危机与改革：赞比亚经济改革历程探析（1975-2008）
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摘要
历史地看,早在十几万年以前,赞比西河流域就出现了人类活动的印迹。随着生产力水平的逐步提高,早期的赞比亚人民也已经开始从事简单的经济生产和贸易活动。到殖民建立以前,赞比亚已经同周边地区和外部世界建立起来一定的生产贸易往来,为市场经济的出现和发展奠定了基础。
殖民统治时期,是赞比亚现代经济产生、发展的重要历史阶段。在殖民主义掠夺式的发展政策指导下,赞比亚逐步建立起以铜矿开采业为主的单一制经济结构,制造业和农业的发展则相对比较落后。单一制经济结构和二元化经济体系的出现,给赞比亚独立后的经济发展埋下了巨大的隐患。
独立后的最初十年是赞比亚经济高速发展的黄金时代。在国有化、进口替代等发展政策的指导之下,赞比亚的民族经济得到了迅猛的发展,初步建立起以计划经济为基础,以市场经济为补充的混合经济体系。然而到上世纪70年代中期,随着国际市场上原材料价格的大幅波动,赞比亚的经济发展遭到了沉重的打击,国民经济出现了持续的衰退。而与此同时,独立初期赞比亚政府制定的国有化、进口替代、农业等发展政策的弊端开始逐步显现出来,国家陷入严重的经济危机之中。
迫于经济形势恶化的压力,从上世纪80年代初,赞比亚政府不得不同国际货币基金组织等国际金融组织合作,对国民经济实行结构调整改革。其中1983-1987年的经济改革,时间虽然非常短暂,但却在赞比亚的经济发展历程中占有非常重要的历史地位。赞比亚80年代结构调整改革的失败对于赞比亚的社会、经济发展具有决定性的影响,导致国家陷入了全面的经济、政治危机,整体形势更加恶化。
民主化改革以后,赞比亚的经济发展,进入了一个新的历史时期。在国际货币基金组织和其他援助方的大力支持下,赞比亚的展开了新一轮的结构调整改革,私有化、自由化等多项经济改革政策得到了全面的执行、实施。到上世纪90年代中期,在经历了沉痛的衰退之后,赞比亚的国民经济一度出现了稳定发展的局面。然而,后来随着矿业改革的延迟等因素的影响,赞比亚的经济发展再次出现恶化的迹象。
进入新世纪以来,在姆瓦纳瓦萨“新政”、减贫战略、债务减免计划,以及国际市场上原材料价格上涨等一系列有利因素的推动下,赞比亚的国民经济出现了持续的增长和稳步回升。国家经济的发展一度出现了复兴的迹象。但是客观地讲,当前赞比亚的国民经济发展中还存在着不少问题。如何才能推动国民经济的可持续发展,仍然是赞比亚当前面临的一个巨大挑战。
Historically, as early as Hundreds of thousands of years ago, there were some human activities in the areas of Zambezi River Basin. Gradually with the Evolution of productivity, early people of Zambia have also started to embark on some simple economic productions and trade activities. Until to the colonization rule was established, Zambia has set up some trade and commercial relationships with the surrounding area and the outside world, making a foundation for the emergence and development of a market economy.
The colonial period was an important historical stage for the emergence and development of Zambia's modern economy. Under the guidance of Predatory colonial development policies, Zambia has formed a unitary system, heavily depended on copper mining, manufacturing and agricultural development was relatively backward. And the appeared character of unitary economic structure and dual economic system planted a hidden risk in the Zambia's economic development.
The first decade after independence was a golden age of rapid economic development for Zambia. Under the guidance of nationalization, import substitution and other development policies, Zambia's national economy has seen a rapid growth, initially established a mixed economic system based on planned economy, and supplemented by market economy. Yet by the mid-70s of last century, since the slump of the prices of raw materials in the international market, the economic development of Zambia has suffered a heavy blow, and the national economy has got in a continued recession as a result. At the same time, the defects of the development policies initially implemented by the independent Government of Zambia, like nationalization, import substitution, agricultural of gradually emerged, and made the country got into a severe economic crisis.
Forced by the pressure of the deteriorating economic situation, the Government of Zambia has to implement a structural adjustment reform of the national economy with the help of the IMF and other international financial organizations, from the early 80s of last century. The economic reform during 1983-1987 was a very short time, but occupies a very important place in the history of economic development of Zambia. The failure of the structural adjustment reforms during the 1980s, have a decisive impact on the Zambia's social and economic development, leading the country into a comprehensive economic and political crisis.
After the democratic reform, Zambia's economic development has entered a new historical period. With the strong support of The International Monetary Fund and other donors, Zambia embarked on a new round of structural adjustment reforms, privatization, liberalization, and many other economic reform policies have been fully implemented. To the mid-90s of the last century, after a painful recession, Zambia’s economy once appeared stable development. However, lately since the delayed reform of the mining industry and other factors impact on the economic development, Zambia recurrence of signs of deterioration.
Entering the new century, because the Mwanawasa’s "New Deal", poverty reduction strategies, debt relief plan, as well as the rising raw material prices in international market driven by a series of favorable factors, Zambia's national economy has sustained growth and steady recovery. National economic development has emerged a sign of recovery. However, objectively speaking, there are still many problems in the current national economic development of Zambia. How can Zambia promote the sustainable development of the national economy is still a great challenge.
