同轨双基SAR成像算法研究
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摘要
与传统的单基合成孔径雷达不同，双基地合成孔径雷达(Bistatic SyntheticAperture Radar, BiSAR)的接收机和发射机放置在不同的运动平台上，发射机和接收机可以有不同的空间位置和速度。因此双基地SAR在军事应用，资源调查和地壳形变监测等方面具有特殊的优势。在诸多的双基SAR构型中，同轨双基SAR的发射机和接收机以相同的速度沿着相同的航迹匀速直线飞行，这种体制的双基地SAR编队构形相对简单，工程上较容易实现，在地面运动目标检测等方面有着广阔的应用前景。基于此，本文对同轨构型双基SAR目标二维频谱精度和同轨构型不同模式下的成像算法进行了一些研究，主要工作概括如下：
1.理论上LBF(Loffeld’s bistatic formula, LBF)双基SAR目标频谱适用于任意的双基构型，但是在具体的双基构型条件下其谱精度因不同参数配置的影响而有所不同。针对同轨双基地SAR构型，本文通过数学方法将其与一种严格解析的双基目标二维频谱进行对比分析，详细推导出了影响LBF双基谱精度的两个约束条件。即半双基角的余弦值大小以及半基线长度与目标到航线的最近距离的比值是否等于半双基角的正切值。当半双基角的余弦值等于1，半基线长度与目标到航线的最近距离的比值等于半双基角的正切值这两个条件同时得到满足时，LBF谱是完全严格解析的。在这两个影响谱精度的约束条件中，LBF双基谱的谱精度对半双基角的余弦值的大小变化更为敏感，而并不直接受到基线长度和斜视角大小的影响，通过仿真实验详细分析讨论了各种因素对于LBF谱精度的影响。
2.提出一种同轨构型下基于严格解析双基SAR目标二维频谱的线频调变标(Chirp Scaling, CS)成像算法，解决条带模式下双基地SAR包络徙动的空变问题。不同于波数域的成像算法，整个成像过程不需要进行插值运算，在频域聚焦实现快速成像。高精度的双基频谱使得所提算法对基线的长短不再敏感，可以进行大双基角，长基线情形下的同轨双基SAR数据处理。仿真实验和对比实验验证了所提算法的有效性和优越性。
3.针对大斜视情形下同轨双基SAR目标的距离徙动和二次距离压缩(SecondRange Compression, SRC)的空变性问题，基于严格解析的双基SAR目标二维频谱，提出了一种适用于同轨构型双基SAR的非线性CS(Nonlinear Chirp ScalingAlgorithm, NCSA)成像算法，不同于适用于小斜视角条件的CS成像算法，非线性CS算法不仅考虑了调频率随多普勒频率的变化，而且也考虑了其随距离的线性变化，更好地实现了同轨双基SAR中SRC的精确补偿，取得了满意的聚焦效果。仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。
4.对于聚束模式下的同轨双基SAR构型，基于同轨构型下严格解析的半双基角和谱分析方法，提出了一种适用于同轨构型下聚束式双基SAR的频率变标(Frequency Scaling, FS)成像算法。首先，类比单基情形，推导出了双基地情形下的deramp函数，实现方位向的粗聚焦，有效地消除系统方位向的频谱混叠问题。然后基于同轨构型下严格解析的双基SAR目标二维频谱，通过一种适用于聚束式双基地SAR的FS成像算法校正目标的距离徙动，取得理想的成像效果。FS算法通过相位相乘代替插值操作实现目标的距离徙动校正，可以实现快速成像。精确的双基频谱使得所提算法可以进行长基线情形下的数据处理。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。此外，针对大斜视情形下SRC的空变问题，提出一种基于严格解析双基频谱的改进频率变标成像算法，通过非线性变标操作消除由大斜视导致的随距离变化的二次距离压缩项。仿真实验表明，与常规FS算法相比，改进算法在大斜视情形下可实现目标良好的成像，点目标冲激响应的主副瓣可清晰分辨。
Different from the traditional monostatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the transmitterand the receiver are amounted on different platforms for bistatic SAR (BiSAR). They can beset to have different space positions and velocities. Hence BiSAR has a plenty of potentialsand advantages over monostatic SAR in many application areas, such as the militaryapplications, resource investigation, surveillance of Earth crust, etc. Among the bistaticconfigurations, tandem bistatic SAR confguraton, in which the transmitter and the receivertravel along the same track with the same velocity, is a special one. Compared with otherbistatic configurations, the formation of tandem configuration is a relatively easy one, whichhas a bright future in ground moving target indication (GMTI). Moreover, it is also relativelyeasy to be accomplished in engineering. Due to the advantages of tandem bistatic SAR, theprecision of the two-dimensional point target spectrum and the imaging algorithms suitablefor different modes of tandem bistatic SAR are studied in this dissertation, the main works aresummarized as follows:
1. Loffeld’s bistatic forumula is suitable for any bistatic configuration. However, theprecision of the LBF spectrum is different in different configurations under differentparameters. Focusing of the well-known tandem configuration of bistatic SAR, the twofactors that influence the precision of the LBF spectrum is deduced and analyzed bycomparing the LBF spectrum with an exactly analytical point target spectrum in thewavenumber domain. The first factor is how the value of the cosine of the half bistatic angleis close to1, and the second factor is whether the half length of the baseline to range ratioequals the tangent of the half bistatic angle. When the two factors are both satisfied, the LBFsectrum is an exact analytical one. And among the two factors that influence the precison ofthe spetrum, the LBF spectrum is more sensitive to the variance of the cosine of the halfbistatic angle. The length of the baseline or the squint angles of bistatic SAR does not give adirect influence to the precision of the spectrum. The factors that influence the precision ofthe LBF spectrum are verified by simulations.
