情绪的文化塑造与社会建构：情绪社会分离视角
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摘要
情绪社会分享是个体因遭遇情绪事件,在情绪压力之下产生的情绪沟通和人际传播现象。在这个过程中,分享者采用在具体的人际背景中可以沟通的符号体系(包括表情、姿势、言语等)表现情绪,同时还可能从分享对象的协同性反应中获得情绪支持和人际收益。因此,情绪社会分享现象不仅是个体情绪生活的直接体现,而且是社会共享情感建构的重要契机。由此,本文通过对这一现象的实证研究来进一步分析情绪的文化塑造和社会建构特征。
实证包括三部分:第一部分考察情绪社会分享现象的形式特征,以及人们对此现象所持有的公众观念和性别刻板印象;第二部分考察情绪社会分享倾向,影响这种倾向的个体因素以及这种倾向对心理健康因素的预测作用;第三部分考察情绪社会分享的调节效能和对情绪趋同的作用。结果发现:
1.情绪社会分享是一种普遍发生的现象,情绪强度对分享具有一定的影响;多数被试在情绪事件发生当天进行了分享;大学生对好友、父母、舍友三类人员的分享价值评价的P分数较高。
2.情绪社会分享的公众观念包括功能、风险、性质和反应四个方面。大学生认为情绪社会分享具有情绪改善、认知应对、人际融洽三类功能;包含传播负效、承载负效两类风险;分享对象的反应促进和反应阻断行为以及分享事件性质和分享限制行为,影响分享过程。
3.女性和男性都认为女性在分享的可能性、频繁度、人数、持续时间和反复性上高于男性。情绪社会分享刻板印象的效应具有性别特异性,人们更喜欢刻板一致的男性和刻板不一致的女性。
4.情绪社会分享倾向问卷包括分享者和分享对象两个分问卷和分享安全、分享有效、主动分享、分享关注、分享应对、分享信任六个因子,且符合心理测量学指标要求。
5.分享倾向具有性别差异,女性在分享安全、分享主动和分享信任三个因子上的得分显著高于男性;依恋风格中的回避维度和情绪创造量表的真诚-有效因子对分享倾向具有预测性;分享者分问卷显著预测述情障碍、分享对象分问卷显著预测孤独感。
6.诱发负性情绪干扰双任务前瞻记忆测试成绩;在高任务负载作业情境下,情绪社会分享组被试基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩优于沉思组;分享对诱发负性情绪的调节效能优于沉思。
7.持续进行情绪社会分享的被试之间的情绪相似性显著高于随机匹配的被试,持续的情绪社会分享通过增进情绪趋同,提高人际满意度和人际质量。
主要得出以下结论:
1.情绪社会分享现象虽然在发生上具有强迫性的特点,但作为一种社会情绪呈现形式,受到公众观念、性别刻板印象等文化因素的影响。人们无论处理和表达自己的情绪,还是对待他人处理和表达情绪的方式上都受到社会文化因素的制约,并依据这些标准,评价自我和他人情绪表达的意图和适当性,限制或奖惩自我和他人的情绪表达。
2.对情绪健康的关注不能仅仅局限于个体的内部感受,还应关注个体在人际互动过程中对他人情绪的关注与协调,促进个体在社会共享层面与他人共同建构共享的情感。
3.情绪社会比较是情绪社会分享的重要动力机制,人际情绪调节是其重要的作用方式,经由情绪社会分享过程所实现的情绪社会比较加工将更多地产生同化效应。从一定意义上来讲,情绪社会分享活动有助于人们共同建构“我们”的情感,这种情感把人们联系在一起,形成、保持、强化人们所追求的人际关系和人际归属。
情绪社会分享现象导致人们在符号沟通水平上参照情绪反应的适当性,在社会比较的框架下精致情绪的意义。本文在此基础上对情绪社会比较、社会共享情感、人际情绪调节等概念的讨论,将有助于从人际互动和社会共享层面理解情绪的文化塑造和社会建构属性,对情绪心理学的发展具有重要的理论意义。另外,本文从个体在人际互动中的双重身份(分享者和分享对象)关注情绪社会分享倾向,提出从自我关注和人际关注两个方面促进儿童社会情绪能力发展和情绪健康的观点,这将改变情绪内在实体论所认为的情绪表达或表露是促进个体健康的途径的观念,对我国情感教育目标的实现具有重要的应用价值。
The social sharing of emotion is the process of emotional communication and interpersonal transmission as the individual undergoing some emotional stress. In this process, the individual shares his (or her) own feelings by the specific communication symbol system (including facial expressions, posture, speech, etc.) in the interpersonal context, and at the same time, he (or she) may also obtain the emotional support and interpersonal benefits. Thus, the phenomenon of social sharing of emotion is not only the direct showing of the individual’day-to-day emotional life, but also an important opportunity to construct the socially shared emotion on the symbol level. Therefore, based on this phenomina, this dissertation analyzed the cultural shaping and social construction of emotion.