殖民统治时期,是赞比亚现代经济产生、发展的重要历史阶段。在殖民主义掠夺式的发展政策指导下,赞比亚逐步建立起以铜矿开采业为主的单一制经济结构,制造业和农业的发展则相对比较落后。单一制经济结构和二元化经济体系的出现,给赞比亚独立后的经济发展埋下了巨大的隐患。
独立后的最初十年是赞比亚经济高速发展的黄金时代。在国有化、进口替代等发展政策的指导之下,赞比亚的民族经济得到了迅猛的发展,初步建立起以计划经济为基础,以市场经济为补充的混合经济体系。然而到上世纪70年代中期,随着国际市场上原材料价格的大幅波动,赞比亚的经济发展遭到了沉重的打击,国民经济出现了持续的衰退。而与此同时,独立初期赞比亚政府制定的国有化、进口替代、农业等发展政策的弊端开始逐步显现出来,国家陷入严重的经济危机之中。
迫于经济形势恶化的压力,从上世纪80年代初,赞比亚政府不得不同国际货币基金组织等国际金融组织合作,对国民经济实行结构调整改革。其中1983-1987年的经济改革,时间虽然非常短暂,但却在赞比亚的经济发展历程中占有非常重要的历史地位。赞比亚80年代结构调整改革的失败对于赞比亚的社会、经济发展具有决定性的影响,导致国家陷入了全面的经济、政治危机,整体形势更加恶化。
民主化改革以后,赞比亚的经济发展,进入了一个新的历史时期。在国际货币基金组织和其他援助方的大力支持下,赞比亚的展开了新一轮的结构调整改革,私有化、自由化等多项经济改革政策得到了全面的执行、实施。到上世纪90年代中期,在经历了沉痛的衰退之后,赞比亚的国民经济一度出现了稳定发展的局面。然而,后来随着矿业改革的延迟等因素的影响,赞比亚的经济发展再次出现恶化的迹象。
进入新世纪以来,在姆瓦纳瓦萨“新政”、减贫战略、债务减免计划,以及国际市场上原材料价格上涨等一系列有利因素的推动下,赞比亚的国民经济出现了持续的增长和稳步回升。国家经济的发展一度出现了复兴的迹象。但是客观地讲,当前赞比亚的国民经济发展中还存在着不少问题。如何才能推动国民经济的可持续发展,仍然是赞比亚当前面临的一个巨大挑战。
Historically, as early as Hundreds of thousands of years ago, there were some human activities in the areas of Zambezi River Basin. Gradually with the Evolution of productivity, early people of Zambia have also started to embark on some simple economic productions and trade activities. Until to the colonization rule was established, Zambia has set up some trade and commercial relationships with the surrounding area and the outside world, making a foundation for the emergence and development of a market economy.
The colonial period was an important historical stage for the emergence and development of Zambia's modern economy. Under the guidance of Predatory colonial development policies, Zambia has formed a unitary system, heavily depended on copper mining, manufacturing and agricultural development was relatively backward. And the appeared character of unitary economic structure and dual economic system planted a hidden risk in the Zambia's economic development.
The first decade after independence was a golden age of rapid economic development for Zambia. Under the guidance of nationalization, import substitution and other development policies, Zambia's national economy has seen a rapid growth, initially established a mixed economic system based on planned economy, and supplemented by market economy. Yet by the mid-70s of last century, since the slump of the prices of raw materials in the international market, the economic development of Zambia has suffered a heavy blow, and the national economy has got in a continued recession as a result. At the same time, the defects of the development policies initially implemented by the independent Government of Zambia, like nationalization, import substitution, agricultural of gradually emerged, and made the country got into a severe economic crisis.
Forced by the pressure of the deteriorating economic situation, the Government of Zambia has to implement a structural adjustment reform of the national economy with the help of the IMF and other international financial organizations, from the early 80s of last century. The economic reform during 1983-1987 was a very short time, but occupies a very important place in the history of economic development of Zambia. The failure of the structural adjustment reforms during the 1980s, have a decisive impact on the Zambia's social and economic development, leading the country into a comprehensive economic and political crisis.
After the democratic reform, Zambia's economic development has entered a new historical period. With the strong support of The International Monetary Fund and other donors, Zambia embarked on a new round of structural adjustment reforms, privatization, liberalization, and many other economic reform policies have been fully implemented. To the mid-90s of the last century, after a painful recession, Zambia’s economy once appeared stable development. However, lately since the delayed reform of the mining industry and other factors impact on the economic development, Zambia recurrence of signs of deterioration.
Entering the new century, because the Mwanawasa’s "New Deal", poverty reduction strategies, debt relief plan, as well as the rising raw material prices in international market driven by a series of favorable factors, Zambia's national economy has sustained growth and steady recovery. National economic development has emerged a sign of recovery. However, objectively speaking, there are still many problems in the current national economic development of Zambia. How can Zambia promote the sustainable development of the national economy is still a great challenge.
引文
①Mwelwa Musambachime, Basic facts on Zambia, Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2005, p.2.
②Elena Ianchovichina and Susanna Lundstrom, What Are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Washington D. C.: World Bank, Working paper No.: 44286.
③参见经合组织网站的相关资料:http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/39/42056851.pdf.
④同上
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②R. Krishna and M. M. Mpande,“An overview of the forty years of the mining industry in Zambia, 1964-2004”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.92-104.
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
④Jadwiga Lukanty and Adrian Paul Wood,“Agricultural Policy in the Colonial Period”, in Adrian Paul Wood,
Stuart A. Kean, John T.milimo, Dennis Micheal Warren, The Dynamics of Agricultural Policy and Reform in Zambia, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990.
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②“An economy where state authorities rather than market forces directly determine prices, output and production, the most important features usually include: (a) production targets for different sectors that determine the supply of different commodities, (b)rationing of certain commodities to determine demand of them, (c) price-and wage-fixing by state bodies; (d) (sometimes) a conscripted labour market in which workers take the jobs assigned to them”in Bannock, Baxter & Davis, Penguin Dictionary of economics of 1987, London: Penguin publishers, 1987, p.317.
③Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004. 18
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④D. E. Needham, E. K. Mashingaidze, N. Bhebe, From Iron age to Independence: A History of Central Africa, p.25.
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①J. A. Barnes,“the Fort Jameson Ngoni”, in Elizabeth Colson and Max Gluckman edited, Severn Tribes of Britsh Central Africa, Manchester University Press, pp.194-252.
①Andrew D.Roberts,“Pre-Colonial Trade in Zambia”, African Social Research, No.10, 1970, pp.715-746.
①Andrew Roberts, A history of Zambia, London: Heinemann, Cox & Wyman Ltd, 1976.
①Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, p.15.
②理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第577页。
①D. E. Needham, E. K. Mashingaidze, N. Bhebe, From Iron age to Independence: A History of Central Africa, England, Longman, 1984, p.130.
①姜尽忠、董文娟:赞比亚调整单一矿业经济的发展战略,《西亚非洲》,1985年第4期。
②M. M. Mpande,“the Effect of the Mining Industry on the Industrialisation of Zambia”, in Smail Khennas edited, Industrialisation, Mineral Resources and Energy in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1992, pp.278-327.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.31.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,p.32.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.37.Zambia, Ams: Iowa State University Press, 1990, p.6.
