的选择方面，野生状态对食物的选择性不强，在人工养殖条件下，以六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)为佳(北方沿海)，日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)等也是较好的饵料，并且以体长100～200mm，体重20-100g的个体为好，在上述食物缺少时，也摄食其它水生动物。
2、领域行为：蠵龟喜独栖，只有到繁殖季节才群居，否则相遇易争斗。
3、防御行为：蠵龟易受惊吓，只有对食物和杂物分辨清楚才进行摄食。
4、呼吸行为：蠵龟是“咽气式”呼吸方式，呼吸间隔是不均匀的，呼吸频率11～27次／h，平均为18.0次／h。
5、拟态：蠵龟遇到危险时，会四肢不动，浮于水面，藉以隐蔽和保护自己。
另一方面，研究了蠵龟在人工饲养条件下常见的疾病，包括营养缺乏症、低温引起的疾病、细菌性皮肤溃疡病、寄生水蛭、寄生蔓足类和寄生蠕虫，分析了病因、症状，并对防治方法作了深入探讨。
Sea turtles are endangered species, and classified as Category II by National Protection Law on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. It is of practical significance to study the ecology of the sea turtle. In this thesis, the importance of the study and protection of sea turtle is discussed in the aspects of maintaining the ecological balance in the ocean, safeguarding the biological diversity, and its relationships with the development of science, technology, economy, and culture. Furthermore, the current situations are described on die study of sea turtle resources and its conservation both in our country and in the world. From the study, four factors are found to be threatening the sea turtle in South China Sea, i.e., over-fishing of the sea turtle, over-harvesting of the sea turtle eggs, destroying of the egg laying beaches, and environmental pollution in the ocean; of which the last one is the most terrifying factor. Currently, there are several shortcomings with the study on sea turtle protection in our country. They are the insufficiencies in fundamental study, biological protection study, disease study, and inadequate understanding of the existing resources. Corresponding protection measures have been proposed in this thesis to attempt overcoming these shortcomings. The prevention and treatment of the diseases are the most pressing problems to be tackled with.
In this thesis, the behavioral biology and common diseases of loggerhead turtle (Caretta carettd) in captivity are studied. The three loggerhead turtles bred at the Aquarium of Penglai Pavilion have been taken as specimen for this study. The biological behavior of loggerhead turtles has been observed, including their feeding behavior, territorial behavior, defensive behavior, respiratory behavior, and mimicry. The study indicates:
1. Feeding behavior: Loggerhead turtle takes swallow ingestion for food intake. It takes 3-7 days for a wild Loggerhead turtle to be bred and get used to feeding by human. In the wild, loggerhead turtle has no special favor for certain food. But in captivity, loggerhead turtle prefers fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) from the seaboard of North China. Japanese stone crab (Charybdis japonicd) and dusky stingfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) are also good diet for loggerhead turtle, especially those of 100-200mm in length and 20-100g in weight. Loggerhead turtle can also take other aquatic, when its favorites are not available.
2. Territorial behavior: Loggerhead turtles like living separately, and they live together only in the breeding season. Otherwise, they will fight each other when meeting.
3. Defensive behavior: Loggerhead turtles are easy to be frightened. They will ingest only when they can identify clearly what the food is.
4. Respiratory behavior: Loggerhead turtles breathe in a way of "swallow". They breathe in un-equal periods, with a frequency of 11-27/hour, and 18/hour on an average.
5. Mimicry: When a loggerhead turtle faces a danger, its legs will stop moving and its body will flow on the surface of water so as to hide and protect itself.
In this thesis, the common diseases of Loggerhead turtle in captivity are also studied. They are nutrition deficiency disease, disease caused by low temperature, bacterial skin canker, parasitic leeches, parasitic cirripedes, and parasitic helminthes. The pathogeny and symptom are analyzed, and the prevention and treatment are discussed in depth.