Empirical studies include three parts: The first part probed the features of emotion sharing, public view and gender stereotypes of this phenomenon; The second part probed the style of social sharing of emotion and relation to attachment style, emotional creativity, alexithymia, and loneliness; The last part probed the effectiveness of supporting sharing on regulating induced negative emotions and the effects on emotional convergence when continuously engaging in social sharing of emotion. The main findings were as follows:
1. The occurrence of sharing of emotion was a universal phenomenon and influenced on by emotional intensity. People usually engaged in sharing at the same day as the incident occurred. Good friends, parents and same-sex roommates were the main partners of college students.
2. The public view of sharing of emotion included four aspects: function, risk, nature and response. The college students thought there were three functions for sharing, including emotional improvement, cognitive coping, relationship harmony; and two risks on negative effect of transmission and receiving. The reaction and response of the partners could promote or block the process of sharing, as well as the nature of the events and sharing restrictions all influenced sharing. 3. Both women and men thought women were more than men in likeness and frequencies of engaging sharing, and numbers of partners, and duration and reoccurrence. However, people were more prefer to stereotype-consistent men and stereotype-inconsistent women than the contrast in sharing story.
4. The scale of style of social sharing of emotion included two parts: one measuring the individual as a sharer, the other measuring the individual as a partner; and six factors: security, effectiveness, and initiative as sharing their emotions, and concern, response, and trust as the other sharing. This scale complied with the requirements of measurement indicators.
5. There was gender difference in style of sharing. Women’scores of these three factors: security, initiative and trust were significantly higher than men’. The avoidance dimension and effective-authentic factor forecasted this style, and the sharer scale forecasted the alexithymia and the partner scale forecasted the loneliness significantly.
6. The performance of double-tasks prospective memory was impaired by induced negative emotion; the score of event-based prospective memory of sharing group was higher than the rumination group significantly in highest cognitive load context; sharing emotion had more effects on the negative regulation than rumination.
7. The score of emotional similarity of interaction partner was higher than the random group’s significantly. The continuous emotion interaction between individuals promoted the emotional convergence and the satisfaction of their relationship.
Mainly came to the following conclusions:
1. Although the people seem to be forced to engage in the social sharing of emotion, which, as the form of social presence, were also influenced by public view, gender stereotypes, and other cultural factors. This shows that people are subject to the constraints of social and cultural factors when expressing their emotions, or treating others’expression. Based on these standards, they would limit or encourage themselves and the other, and evaluate the intention and appropriation of expressions.
2. The mental health professionals should pay attention not only to the individual’s feeling of inside, but also to the relationship context and the co-construction of emotional experience.
3. The emotional social comparison is the dynamics of sharing emotion and the interpersonal emotion regulation is mechanism of this phenomena. There was more assimilation effect through sharing and comparison. In a sense, the sharing of emotion promotes people to constructing the“we”feelings, and these feelings could link people together and maintain, strengthen their relationships.
The social sharing of emotion leads to individual reference his (or her) emotional response based on the symbol communicating level, and refine the emotional meaning under the framework of social comparison. Based on this, the desertion discussed the concepts of emotional social comparison, socially shared emotion, and interpersonal emotion regulation. These may help people understand the cultural shaping and social construction of emotion, and would have an important theoretical contribution to emotion psychology. In addition, this study took the view of the double identities of interaction (sharer and partner) concerning the style of sharing of emotions, it would change the internal entity perspectives on emotional health, which assumed expression or self-disclosure was the way of refresh. And this desertion suggested should promote the children’emotional capacity and emotional health on self and relationship perspectives, these would have an important value for the realization of emotional education goals of our country.