①Makings S. M, Agricultural change in Northern Rhodesia/ Zambia: 1945-1965, Food Research Institute Studies, No.2. Stanford Universtiy, 1966, p.200.
②Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.150.
③Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.141.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, pp.153-154, 158-159.
②Barber W. J. The economy of British Central Africa. London: Oxford University Press, 1961, p.54.
③Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.143.
④Dodge, Doris Jansen, Agricultural policy and performance in Zambia: History, Prospects and Proposals for change, Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1977, p.46.
①Gladstone G.Bonnick, Zambia Country Assitance Review: Turning an Economy Around, World Bank, 1997,p.49.
①Kenneth Kaunda,“Zambia’s Economic Reforms”, African Affairs, Vol.67, No.269, 1968, pp.295-304.
②转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
③原牧:“铜矿之国”赞比亚,《世界知识》,1983年,第1期。
④Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s Independence: A Historical Analysis of Economic Performance”, in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Chewe M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty Years after Independence 1964-2004, The University of Zambia, 2007,pp.54-61.
⑤理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第610页。
①姜忠尽,董文捐:赞比亚调整单一矿业经济的发展战略,《西亚非洲》,1985年第4期。
②Robert Klepper,“Zambian Agricultural Structure and Performance”in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: A Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.137-148.
①参见唐大盾、徐济明、陈公元主编《非洲社会主义新论》:教育科学出版社,1994年,第179-201页。
①戴严:南部非洲独立元老——赞比亚总统卡翁达,参见陆庭恩等编《影响非洲历史进程的非洲领袖》,世界知识出版社,2005年11月,第196-210页。
②Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba,“Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences”, African Development Bank, Economic Research Papers No.35.
①张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年第3期。
②转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
④R. Krishna and M. M. Mpande,“An overview of the forty years of the mining industry in Zambia, 1964-2004”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.92-104.
①K. D. Kaunda,“Humanism in Zambia”, Bastiaan de Gaay fortman eds, After Mulungushi, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969, pp.9-33.
②Victoria Chisala, Alemayehu Geda, Hulya Dageleviren, Terry Me Kinley, Alfredo, Saad-Filho, Carlos oya,John Weeks(mission leader), Economic Policies for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Case study of Zambia, Published for the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), 2007.
③谈世中主编:《反思与发展——非洲经济调整与可持续性》,社会科学出版社,1998年,第56页。
①“Economic and Social Development during the First National Development Plan: A Overall Review”, in Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance, Second National Development Plan, 1971, pp.1-29.
①A.Mbewe,“the power sector in Zambia: a back ground”, in L. Khalema-Redeby, H. Mariam, A. Mbewe, B. Ramasedi, eds, Planning and Management in the African Power Sector, London & New York: Zed Book Ltd, 1998,pp.17-32.
①Samuel N. Chipungu, the State, Technology and Peasant Differentiation in Zambia: A Case Study of the Southern Province 1930-1986, Lusaka: Historical Association of Zambia, 1988, p.194.
①Government of Repubulic of Zambia, Zambia: Restructuring in the midst of Crisis, Vol.1, 1984, p.3.
②Mbita Chintundya Chitala, Not yet Democracy: The Transition of the Twin Processs of Political and Economic Reform in Zambia (1991-2001), Lusaka: Zambia Research Foundation, p.14.
③根据1975年克瓦查的外汇比例,当时5.6亿克瓦查大致相当于8亿美元。Basic Needs in an Economy Under Pressure, Addis Ababa: International Labour Office Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa, 1981, p.1.
①转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第13页。
③Kenneth Kaunda,“Zambia’s Economic Reforms”, African Affairs, Vol.67, No. 269, (Oct.1968), pp.295-304.
④Adedeji Adebayo edited, Indigenization of African Economies, London, Hutchinson University Library for Africa, 1981, p.92.
①Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, African Development Bank, Economic Research Papers No.35.
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第333页。
①John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, James R. Pletcher edited, Historical Dictionary of Zambia, Lanham, Md., & London, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,1998, p.475.
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第338页。
①Carolyn L.Baylies and Morris Szeftel,“The Rise of a Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s”,Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol18, No.2, 1982, p.191.
①Victoria Chisala etc, Economic Policies for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Case of Zambia, UNDP, 2007, p.8. From: www.UNDP.org.zm.
②张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年第3期。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
①R. Krishna and M. M. Mpande,“An overview of the forty years of the mining industry in Zambia, 1964-2004”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.92-104.
②Kikeri, S Nellis, J& Shirley M 1994, Privatization: lessons from market economies. The World Bank Research Observer 9(2):pp.241-271.
③Ben Turok,“The Penalties of Zambia’s Mixed Economy”, in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: A Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.71-86.
①Patrick D. Ncube,“A Strategy for the Development of Small-Scale Industries”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.33, 1982, pp.133-149.
①Kaye Turner,“Extrapolations from the Search for Definition: The Current Zambian Debate on the Urban Informal Sector”, Zambia: African Social Research, 1982, No. 33, pp.123-132.
②John T. Milimo, Yacob Fisseha, Rural Small Scale Enterprises in Zambia: Results of a 1985 Country-Wide Survey, Working Paper No.28, Michigan State University, 1983.
①中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所:《非洲经济(二)》,人民出版社,1987年,第265页。
②Venkatesh Seshamani, Issues on Poverty and Industrialisation in Developing Countries: Lessons for Zambia, Professorial Inaugural Lectures No.4, Zambia: UNZA press, 1987.
①陈宗德,吴兆契主编:《撒哈拉以南非洲经济发展战略研究》,北京大学出版社,1987年,第15页。
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Zambia’s Industrial Strategies: Problems and Prospects”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.: 37/38, 1997, pp.75-85.
②“Economic and Social Development during the First National Development Plan: A Overall Review”,in Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance, Second National Development Plan, 1971, pp.1-29.
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Zambia’s Industrial Strategies: Problems and Prospects”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.: 37/38, 1997, pp.75-85.