2. Focusing of the profile range dependent problem of tandem bistatic SAR, achirp-scaling (CS) imaging algorithm is proposed based on an exact analyticaltwo-dimensional point target spectrum. Different from the imaging algorithms in thewavenumber domin, no interpolation is needed during the whole imaging process. Fastimaging is implemented in the frequency domain. Due to the high precision of thetwo-dimensional point target spectrum that we are based on, the proposed algorithm is notsensitive to the length of the baseline. It is capable of handling the tandem bistatic SAR data with a large bistatc angles or with a large baseline. Simulations and comparable experimentsvalidate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm.
3. Focusing of the range dependent problem of the range migration and the second rangecompression (SRC) of tandem bistatic SAR with high squint angles, based on an exactanalytical two-dimension point target spectrum, a nonlinear chirp-scaling imaging algorithm(NCSA) is proposed. Different from the chirp-scaling algorithm suitable for small squintangles, not only the Doppler dependence of the Doppler chirp rate is considered, but also thevariance with range of the Doppler chirp rate is taken into account in the proposed algorithm.Precise compensation of the SRC is realized, and satisfying imaging result is obtained. Theeffectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulations.
4. Focusing of the spotlight mode of tandem bistatic SAR, a frequency scaling (FS)imaging algorithm is proposed based on an exact analytical half bistatic angle and thespectrum analysis method. Firstly, on analog of the monostatic case, the deramping functionsuitable for bistatic SAR is deduced, and coarse focusing in azimuth is realized, then the FSalgorithm is carried out to correct the range migration of different range gates, and finalimaging resuls with satisfactory are obtained. Range migration correction is realized by phasemultiplication instead of interpolation, fast imaging process is realized in the proposedalgorithm. The proposed algorithm is capable of dealing with bistatic SAR data with largebaselines of tadem configuration. Simulations verify the effectiness of the proposed algorithm.Moreover, a modified frequency scaling imaging algorithm is proposed to handle the largesquint angle case, in which the range dependence of the second range compression must betaken into consideration. Compared with the FS algorithm, the modified frequency scalingalgorithm can realize satisfying focusing with large squint angles. The main lobe andsidelobes of the impulse response of the point target can be well-resolved.
1.理论上LBF(Loffeld’s bistatic formula, LBF)双基SAR目标频谱适用于任意的双基构型，但是在具体的双基构型条件下其谱精度因不同参数配置的影响而有所不同。针对同轨双基地SAR构型，本文通过数学方法将其与一种严格解析的双基目标二维频谱进行对比分析，详细推导出了影响LBF双基谱精度的两个约束条件。即半双基角的余弦值大小以及半基线长度与目标到航线的最近距离的比值是否等于半双基角的正切值。当半双基角的余弦值等于1，半基线长度与目标到航线的最近距离的比值等于半双基角的正切值这两个条件同时得到满足时，LBF谱是完全严格解析的。在这两个影响谱精度的约束条件中，LBF双基谱的谱精度对半双基角的余弦值的大小变化更为敏感，而并不直接受到基线长度和斜视角大小的影响，通过仿真实验详细分析讨论了各种因素对于LBF谱精度的影响。
2.提出一种同轨构型下基于严格解析双基SAR目标二维频谱的线频调变标(Chirp Scaling, CS)成像算法，解决条带模式下双基地SAR包络徙动的空变问题。不同于波数域的成像算法，整个成像过程不需要进行插值运算，在频域聚焦实现快速成像。高精度的双基频谱使得所提算法对基线的长短不再敏感，可以进行大双基角，长基线情形下的同轨双基SAR数据处理。仿真实验和对比实验验证了所提算法的有效性和优越性。
3.针对大斜视情形下同轨双基SAR目标的距离徙动和二次距离压缩(SecondRange Compression, SRC)的空变性问题，基于严格解析的双基SAR目标二维频谱，提出了一种适用于同轨构型双基SAR的非线性CS(Nonlinear Chirp ScalingAlgorithm, NCSA)成像算法，不同于适用于小斜视角条件的CS成像算法，非线性CS算法不仅考虑了调频率随多普勒频率的变化，而且也考虑了其随距离的线性变化，更好地实现了同轨双基SAR中SRC的精确补偿，取得了满意的聚焦效果。仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。
4.对于聚束模式下的同轨双基SAR构型，基于同轨构型下严格解析的半双基角和谱分析方法，提出了一种适用于同轨构型下聚束式双基SAR的频率变标(Frequency Scaling, FS)成像算法。首先，类比单基情形，推导出了双基地情形下的deramp函数，实现方位向的粗聚焦，有效地消除系统方位向的频谱混叠问题。然后基于同轨构型下严格解析的双基SAR目标二维频谱，通过一种适用于聚束式双基地SAR的FS成像算法校正目标的距离徙动，取得理想的成像效果。FS算法通过相位相乘代替插值操作实现目标的距离徙动校正，可以实现快速成像。精确的双基频谱使得所提算法可以进行长基线情形下的数据处理。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。此外，针对大斜视情形下SRC的空变问题，提出一种基于严格解析双基频谱的改进频率变标成像算法，通过非线性变标操作消除由大斜视导致的随距离变化的二次距离压缩项。仿真实验表明，与常规FS算法相比，改进算法在大斜视情形下可实现目标良好的成像，点目标冲激响应的主副瓣可清晰分辨。