引文
[1]张孟闻，宗愉，马积藩．中国动物志·爬行纲(第一卷)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．77～80
[2]周婷．观赏龟[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1999，1～181
[3]黄祝坚，毛延年．海龟的种类、习性及其资源保护[J]．生态学杂志，1984，(6)：37～40
[4]沈寿彭．西沙群岛的珍贵海洋动物—海龟[J]．海洋战线，1977，(4)：21～23
[5]黄祝坚，谭燕翔．海龟的资源考察与保护[J]．海洋通报，1987，6(2)：97～102
[6]Lutz P.L., Musick J.A.. The Biology of Sea Turtles[M]. CRC Press, New York, 1997. 1～432
[7]Diego A., Jorge A.C.B., Siegfried M.H.. Current status of nesting sea turtles in the northern Colombian Caribbean[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 6～7
[8]Carlos R.H., Mauricio V.. Sea turtles of El Salvador[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85):7～9
[9]J.Tomás, J.Castroviejo, J.A.Raga. Sea turtles in the Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea)[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (84): 4～6
[10]Elliott A.N.. Global Marine Biological Diversity[M]. Island Press, Washington, 1993. 1～383
[11][美]老克利夫兰P．希克曼等．动物学大全(上册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1988．531～538
[12]程一骏．身世成谜的绿蠵龟[J]．科学月刊(台)，1995，26(11)：922～925
[13]谭燕翔，黄祝坚．海龟的资源恢复与人工养殖[J]．海洋通报，1989，8(1)：114～117
[14]程一骏．中国海龟的保护问题[J]．四川动物，1998，17(2)：74～75
[15]顾辉清．浙江动物志·两栖爬行类[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1990．120～126
[16]周开亚．江苏近海的蠵龟、丽龟和棱皮龟[J]．两栖爬行动物学报，1983，2(3)：57～62
[17]李济馨．中国名贵珍稀水生动物[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1987．67～70
[18]赵尔宓主编．中国濒危动物红皮书·两栖类和爬行类[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．136～150
[19]黄宗国主编．中国海洋生物种类与分布[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1994．754～755
[20]杨安峰．脊椎动物学(修订版)[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1992．147～187
[21]陈灵芝．中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策[M]．北京：科学出版社，1993．1～236
[22]丛珊，王者茂．山东沿海的海生龟类及其饲养研究[J]．海洋湖沼通报，1997，(3)：76～80
[23]谭燕翔，黄祝坚．海龟的摄食生态学[J]．海洋科学，1988，(6)：56～58
[24]傅金钟．中国产龟鳖类分类研究概述[J]．动物学杂志，1993，28(1)：58～61
[25]谢骏，黄樟翰，卢迈新，等．我国龟鳖类的分类、分布和养殖概况(二)[J]。科学养鱼，1997，(8)：39～40
[26]Cheng I.J.. Sea turtles at Dungsha Tao, South China Sea[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1995,(70): 13～14。
[27]Cheng I.J.. Sea turtles at Taipin Tao, South China Sea[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1996, (75):6～8
[28]Jack F.. Update on the Inter-American conservation for the protection and conservation of sea turtles[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (84): 1～3
[29]Jack F.. Inter-American conservation for the protection and conservation of sea turtles[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1997, (78): 7～24
[30]Deborah C.. The WTO Shrimp/Turtle case[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (83): 1～3
[31]蒋志刚，马克平，韩兴国．保护生物学[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1997．1～235
[32]程一骏．海龟的生态与保育之研究[J／OL]．国科会生命科学简讯(台)，2001，15(9)：http://biometrics.sinica.edu.tw/nsc/article/v15_09/article2.php3
[33]程一骏．绿蠵龟的洄游之谜[J]．科学月刊(台)，1997，28(11)：888～896
[34]王亚民．我国南海海龟资源与保护研究现状与展望[J]．生态学杂志，1993，12(6)：60～61
[35]Sea Turtle Conservation Program[Z]. http://www.co.broward.fl.us/bri00600.htm
[36]Guido G., Monica A., Paolo C., et al.. Green Turtle nesting at Akyatan beach, Turkey, 1994-1997[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (81): 4～5