①陈宗德,吴兆契主编:《撒哈拉以南非洲经济发展战略研究》,北京大学出版社,1987年,第17页。
①Ann Seidman,“The Distorted Growth of Import Substitution: The Zambian Case”, in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: a Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.100-127.
①李德富:赞比亚的农业,《世界农业》,第50-52页。
②John M. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, Lusaka: A Multimedia Publication, 1994, p.123.
①Mwelwa C. Musambachime,“The Problems of Rural Development in Zambia”, Zambia, ZANGO: Zambian Journal of Contemporary Issues, No.7, 1980, pp.24-32.
①Oliver S. Saasa, Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment in Zambia: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade, A Joint Publication of AFR/SD and REDSO/ESA, Technical Paper No.35, 1996.
②王彦敏:试论赞比亚发展农业的道路,《西亚非洲》,1987年,第1期,第36-43页。
③Doris Jansen, Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Zambia, Washington D. C.: World Bank, 1988, p.8.
①Dorothy Mwansa,“Agricultural Research in Zambia, 1964-1980”,in Yizenga A. Chondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri, and Chewe M. Chabatama, eds, Zambia: Forty Years After Independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007,pp.105-115.
①袁野、王小琪:赞比亚农业存在的问题,《西亚非洲》,1981年,第4期,第32-35页。
①Oliver S. Saasa, Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment in Zambia: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade, A Joint Publication of AFR/SD and REDSO/ESA, Technical Paper No.35, 1996.
①Herbert Jauch, Structural Adjustment Programmes: Their origin and international experiences, Namibia: Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI), 1999.
①The World Bank, Accelerated development in sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda of Action. Washington. D. C. 1981.
②舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2004年,第71页。
①阿卜杜拉·布拉杰:非洲:从非统组织到非洲联盟。http://www.ecdc.net.cn/events/china-south2002/11.htm.
①舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2004年,第94页。
②丁顺珍:赞比亚经济调整步履艰难,中国现代国际关系研究所非洲经济编写组编《非洲国家经济发展与改革》,1992年,第182-191页。
①Deininger, K. and Olinto, P., Why Liberalization Alone Has Not Improved Agricultural Productivity in Zambia: The Role of Asset Ownership and Working Capital Constraints, World Bank, Washington, D. C., 2000.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko and Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, How the IMF and World Bank have Undermined Development, a Report from World Development Movement, 2004, p.10.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko and Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, How the IMF and World Bank have Undermined Development, World Development Movement, 2004, p.10.
②袁野、王小琪:赞比亚农业存在的问题,《西亚非洲》,1981年,第4期,第32-35页。
①Gladstone G.Bonnick, Zambia Country Assitance Review: Turning an Economy Around, World Bank, 1997.
①陈鹤高:赞比亚总统卡翁达指出:非洲经济形势仍将是严峻的,《瞭望》,1988年,第14-15页。
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.15.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①Irene Kamanga, Analysis of Social Sector Budgets in Zambia 1980-1994, a UNICEF Monograph, 1995, p.14.
②A. M. Mwanza, N. Mwamba, E. Kakuwa, the Structural Adjustment Programme in Zambia: Lessons from Experience, Harare: SAPES Books, 1992.
①Kenneth Good,“Debt and the One-Party State in Zambia”, Cambridge: The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2(Jun., 1989), pp. 297-313.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko, Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, A Report form World Development Movement, 2004, p.22.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①丁顺珍:赞比亚经济调整步履艰难,中国现代国际关系研究所非洲经济编写组编《非洲国家经济发展与改革》,1992年,第182-191页。
①Republic of Zambia National Commission for Development Planning, New Economic Recovery Programme: Interim National Development Plan, Progress Report No.2, 1988, pp.4-6.
②Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.48.
①Per-Ake Andersson, Arne Bigsten, Hakan Persson, Foreign aid, Debt and Growth in Zambia, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000, p.46.
①Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The New Economic Recovery Programme: The Second Time Around”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.49-77.
②参见1992年赞比亚财政预算报告:Emanuel G. Kasonde, Budget Address, Government Printer, 1992.
①Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The New Economic Recovery Programme: The Second Time Around”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.49-77.
①Arne Bigsten, Beatrice Kalinda Mkenda, Impacts of Trade Liberalisation in Zambia, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Country Economic Report2002:5, p.7.
②Bank of Zambia, Annual Report 2001, p.26.
③Arne Bigsten and Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa, The Political Economy of Policy Failure in Zambia, Working papers in Economics No.23, Department of Economics, Goteborg University, 2000.
①Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, African development Bank, Research Paper No.35, 1997.
②Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda, Zambia’s Stock Exchange and Privatisation Program: Corporate Finance Law in Emerging Markets, Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, p.237.
③黄智虎主编:《赞比亚指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,中国商务出版社,2008年,第90页。
①Simutanyi,“the politics of Structural adjustment in Zambia”, London, third world Quarterly, No.14(4) 1996, pp.825-839.
②The World Bank, Zambia: Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review, Washington D. C. 2004, p.12.
③IMF, the Implications of HIV/AIDS for the Zambian Economy, 2001.
①Zambia Development Agency, the Zambia Development Agency Act, No.11,2006, pp.69-113.
②张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年,第3期,25~28页。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
①Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
①Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
②John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, James R. Pletcher edited, Historical Dictionary of Zambia, Lanham, Md., & London, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,1998, p.475.
③Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, Africa Development Bank, Economic Research Papers, No.35, 1997.
①Simutanyi, N,“Copper Mining in Zambia: The Developmental Legacy of Privatisation”, ISS Paper 165, 2008.
②Simutanyi, N“,State, Mining and Development in Zambia’s Third Republic.”Paper Presented to the University of Leeds Centre for African Studies and Review of African Political Economy Conference on State, Mining and Development in Africa, 13-14 September, 2007.
①John Craig,“Putting privatisation into practice: the case of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited”, The Journals of Modern African Studies, Vol.39, No. 3(Sep., 2001), pp.389-410.
②Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The Historical Context”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.29-48.
①Kamini Krishina,“The Impact of Privatisation in Resusciating Zambia’s Economy”, in Jotham C. Momba, Mwamba D. Kalabula, Governance and Public Services Delivery in Zambia, Lusaka: UNZA Press, 2006, pp.62-68.