Different from the traditional monostatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the transmitterand the receiver are amounted on different platforms for bistatic SAR (BiSAR). They can beset to have different space positions and velocities. Hence BiSAR has a plenty of potentialsand advantages over monostatic SAR in many application areas, such as the militaryapplications, resource investigation, surveillance of Earth crust, etc. Among the bistaticconfigurations, tandem bistatic SAR confguraton, in which the transmitter and the receivertravel along the same track with the same velocity, is a special one. Compared with otherbistatic configurations, the formation of tandem configuration is a relatively easy one, whichhas a bright future in ground moving target indication (GMTI). Moreover, it is also relativelyeasy to be accomplished in engineering. Due to the advantages of tandem bistatic SAR, theprecision of the two-dimensional point target spectrum and the imaging algorithms suitablefor different modes of tandem bistatic SAR are studied in this dissertation, the main works aresummarized as follows:
1. Loffeld’s bistatic forumula is suitable for any bistatic configuration. However, theprecision of the LBF spectrum is different in different configurations under differentparameters. Focusing of the well-known tandem configuration of bistatic SAR, the twofactors that influence the precision of the LBF spectrum is deduced and analyzed bycomparing the LBF spectrum with an exactly analytical point target spectrum in thewavenumber domain. The first factor is how the value of the cosine of the half bistatic angleis close to1, and the second factor is whether the half length of the baseline to range ratioequals the tangent of the half bistatic angle. When the two factors are both satisfied, the LBFsectrum is an exact analytical one. And among the two factors that influence the precison ofthe spetrum, the LBF spectrum is more sensitive to the variance of the cosine of the halfbistatic angle. The length of the baseline or the squint angles of bistatic SAR does not give adirect influence to the precision of the spectrum. The factors that influence the precision ofthe LBF spectrum are verified by simulations.
2. Focusing of the profile range dependent problem of tandem bistatic SAR, achirp-scaling (CS) imaging algorithm is proposed based on an exact analyticaltwo-dimensional point target spectrum. Different from the imaging algorithms in thewavenumber domin, no interpolation is needed during the whole imaging process. Fastimaging is implemented in the frequency domain. Due to the high precision of thetwo-dimensional point target spectrum that we are based on, the proposed algorithm is notsensitive to the length of the baseline. It is capable of handling the tandem bistatic SAR data with a large bistatc angles or with a large baseline. Simulations and comparable experimentsvalidate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm.
3. Focusing of the range dependent problem of the range migration and the second rangecompression (SRC) of tandem bistatic SAR with high squint angles, based on an exactanalytical two-dimension point target spectrum, a nonlinear chirp-scaling imaging algorithm(NCSA) is proposed. Different from the chirp-scaling algorithm suitable for small squintangles, not only the Doppler dependence of the Doppler chirp rate is considered, but also thevariance with range of the Doppler chirp rate is taken into account in the proposed algorithm.Precise compensation of the SRC is realized, and satisfying imaging result is obtained. Theeffectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulations.
4. Focusing of the spotlight mode of tandem bistatic SAR, a frequency scaling (FS)imaging algorithm is proposed based on an exact analytical half bistatic angle and thespectrum analysis method. Firstly, on analog of the monostatic case, the deramping functionsuitable for bistatic SAR is deduced, and coarse focusing in azimuth is realized, then the FSalgorithm is carried out to correct the range migration of different range gates, and finalimaging resuls with satisfactory are obtained. Range migration correction is realized by phasemultiplication instead of interpolation, fast imaging process is realized in the proposedalgorithm. The proposed algorithm is capable of dealing with bistatic SAR data with largebaselines of tadem configuration. Simulations verify the effectiness of the proposed algorithm.Moreover, a modified frequency scaling imaging algorithm is proposed to handle the largesquint angle case, in which the range dependence of the second range compression must betaken into consideration. Compared with the FS algorithm, the modified frequency scalingalgorithm can realize satisfying focusing with large squint angles. The main lobe andsidelobes of the impulse response of the point target can be well-resolved.
引文
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