实证包括三部分:第一部分考察情绪社会分享现象的形式特征,以及人们对此现象所持有的公众观念和性别刻板印象;第二部分考察情绪社会分享倾向,影响这种倾向的个体因素以及这种倾向对心理健康因素的预测作用;第三部分考察情绪社会分享的调节效能和对情绪趋同的作用。结果发现:
1.情绪社会分享是一种普遍发生的现象,情绪强度对分享具有一定的影响;多数被试在情绪事件发生当天进行了分享;大学生对好友、父母、舍友三类人员的分享价值评价的P分数较高。
2.情绪社会分享的公众观念包括功能、风险、性质和反应四个方面。大学生认为情绪社会分享具有情绪改善、认知应对、人际融洽三类功能;包含传播负效、承载负效两类风险;分享对象的反应促进和反应阻断行为以及分享事件性质和分享限制行为,影响分享过程。
3.女性和男性都认为女性在分享的可能性、频繁度、人数、持续时间和反复性上高于男性。情绪社会分享刻板印象的效应具有性别特异性,人们更喜欢刻板一致的男性和刻板不一致的女性。
4.情绪社会分享倾向问卷包括分享者和分享对象两个分问卷和分享安全、分享有效、主动分享、分享关注、分享应对、分享信任六个因子,且符合心理测量学指标要求。
5.分享倾向具有性别差异,女性在分享安全、分享主动和分享信任三个因子上的得分显著高于男性;依恋风格中的回避维度和情绪创造量表的真诚-有效因子对分享倾向具有预测性;分享者分问卷显著预测述情障碍、分享对象分问卷显著预测孤独感。
6.诱发负性情绪干扰双任务前瞻记忆测试成绩;在高任务负载作业情境下,情绪社会分享组被试基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩优于沉思组;分享对诱发负性情绪的调节效能优于沉思。
7.持续进行情绪社会分享的被试之间的情绪相似性显著高于随机匹配的被试,持续的情绪社会分享通过增进情绪趋同,提高人际满意度和人际质量。
主要得出以下结论:
1.情绪社会分享现象虽然在发生上具有强迫性的特点,但作为一种社会情绪呈现形式,受到公众观念、性别刻板印象等文化因素的影响。人们无论处理和表达自己的情绪,还是对待他人处理和表达情绪的方式上都受到社会文化因素的制约,并依据这些标准,评价自我和他人情绪表达的意图和适当性,限制或奖惩自我和他人的情绪表达。
2.对情绪健康的关注不能仅仅局限于个体的内部感受,还应关注个体在人际互动过程中对他人情绪的关注与协调,促进个体在社会共享层面与他人共同建构共享的情感。
3.情绪社会比较是情绪社会分享的重要动力机制,人际情绪调节是其重要的作用方式,经由情绪社会分享过程所实现的情绪社会比较加工将更多地产生同化效应。从一定意义上来讲,情绪社会分享活动有助于人们共同建构“我们”的情感,这种情感把人们联系在一起,形成、保持、强化人们所追求的人际关系和人际归属。
情绪社会分享现象导致人们在符号沟通水平上参照情绪反应的适当性,在社会比较的框架下精致情绪的意义。本文在此基础上对情绪社会比较、社会共享情感、人际情绪调节等概念的讨论,将有助于从人际互动和社会共享层面理解情绪的文化塑造和社会建构属性,对情绪心理学的发展具有重要的理论意义。另外,本文从个体在人际互动中的双重身份(分享者和分享对象)关注情绪社会分享倾向,提出从自我关注和人际关注两个方面促进儿童社会情绪能力发展和情绪健康的观点,这将改变情绪内在实体论所认为的情绪表达或表露是促进个体健康的途径的观念,对我国情感教育目标的实现具有重要的应用价值。
The social sharing of emotion is the process of emotional communication and interpersonal transmission as the individual undergoing some emotional stress. In this process, the individual shares his (or her) own feelings by the specific communication symbol system (including facial expressions, posture, speech, etc.) in the interpersonal context, and at the same time, he (or she) may also obtain the emotional support and interpersonal benefits. Thus, the phenomenon of social sharing of emotion is not only the direct showing of the individual’day-to-day emotional life, but also an important opportunity to construct the socially shared emotion on the symbol level. Therefore, based on this phenomina, this dissertation analyzed the cultural shaping and social construction of emotion.