②Zoran M. Zoze edited, the Lusaka Stock Market: a Comprehensive Guide and Handbook, Lusaka: the Lusaka Stock Exchange Limited, 2003, p.14.
③World Bank, Bureaucrats in Business-the Economics of Government Ownership, Washington, D. C. 1995.
④Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda, Zambia’s Stock Exchange and Privatisation Program: Corporate Finance Law in Emerging Markets, Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, p.237. 144
①Simutanyi,“the politics of Structural adjustment in Zambia”, third world Quarterly,No.14 (4), 1996, pp.825-839.
②Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
③黄智虎主编:《赞比亚指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,第90页。
①Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A Historical Analysis of Economic Performance”, in Zambia: Forty Years after Independence 1964-2004, pp.54-61.
②Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences.
①Arne Bigsten, Beatrice Kalinda Mkenda, Impacts of Trade Liberalisation in Zambia, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Country Economic Report 2002:5, p.7.
②Diana Tussie and Carlos Aggio,“Economic and Social impacts of Trade Liberalization”, Coping with Trade Reforms: A Developing-Country Perspective on the WTO Industrial Tariff Negotiations, pp.87-100.
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Trade Liberalization and its Impact: Zambia Case Studies”, http://www.cuts-citee.org/tdp/pdf/Case_Study-Trade_liberalization_and_its_impacts-Zambia.pdf.
②“Zambia’s biggest textile firm closes for lack of capital.”Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 2004. accessmylibrary. (September 17, 2009). http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary _0286-13523421_ITM.
①参见赞比亚网站的相关报道:Newton Sibanda,“Zambian Textile industry collapsing”, http://www.zamnet.zm/newsys /news /viewnews.cgi?category=9&id=1178097846.
①舒运国:西方旧服装为何走俏非洲,《当代世界》,2002年,第3期,第39-40页。
②Karen Tranberg Hansen,“Second-Hand Clothing Encounters in Zambia: Global Discourses, Western Commodities, and Local Histories”, Edinburgh University Press, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol.69, No.3(1999), pp.343-365.
①参加赞比亚网站的相关报道:Newton Sibanda,“Zambian Textile industry collapsing”, http://www. zamnet.zm/newsys /news /viewnews.cgi?category=9&id=1178097846.
①黑非洲崛起中国纺织城,中国网,2003年12月09日,http://lianghui.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/zf/ 458116.htm.
①舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,吉林人民出版社,2004年,第89页。
①Per-Ake Andersson, Arne Bigsten, Hakan Persson, Foreign aid, Debt and Growth in Zambia, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000, p.46.
①Bank of Zambia, Annual Report 2005, Lusaka: 2005.
②Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa eds, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? The PRS Process and Neopatimonialism in Zambia, Lusaka: UNZA Press, 2005.
③Situmbeko Musokotwane, Budget Address, Lusaka: the Government Printer, 30th January, 2009.
①Jack Jones Zulu,“Monitoring Debt Resources: The Case of Zambia”, Jesuit Centre for Theological Relection, 2007.
②赞比亚Zambia Analysis杂志2009年3月文,“Needed: Debt Management Plan”, Zambia Analysis, Vol.3 No.2, p.7.
①Alastair Fraser, Zambia: Back to the Future? GEG Working Paper No. 30, University of Oxford, 2007.
②赵琰:赞比亚矿产资源及矿业投资前景分析,《中国矿业》,2007年,第16卷,第12期。
①林剑华:赞比亚铜矿业私有化历程回顾,《世界有色金属》,2006年,第9期,第36-39页。
②Situmbeko Musokotwane, Budget Address 2009,参见赞比亚银行网站:www.boz.zm/publishing/speeches/ Budgetspeech2009.
①Suzanne Matale,“Debt Cancellation and Trade Justice Campaign in Zambia”, JCTR Bulletin No.75, First Quarter, 2008.
②Alastair Fraser, Zambia: Back to the Future? GEG Working Paper No. 30, University of Oxford, 2007.
①黄智虎编:《赞比亚贸易指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,中国商务出版社,2008年1月,第165页。
②“Mining-the BackBone of Zambia’s Economy”, in Zambia, at 42, New Delhi: High Commission of the Republic of Zambia, 2006, the 11th edition, pp.26-30.
①World Bank, Zambia: What are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No. 44286-ZM Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008, p.39.
②Arnold, J, A. Mattoo and G. Narciso, Services Matter for Productivity: Firm Level Evidence from Sub-Saharan African, World Bank Policy Research Paper 4048, World Band, Washington, D.C. 2006.
①Nick Vink, Norma Tregurtha,“Poverty and Development”, in Emmanuel Nnadozie, edited, African Economic Development, San Diego, Elsevier Science, 2003, pp.121-145.
②罗尔·范德·维恩:《非洲怎么了?——解读一个富饶而贫困的大陆》,赵自勇,张庆海译,广东人民出版社,2009年,第242页。
①Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Zambia Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2002-2004, 2002, p.22.
②希玛是一种用白玉米制成的赞比亚传统食品,其制作方法请参见:Mwelwa Musambachime, Basic Facts on Zambia, Author House, Bloomington, Indiana, 2005, pp.173-175.
③World Bank, Zambia: Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment, Report No.32573-ZM, 2007, p.34.
①理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第514页。
②勒内·杜蒙,玛丽-弗朗斯·莫坦:《被卡住脖子的非洲》,隽永,纪民,晓非译,世界知识出版社,1983年,第48页。
③参见:World Bank, Zambia: Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment, Report No.32573-ZM, 2007, pp.Ⅳ.
①Neil McCulloch, Bob Baulch & Milasoa Cherel-Robson, Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Zambia during the 1990s, WIDER Discussion Paper, No.2001/123, UNU-WIDER, 2001.
②以1998年的官方汇率计算(1美元可以兑换1892.07克瓦查),32232.85克瓦查大致相当于17美元左右。
③关于1995年哥本哈根会议的主要内容请参见联合国网站:http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/wssd/.
④赞比亚社区发展与社会服务部网址:http://www.socialcashtransfers-zambia.org/index.php.
①Venkatesh Seshamani, The PRSP Process in Zambia, Second Meeting of the African Learning Group on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers(PRSP-LG), Economic Commission for Africa, 2002.
②Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa eds, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? The University of Zambia, 2005, p.5.