[37]Scoot A.E.. Distant fisheries implicated in the loss of the world's largest Leatherback nesting population[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1997, (78): 2～7
[38]René M., Juán D., Manuel S. et al.. Results of the Kemp's Ridley nesting beach conservation efforts in México[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 2～4
[39]Olivio F., Antnio J.P. & Claudia B.. Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas in the Island of Poilo, Bolama-Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, West Africa[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (80):8～10
[40]Roderic M.. Common Sense Conservation[J]. Marine Turtle Newslette, 1999, (83): 3～7
[41]Fehmida F.A.. Decline of marine turtle nesting population in Pakistan[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (83): 13～14
[42]Monica A., Guido G., Supot C.. Marine turtle survey at Phra Thong Island, south Thailand[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 4～5
[43]Morton B., Morton J.. The sea shore ecology of Hongkong[M]. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press. 1983: 1～350
[44]张晓荣，梁玉麟．南沙海龟资源现状及孵化养殖技术初步研究[J]．湛江水产学院学报，1993，13(1)：41～48
[45]王文质，王东晓，王华接．港口海龟洄游卫星追踪试验[J]．中国科学院院刊，2002，17(2)：152～153
[46]克奈特·罗曼．海龟的洄游[A]．见：张树义，万玉玲．动物行为的奥秘[C]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1999．155～169
[47]C.S.S., Desmond P.. Tag recovery support satellite tracking of a Green Turtle[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (82): 8
[48]闫茂华，郑霞．玳瑁的人工饲养试验[J]．动物学杂志，2000，35(1)：26～28
[49]黄进．ISO14000环境管理体系认证实践案例与最新环保规范全书[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002．1～14
[50]孙儒泳．动物生态学原理(第三版)[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001．1～636
[51]王者茂．我国的海洋爬行动物及其利用[J]．海洋渔业，1980，(5)：10～12
[52]邢湘臣．香鱼、鲥鱼、石斑鱼和海龟等资源及保护[J]．国土与自然资源研究，1995，(4)：53～58
[53]贾玉海．中国海洋湖沼药物学[M]．北京：学苑出版社，1996．280～282
[54]姜凤梧，张玉顺．中国海洋药物辞典[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1994．428～429
[55]郭郛，[英]李约瑟，成庆泰．中国古代动物学史[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999．23～118
[56]马昌仪．古本山海经图说[M]．济南：山东画报出版社，2001．293
[57]李仲辉．华南沿海的海龟[J]．生物学通报，1955，(12)：36～39
[58]叶涛．山东沿海渔民的海神信仰与祭祀仪式[J]．海洋文化研究，2000，(2)：174～184
[59]王者茂．山东沿海蠵龟食性的初步分析[J]．动物学杂志，1975，(2)：43～44
[60]王者茂．海龟饲养初报[J]．动物学杂志，1966，(2)：92～94
[61]尚玉昌．行为生态学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1998．1～400
[62]Leong J.K., Smith D.L., et al.. Health care and diseases of captive-reared Loggerhead and Kemp's ridley sea turtles[A]. In: Caillouet C. W., Landry A. M.. proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Kemp's Ridly Sea Turtle Biology, Conservation, and Management[C]. Galveston: Texas A&M University, Sea Grant College, 1989. 178
[63]Wood J.R. and Wood F.E.. Growth arid digestibility for Green Turtle fed diets containing varying protein levels[J]. Aquaculture, 1981, (25): 269
[64]王炜，李绍君，刘明．海龟饲养技术探讨[J]．水产科学，1999，18(2)：28～31
[65]中国科学院南海海洋研究所生物室资源组．西沙群岛海龟生殖习性的初步观察[J]．动物学杂志，1975，10(4)：34～35
[66]张万佛．活化石—绿海龟[J]．大自然，1994，(1)：26～27
[67]牛翠娟．水生龟鳖类潜水生活的呼吸代谢[J]．生物学通报，1999，34(4)：8～9
[68]简纪常．龟鳖的防病机制[J]．中国水产科学，1998，5(2)：100～104
[69]孟庆显．海水养殖动物病害学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1996．1～347