Empirical studies include three parts: The first part probed the features of emotion sharing, public view and gender stereotypes of this phenomenon; The second part probed the style of social sharing of emotion and relation to attachment style, emotional creativity, alexithymia, and loneliness; The last part probed the effectiveness of supporting sharing on regulating induced negative emotions and the effects on emotional convergence when continuously engaging in social sharing of emotion. The main findings were as follows:
1. The occurrence of sharing of emotion was a universal phenomenon and influenced on by emotional intensity. People usually engaged in sharing at the same day as the incident occurred. Good friends, parents and same-sex roommates were the main partners of college students.
2. The public view of sharing of emotion included four aspects: function, risk, nature and response. The college students thought there were three functions for sharing, including emotional improvement, cognitive coping, relationship harmony; and two risks on negative effect of transmission and receiving. The reaction and response of the partners could promote or block the process of sharing, as well as the nature of the events and sharing restrictions all influenced sharing. 3. Both women and men thought women were more than men in likeness and frequencies of engaging sharing, and numbers of partners, and duration and reoccurrence. However, people were more prefer to stereotype-consistent men and stereotype-inconsistent women than the contrast in sharing story.
4. The scale of style of social sharing of emotion included two parts: one measuring the individual as a sharer, the other measuring the individual as a partner; and six factors: security, effectiveness, and initiative as sharing their emotions, and concern, response, and trust as the other sharing. This scale complied with the requirements of measurement indicators.
5. There was gender difference in style of sharing. Women’scores of these three factors: security, initiative and trust were significantly higher than men’. The avoidance dimension and effective-authentic factor forecasted this style, and the sharer scale forecasted the alexithymia and the partner scale forecasted the loneliness significantly.
6. The performance of double-tasks prospective memory was impaired by induced negative emotion; the score of event-based prospective memory of sharing group was higher than the rumination group significantly in highest cognitive load context; sharing emotion had more effects on the negative regulation than rumination.
7. The score of emotional similarity of interaction partner was higher than the random group’s significantly. The continuous emotion interaction between individuals promoted the emotional convergence and the satisfaction of their relationship.
Mainly came to the following conclusions:
1. Although the people seem to be forced to engage in the social sharing of emotion, which, as the form of social presence, were also influenced by public view, gender stereotypes, and other cultural factors. This shows that people are subject to the constraints of social and cultural factors when expressing their emotions, or treating others’expression. Based on these standards, they would limit or encourage themselves and the other, and evaluate the intention and appropriation of expressions.
2. The mental health professionals should pay attention not only to the individual’s feeling of inside, but also to the relationship context and the co-construction of emotional experience.
3. The emotional social comparison is the dynamics of sharing emotion and the interpersonal emotion regulation is mechanism of this phenomena. There was more assimilation effect through sharing and comparison. In a sense, the sharing of emotion promotes people to constructing the“we”feelings, and these feelings could link people together and maintain, strengthen their relationships.
The social sharing of emotion leads to individual reference his (or her) emotional response based on the symbol communicating level, and refine the emotional meaning under the framework of social comparison. Based on this, the desertion discussed the concepts of emotional social comparison, socially shared emotion, and interpersonal emotion regulation. These may help people understand the cultural shaping and social construction of emotion, and would have an important theoretical contribution to emotion psychology. In addition, this study took the view of the double identities of interaction (sharer and partner) concerning the style of sharing of emotions, it would change the internal entity perspectives on emotional health, which assumed expression or self-disclosure was the way of refresh. And this desertion suggested should promote the children’emotional capacity and emotional health on self and relationship perspectives, these would have an important value for the realization of emotional education goals of our country.
引文
②转引自Pierre Philippt & Robert S. Feldman (Eds.) The regulation of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.2003, 277-306.
⑤转引自Leach C W, Tiedens L Z. Introduction a world of emotion. In Larissa Z. Tiedens & Colin Wayne Leach (Eds.). The social life of emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2004: 1-15
⑥同上
⑦转引自Zech E, RiméB, Nils F. Social sharing of emotion: emotional recovery and interpersonal aspects. In: P Philippot, R S Feldman (Eds.). The regulation of emotion. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. 157~185
⑧转引自Turner J H, Stets J E著.孙俊才,文军译.情感社会学.上海:上海人民出版社.2007: 125-134
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