③安春英:非洲脱贫战略的演进——减贫战略报告,《西亚非洲》,2005年,第1期。
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《参考消息》
《环球时报》
The Times of Zambia
The Post of Zambia
The Daily-Mail of Zambia
《西亚非洲》
《世界历史》
《上海师范大学学报》
《世界有色金属》
《中国矿业》
The Journal of Modern African Studies
Third World Quarterly,
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ZANGO
ZAMBIA
Zambia Analysis
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非洲投资网
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世界健康组织网站
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赞比亚发展署投资促进局网站
赞比亚统计局网站
赞比亚银行网站
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④同上
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②Elizabeth Colson,“the plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia”, in Elizabeth Colson and Max Gluckman edited, Severn Tribes of Britsh Central Africa, Manchester University Press, pp.94-163.
①Audrey I, Richards,“the Bemba of North-eastern Rhodesia”, in Elizabeth Colson and Max Gluckman edited, Severn Tribes of Britsh Central Africa, Manchester University Press, pp.164-193.
①J. A. Barnes,“the Fort Jameson Ngoni”, in Elizabeth Colson and Max Gluckman edited, Severn Tribes of Britsh Central Africa, Manchester University Press, pp.194-252.
①Andrew D.Roberts,“Pre-Colonial Trade in Zambia”, African Social Research, No.10, 1970, pp.715-746.
①Andrew Roberts, A history of Zambia, London: Heinemann, Cox & Wyman Ltd, 1976.
①Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, p.15.
②理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第577页。
①D. E. Needham, E. K. Mashingaidze, N. Bhebe, From Iron age to Independence: A History of Central Africa, England, Longman, 1984, p.130.
①姜尽忠、董文娟:赞比亚调整单一矿业经济的发展战略,《西亚非洲》,1985年第4期。
②M. M. Mpande,“the Effect of the Mining Industry on the Industrialisation of Zambia”, in Smail Khennas edited, Industrialisation, Mineral Resources and Energy in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA Book Series, 1992, pp.278-327.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.31.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,p.32.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.37.Zambia, Ams: Iowa State University Press, 1990, p.6.
①Makings S. M, Agricultural change in Northern Rhodesia/ Zambia: 1945-1965, Food Research Institute Studies, No.2. Stanford Universtiy, 1966, p.200.
②Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.150.
③Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.141.
①Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, pp.153-154, 158-159.
②Barber W. J. The economy of British Central Africa. London: Oxford University Press, 1961, p.54.
③Robert E. Baldwin,Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960,Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966, p.143.
④Dodge, Doris Jansen, Agricultural policy and performance in Zambia: History, Prospects and Proposals for change, Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1977, p.46.
①Gladstone G.Bonnick, Zambia Country Assitance Review: Turning an Economy Around, World Bank, 1997,p.49.
①Kenneth Kaunda,“Zambia’s Economic Reforms”, African Affairs, Vol.67, No.269, 1968, pp.295-304.
②转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
③原牧:“铜矿之国”赞比亚,《世界知识》,1983年,第1期。
④Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s Independence: A Historical Analysis of Economic Performance”, in Yizenge A. Chondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Chewe M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty Years after Independence 1964-2004, The University of Zambia, 2007,pp.54-61.
⑤理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第610页。
①姜忠尽,董文捐:赞比亚调整单一矿业经济的发展战略,《西亚非洲》,1985年第4期。
②Robert Klepper,“Zambian Agricultural Structure and Performance”in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: A Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.137-148.
①参见唐大盾、徐济明、陈公元主编《非洲社会主义新论》:教育科学出版社,1994年,第179-201页。
①戴严:南部非洲独立元老——赞比亚总统卡翁达,参见陆庭恩等编《影响非洲历史进程的非洲领袖》,世界知识出版社,2005年11月,第196-210页。
②Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba,“Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences”, African Development Bank, Economic Research Papers No.35.
①张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年第3期。
②转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
④R. Krishna and M. M. Mpande,“An overview of the forty years of the mining industry in Zambia, 1964-2004”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.92-104.
①K. D. Kaunda,“Humanism in Zambia”, Bastiaan de Gaay fortman eds, After Mulungushi, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969, pp.9-33.
②Victoria Chisala, Alemayehu Geda, Hulya Dageleviren, Terry Me Kinley, Alfredo, Saad-Filho, Carlos oya,John Weeks(mission leader), Economic Policies for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Case study of Zambia, Published for the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), 2007.
③谈世中主编:《反思与发展——非洲经济调整与可持续性》,社会科学出版社,1998年,第56页。
①“Economic and Social Development during the First National Development Plan: A Overall Review”, in Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance, Second National Development Plan, 1971, pp.1-29.
①A.Mbewe,“the power sector in Zambia: a back ground”, in L. Khalema-Redeby, H. Mariam, A. Mbewe, B. Ramasedi, eds, Planning and Management in the African Power Sector, London & New York: Zed Book Ltd, 1998,pp.17-32.
①Samuel N. Chipungu, the State, Technology and Peasant Differentiation in Zambia: A Case Study of the Southern Province 1930-1986, Lusaka: Historical Association of Zambia, 1988, p.194.
①Government of Repubulic of Zambia, Zambia: Restructuring in the midst of Crisis, Vol.1, 1984, p.3.
②Mbita Chintundya Chitala, Not yet Democracy: The Transition of the Twin Processs of Political and Economic Reform in Zambia (1991-2001), Lusaka: Zambia Research Foundation, p.14.
③根据1975年克瓦查的外汇比例,当时5.6亿克瓦查大致相当于8亿美元。Basic Needs in an Economy Under Pressure, Addis Ababa: International Labour Office Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa, 1981, p.1.
①转引自A.A.马兹鲁伊主编:《非洲通史第八卷:1935年以后的非洲》,屠尔康等译,中国对外翻译出版公司,2003年,第406页。
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第13页。
③Kenneth Kaunda,“Zambia’s Economic Reforms”, African Affairs, Vol.67, No. 269, (Oct.1968), pp.295-304.
④Adedeji Adebayo edited, Indigenization of African Economies, London, Hutchinson University Library for Africa, 1981, p.92.
①Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, African Development Bank, Economic Research Papers No.35.