[70]黄琪琰．水产动物疾病学[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1993．1～289
[71]潘炯华，张剑英，黎振昌，等．鱼类寄生虫学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1990．1～421
[72]照屋秀司．爬虫类病气[J]．日本动物园水族馆杂志，1995．95～99
[73]杨潼．中国动物志·环节动物门·蛭纲[M]．北京：科学出版社，1996．84～87
[74]任先秋．西沙群岛的海龟藤壶[J]．海洋科学集刊，1980，17集：187～197
[75]董聿茂，戴爱云，蒋燮治等．中国动物图谱·甲壳动物第一册(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1982．64～109
[76]堵南山．甲壳动物学(上册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1987．277～340
[77]张剑英，邱兆祉，丁雪娟，等．鱼类寄生虫与寄生虫病[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999．1～735
[78]张剑英，杨廷宝，刘琳，等．中国海洋鱼类单殖吸虫[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2001．1～400
[79]申纪伟，邱兆祉．黄渤海鱼类吸虫研究[M]．北京：科学出版社，1995．1～207
[80]林金兰．福建海龟几种寄生蠕虫和三新种记述[J]．福建师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1981，(1)：113～118
[81]Wolke R.E., Brooks D.R., and George A.. Spirorchidiasis in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) [J]. J. Wildl.Dis., 1982, 18(20): 175
[82]陈心陶，等．中国动物志·吸虫纲·复殖目(一)[J]．北京：科学出版社，1985．10～11
[83]Greiner E.C., Forrester D.J., Jacobson E.R.. Helminths of mariculture-reared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Grand Cayman, British West Indies[J]. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 1980, 47(1): 142
[84]Glazebrook J.S., Campbell R.S., Blair D.. Studies on cardiovascular fluke(Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infections in sea turtles from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia[J]. J. Comp. Pathol., 1989, (101): 231
[85]周显青，孙儒泳，牛翠娟．应激对水生动物生长、行为和生理活动的影响[J]．动物学研究，2001，22(2)：89～92
[86]胡诚礼．温差引起的海龟病及治疗[J]．广东畜牧兽医科技，1996，(3)：23
[2]周婷．观赏龟[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1999，1～181
[3]黄祝坚，毛延年．海龟的种类、习性及其资源保护[J]．生态学杂志，1984，(6)：37～40
[4]沈寿彭．西沙群岛的珍贵海洋动物—海龟[J]．海洋战线，1977，(4)：21～23
[5]黄祝坚，谭燕翔．海龟的资源考察与保护[J]．海洋通报，1987，6(2)：97～102
[6]Lutz P.L., Musick J.A.. The Biology of Sea Turtles[M]. CRC Press, New York, 1997. 1～432
[7]Diego A., Jorge A.C.B., Siegfried M.H.. Current status of nesting sea turtles in the northern Colombian Caribbean[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 6～7
[8]Carlos R.H., Mauricio V.. Sea turtles of El Salvador[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85):7～9
[9]J.Tomás, J.Castroviejo, J.A.Raga. Sea turtles in the Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea)[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (84): 4～6
[10]Elliott A.N.. Global Marine Biological Diversity[M]. Island Press, Washington, 1993. 1～383
[11][美]老克利夫兰P．希克曼等．动物学大全(上册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1988．531～538
[12]程一骏．身世成谜的绿蠵龟[J]．科学月刊(台)，1995，26(11)：922～925
[13]谭燕翔，黄祝坚．海龟的资源恢复与人工养殖[J]．海洋通报，1989，8(1)：114～117
[14]程一骏．中国海龟的保护问题[J]．四川动物，1998，17(2)：74～75
[15]顾辉清．浙江动物志·两栖爬行类[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1990．120～126
[16]周开亚．江苏近海的蠵龟、丽龟和棱皮龟[J]．两栖爬行动物学报，1983，2(3)：57～62
[17]李济馨．中国名贵珍稀水生动物[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1987．67～70
[18]赵尔宓主编．中国濒危动物红皮书·两栖类和爬行类[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．136～150
[19]黄宗国主编．中国海洋生物种类与分布[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1994．754～755
[20]杨安峰．脊椎动物学(修订版)[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1992．147～187