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第333页。
①John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, James R. Pletcher edited, Historical Dictionary of Zambia, Lanham, Md., & London, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,1998, p.475.
②罗建国:《非洲民族资本的发展(1960-1990)》,华东师范大学出版社,1997年,第338页。
①Carolyn L.Baylies and Morris Szeftel,“The Rise of a Zambian Capitalist Class in the 1970s”,Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol18, No.2, 1982, p.191.
①Victoria Chisala etc, Economic Policies for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction: Case of Zambia, UNDP, 2007, p.8. From: www.UNDP.org.zm.
②张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年第3期。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
①R. Krishna and M. M. Mpande,“An overview of the forty years of the mining industry in Zambia, 1964-2004”, Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.92-104.
②Kikeri, S Nellis, J& Shirley M 1994, Privatization: lessons from market economies. The World Bank Research Observer 9(2):pp.241-271.
③Ben Turok,“The Penalties of Zambia’s Mixed Economy”, in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: A Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.71-86.
①Patrick D. Ncube,“A Strategy for the Development of Small-Scale Industries”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.33, 1982, pp.133-149.
①Kaye Turner,“Extrapolations from the Search for Definition: The Current Zambian Debate on the Urban Informal Sector”, Zambia: African Social Research, 1982, No. 33, pp.123-132.
②John T. Milimo, Yacob Fisseha, Rural Small Scale Enterprises in Zambia: Results of a 1985 Country-Wide Survey, Working Paper No.28, Michigan State University, 1983.
①中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所:《非洲经济(二)》,人民出版社,1987年,第265页。
②Venkatesh Seshamani, Issues on Poverty and Industrialisation in Developing Countries: Lessons for Zambia, Professorial Inaugural Lectures No.4, Zambia: UNZA press, 1987.
①陈宗德,吴兆契主编:《撒哈拉以南非洲经济发展战略研究》,北京大学出版社,1987年,第15页。
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Zambia’s Industrial Strategies: Problems and Prospects”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.: 37/38, 1997, pp.75-85.
②“Economic and Social Development during the First National Development Plan: A Overall Review”,in Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance, Second National Development Plan, 1971, pp.1-29.
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Zambia’s Industrial Strategies: Problems and Prospects”, Zambia: African Social Research, No.: 37/38, 1997, pp.75-85.
①陈宗德,吴兆契主编:《撒哈拉以南非洲经济发展战略研究》,北京大学出版社,1987年,第17页。
①Ann Seidman,“The Distorted Growth of Import Substitution: The Zambian Case”, in Ben Turok edited, Development in Zambia: a Reader, London: Zed Press, 1979, pp.100-127.
①李德富:赞比亚的农业,《世界农业》,第50-52页。
②John M. Mwanakatwe, End of Kaunda Era, Lusaka: A Multimedia Publication, 1994, p.123.
①Mwelwa C. Musambachime,“The Problems of Rural Development in Zambia”, Zambia, ZANGO: Zambian Journal of Contemporary Issues, No.7, 1980, pp.24-32.
①Oliver S. Saasa, Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment in Zambia: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade, A Joint Publication of AFR/SD and REDSO/ESA, Technical Paper No.35, 1996.
②王彦敏:试论赞比亚发展农业的道路,《西亚非洲》,1987年,第1期,第36-43页。
③Doris Jansen, Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Zambia, Washington D. C.: World Bank, 1988, p.8.
①Dorothy Mwansa,“Agricultural Research in Zambia, 1964-1980”,in Yizenga A. Chondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri, and Chewe M. Chabatama, eds, Zambia: Forty Years After Independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007,pp.105-115.
①袁野、王小琪:赞比亚农业存在的问题,《西亚非洲》,1981年,第4期,第32-35页。
①Oliver S. Saasa, Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment in Zambia: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade, A Joint Publication of AFR/SD and REDSO/ESA, Technical Paper No.35, 1996.
①Herbert Jauch, Structural Adjustment Programmes: Their origin and international experiences, Namibia: Labour Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI), 1999.
①The World Bank, Accelerated development in sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda of Action. Washington. D. C. 1981.
②舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2004年,第71页。
①阿卜杜拉·布拉杰:非洲:从非统组织到非洲联盟。http://www.ecdc.net.cn/events/china-south2002/11.htm.
①舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2004年,第94页。
②丁顺珍:赞比亚经济调整步履艰难,中国现代国际关系研究所非洲经济编写组编《非洲国家经济发展与改革》,1992年,第182-191页。
①Deininger, K. and Olinto, P., Why Liberalization Alone Has Not Improved Agricultural Productivity in Zambia: The Role of Asset Ownership and Working Capital Constraints, World Bank, Washington, D. C., 2000.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko and Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, How the IMF and World Bank have Undermined Development, a Report from World Development Movement, 2004, p.10.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko and Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, How the IMF and World Bank have Undermined Development, World Development Movement, 2004, p.10.
②袁野、王小琪:赞比亚农业存在的问题,《西亚非洲》,1981年,第4期,第32-35页。
①Gladstone G.Bonnick, Zambia Country Assitance Review: Turning an Economy Around, World Bank, 1997.
①陈鹤高:赞比亚总统卡翁达指出:非洲经济形势仍将是严峻的,《瞭望》,1988年,第14-15页。
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.15.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①Irene Kamanga, Analysis of Social Sector Budgets in Zambia 1980-1994, a UNICEF Monograph, 1995, p.14.
②A. M. Mwanza, N. Mwamba, E. Kakuwa, the Structural Adjustment Programme in Zambia: Lessons from Experience, Harare: SAPES Books, 1992.
①Kenneth Good,“Debt and the One-Party State in Zambia”, Cambridge: The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2(Jun., 1989), pp. 297-313.
①Lishala C. Situmbeko, Jack Jones Zulu, Zambia: Condemned to Debt, A Report form World Development Movement, 2004, p.22.
①Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.31.
①丁顺珍:赞比亚经济调整步履艰难,中国现代国际关系研究所非洲经济编写组编《非洲国家经济发展与改革》,1992年,第182-191页。
①Republic of Zambia National Commission for Development Planning, New Economic Recovery Programme: Interim National Development Plan, Progress Report No.2, 1988, pp.4-6.
②Ravi Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, Economic Development Institute of the World Bank No.8078, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989, p.48.