[21]陈灵芝．中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策[M]．北京：科学出版社，1993．1～236
[22]丛珊，王者茂．山东沿海的海生龟类及其饲养研究[J]．海洋湖沼通报，1997，(3)：76～80
[23]谭燕翔，黄祝坚．海龟的摄食生态学[J]．海洋科学，1988，(6)：56～58
[24]傅金钟．中国产龟鳖类分类研究概述[J]．动物学杂志，1993，28(1)：58～61
[25]谢骏，黄樟翰，卢迈新，等．我国龟鳖类的分类、分布和养殖概况(二)[J]。科学养鱼，1997，(8)：39～40
[26]Cheng I.J.. Sea turtles at Dungsha Tao, South China Sea[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1995,(70): 13～14。
[27]Cheng I.J.. Sea turtles at Taipin Tao, South China Sea[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1996, (75):6～8
[28]Jack F.. Update on the Inter-American conservation for the protection and conservation of sea turtles[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (84): 1～3
[29]Jack F.. Inter-American conservation for the protection and conservation of sea turtles[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1997, (78): 7～24
[30]Deborah C.. The WTO Shrimp/Turtle case[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (83): 1～3
[31]蒋志刚，马克平，韩兴国．保护生物学[M]．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社，1997．1～235
[32]程一骏．海龟的生态与保育之研究[J／OL]．国科会生命科学简讯(台)，2001，15(9)：http://biometrics.sinica.edu.tw/nsc/article/v15_09/article2.php3
[33]程一骏．绿蠵龟的洄游之谜[J]．科学月刊(台)，1997，28(11)：888～896
[34]王亚民．我国南海海龟资源与保护研究现状与展望[J]．生态学杂志，1993，12(6)：60～61
[35]Sea Turtle Conservation Program[Z]. http://www.co.broward.fl.us/bri00600.htm
[36]Guido G., Monica A., Paolo C., et al.. Green Turtle nesting at Akyatan beach, Turkey, 1994-1997[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (81): 4～5
[37]Scoot A.E.. Distant fisheries implicated in the loss of the world's largest Leatherback nesting population[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1997, (78): 2～7
[38]René M., Juán D., Manuel S. et al.. Results of the Kemp's Ridley nesting beach conservation efforts in México[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 2～4
[39]Olivio F., Antnio J.P. & Claudia B.. Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas in the Island of Poilo, Bolama-Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, West Africa[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (80):8～10
[40]Roderic M.. Common Sense Conservation[J]. Marine Turtle Newslette, 1999, (83): 3～7
[41]Fehmida F.A.. Decline of marine turtle nesting population in Pakistan[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (83): 13～14
[42]Monica A., Guido G., Supot C.. Marine turtle survey at Phra Thong Island, south Thailand[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1999, (85): 4～5
[43]Morton B., Morton J.. The sea shore ecology of Hongkong[M]. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press. 1983: 1～350
[44]张晓荣，梁玉麟．南沙海龟资源现状及孵化养殖技术初步研究[J]．湛江水产学院学报，1993，13(1)：41～48
[45]王文质，王东晓，王华接．港口海龟洄游卫星追踪试验[J]．中国科学院院刊，2002，17(2)：152～153
[46]克奈特·罗曼．海龟的洄游[A]．见：张树义，万玉玲．动物行为的奥秘[C]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1999．155～169
[47]C.S.S., Desmond P.. Tag recovery support satellite tracking of a Green Turtle[J]. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 1998, (82): 8
[48]闫茂华，郑霞．玳瑁的人工饲养试验[J]．动物学杂志，2000，35(1)：26～28
[49]黄进．ISO14000环境管理体系认证实践案例与最新环保规范全书[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002．1～14
[50]孙儒泳．动物生态学原理(第三版)[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001．1～636
[51]王者茂．我国的海洋爬行动物及其利用[J]．海洋渔业，1980，(5)：10～12
[52]邢湘臣．香鱼、鲥鱼、石斑鱼和海龟等资源及保护[J]．国土与自然资源研究，1995，(4)：53～58
[53]贾玉海．中国海洋湖沼药物学[M]．北京：学苑出版社，1996．280～282
[54]姜凤梧，张玉顺．中国海洋药物辞典[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1994．428～429
[55]郭郛，[英]李约瑟，成庆泰．中国古代动物学史[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999．23～118
[56]马昌仪．古本山海经图说[M]．济南：山东画报出版社，2001．293
[57]李仲辉．华南沿海的海龟[J]．生物学通报，1955，(12)：36～39
[58]叶涛．山东沿海渔民的海神信仰与祭祀仪式[J]．海洋文化研究，2000，(2)：174～184
[59]王者茂．山东沿海蠵龟食性的初步分析[J]．动物学杂志，1975，(2)：43～44
[60]王者茂．海龟饲养初报[J]．动物学杂志，1966，(2)：92～94
[61]尚玉昌．行为生态学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1998．1～400
[62]Leong J.K., Smith D.L., et al.. Health care and diseases of captive-reared Loggerhead and Kemp's ridley sea turtles[A]. In: Caillouet C. W., Landry A. M.. proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Kemp's Ridly Sea Turtle Biology, Conservation, and Management[C]. Galveston: Texas A&M University, Sea Grant College, 1989. 178
[63]Wood J.R. and Wood F.E.. Growth arid digestibility for Green Turtle fed diets containing varying protein levels[J]. Aquaculture, 1981, (25): 269
[64]王炜，李绍君，刘明．海龟饲养技术探讨[J]．水产科学，1999，18(2)：28～31
[65]中国科学院南海海洋研究所生物室资源组．西沙群岛海龟生殖习性的初步观察[J]．动物学杂志，1975，10(4)：34～35
[66]张万佛．活化石—绿海龟[J]．大自然，1994，(1)：26～27
[67]牛翠娟．水生龟鳖类潜水生活的呼吸代谢[J]．生物学通报，1999，34(4)：8～9
[68]简纪常．龟鳖的防病机制[J]．中国水产科学，1998，5(2)：100～104
[69]孟庆显．海水养殖动物病害学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1996．1～347
[70]黄琪琰．水产动物疾病学[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1993．1～289
[71]潘炯华，张剑英，黎振昌，等．鱼类寄生虫学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1990．1～421
[72]照屋秀司．爬虫类病气[J]．日本动物园水族馆杂志，1995．95～99
[73]杨潼．中国动物志·环节动物门·蛭纲[M]．北京：科学出版社，1996．84～87
[74]任先秋．西沙群岛的海龟藤壶[J]．海洋科学集刊，1980，17集：187～197
[75]董聿茂，戴爱云，蒋燮治等．中国动物图谱·甲壳动物第一册(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1982．64～109
[76]堵南山．甲壳动物学(上册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1987．277～340
[77]张剑英，邱兆祉，丁雪娟，等．鱼类寄生虫与寄生虫病[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999．1～735
[78]张剑英，杨廷宝，刘琳，等．中国海洋鱼类单殖吸虫[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2001．1～400
[79]申纪伟，邱兆祉．黄渤海鱼类吸虫研究[M]．北京：科学出版社，1995．1～207
[80]林金兰．福建海龟几种寄生蠕虫和三新种记述[J]．福建师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1981，(1)：113～118
[81]Wolke R.E., Brooks D.R., and George A.. Spirorchidiasis in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) [J]. J. Wildl.Dis., 1982, 18(20): 175
[82]陈心陶，等．中国动物志·吸虫纲·复殖目(一)[J]．北京：科学出版社，1985．10～11
[83]Greiner E.C., Forrester D.J., Jacobson E.R.. Helminths of mariculture-reared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Grand Cayman, British West Indies[J]. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 1980, 47(1): 142
[84]Glazebrook J.S., Campbell R.S., Blair D.. Studies on cardiovascular fluke(Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infections in sea turtles from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia[J]. J. Comp. Pathol., 1989, (101): 231
[85]周显青，孙儒泳，牛翠娟．应激对水生动物生长、行为和生理活动的影响[J]．动物学研究，2001，22(2)：89～92
[86]胡诚礼．温差引起的海龟病及治疗[J]．广东畜牧兽医科技，1996，(3)：23