①Per-Ake Andersson, Arne Bigsten, Hakan Persson, Foreign aid, Debt and Growth in Zambia, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000, p.46.
①Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The New Economic Recovery Programme: The Second Time Around”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.49-77.
②参见1992年赞比亚财政预算报告:Emanuel G. Kasonde, Budget Address, Government Printer, 1992.
①Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The New Economic Recovery Programme: The Second Time Around”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.49-77.
①Arne Bigsten, Beatrice Kalinda Mkenda, Impacts of Trade Liberalisation in Zambia, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Country Economic Report2002:5, p.7.
②Bank of Zambia, Annual Report 2001, p.26.
③Arne Bigsten and Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa, The Political Economy of Policy Failure in Zambia, Working papers in Economics No.23, Department of Economics, Goteborg University, 2000.
①Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, African development Bank, Research Paper No.35, 1997.
②Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda, Zambia’s Stock Exchange and Privatisation Program: Corporate Finance Law in Emerging Markets, Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, p.237.
③黄智虎主编:《赞比亚指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,中国商务出版社,2008年,第90页。
①Simutanyi,“the politics of Structural adjustment in Zambia”, London, third world Quarterly, No.14(4) 1996, pp.825-839.
②The World Bank, Zambia: Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review, Washington D. C. 2004, p.12.
③IMF, the Implications of HIV/AIDS for the Zambian Economy, 2001.
①Zambia Development Agency, the Zambia Development Agency Act, No.11,2006, pp.69-113.
②张史贤:黑非洲各国经济私营化问题浅析,《西亚非洲》,1986年,第3期,25~28页。
③Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A historical analysis of economic performance”, in Yizenge A. Chaondoka, Bizeck J. Phiri and Cheve M. Chabatama, edited, Zambia: Forty years after independence 1964-2004, University of Zambia, 2007, pp.54-61.
①Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
①Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
②John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, James R. Pletcher edited, Historical Dictionary of Zambia, Lanham, Md., & London, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,1998, p.475.
③Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences, Africa Development Bank, Economic Research Papers, No.35, 1997.
①Simutanyi, N,“Copper Mining in Zambia: The Developmental Legacy of Privatisation”, ISS Paper 165, 2008.
②Simutanyi, N“,State, Mining and Development in Zambia’s Third Republic.”Paper Presented to the University of Leeds Centre for African Studies and Review of African Political Economy Conference on State, Mining and Development in Africa, 13-14 September, 2007.
①John Craig,“Putting privatisation into practice: the case of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited”, The Journals of Modern African Studies, Vol.39, No. 3(Sep., 2001), pp.389-410.
②Malcolm F. Mcpherson,“The Historical Context”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.29-48.
①Kamini Krishina,“The Impact of Privatisation in Resusciating Zambia’s Economy”, in Jotham C. Momba, Mwamba D. Kalabula, Governance and Public Services Delivery in Zambia, Lusaka: UNZA Press, 2006, pp.62-68.
②Zoran M. Zoze edited, the Lusaka Stock Market: a Comprehensive Guide and Handbook, Lusaka: the Lusaka Stock Exchange Limited, 2003, p.14.
③World Bank, Bureaucrats in Business-the Economics of Government Ownership, Washington, D. C. 1995.
④Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda, Zambia’s Stock Exchange and Privatisation Program: Corporate Finance Law in Emerging Markets, Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, p.237. 144
①Simutanyi,“the politics of Structural adjustment in Zambia”, third world Quarterly,No.14 (4), 1996, pp.825-839.
②Mwelwa C Musambachime,“Privatisation of State-owned enterprises in Zambia: 1992-1998”.
③黄智虎主编:《赞比亚指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,第90页。
①Donald Chanda,“Forty years of Zambia’s independence: A Historical Analysis of Economic Performance”, in Zambia: Forty Years after Independence 1964-2004, pp.54-61.
②Caleb M. Fundanga and Andrew Mwaba, Privatization of Public Enterprises in Zambia: An Evaluation of the Policies, Procedures and Experiences.
①Arne Bigsten, Beatrice Kalinda Mkenda, Impacts of Trade Liberalisation in Zambia, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Country Economic Report 2002:5, p.7.
②Diana Tussie and Carlos Aggio,“Economic and Social impacts of Trade Liberalization”, Coping with Trade Reforms: A Developing-Country Perspective on the WTO Industrial Tariff Negotiations, pp.87-100.
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“Trade Liberalization and its Impact: Zambia Case Studies”, http://www.cuts-citee.org/tdp/pdf/Case_Study-Trade_liberalization_and_its_impacts-Zambia.pdf.
②“Zambia’s biggest textile firm closes for lack of capital.”Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 2004. accessmylibrary. (September 17, 2009). http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary _0286-13523421_ITM.
①参见赞比亚网站的相关报道:Newton Sibanda,“Zambian Textile industry collapsing”, http://www.zamnet.zm/newsys /news /viewnews.cgi?category=9&id=1178097846.
①舒运国:西方旧服装为何走俏非洲,《当代世界》,2002年,第3期,第39-40页。
②Karen Tranberg Hansen,“Second-Hand Clothing Encounters in Zambia: Global Discourses, Western Commodities, and Local Histories”, Edinburgh University Press, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol.69, No.3(1999), pp.343-365.
①参加赞比亚网站的相关报道:Newton Sibanda,“Zambian Textile industry collapsing”, http://www. zamnet.zm/newsys /news /viewnews.cgi?category=9&id=1178097846.
①黑非洲崛起中国纺织城,中国网,2003年12月09日,http://lianghui.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/zf/ 458116.htm.
①舒运国:《失败的改革——20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,吉林人民出版社,2004年,第89页。
①Per-Ake Andersson, Arne Bigsten, Hakan Persson, Foreign aid, Debt and Growth in Zambia, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000, p.46.
①Bank of Zambia, Annual Report 2005, Lusaka: 2005.
②Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa eds, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? The PRS Process and Neopatimonialism in Zambia, Lusaka: UNZA Press, 2005.
③Situmbeko Musokotwane, Budget Address, Lusaka: the Government Printer, 30th January, 2009.
①Jack Jones Zulu,“Monitoring Debt Resources: The Case of Zambia”, Jesuit Centre for Theological Relection, 2007.
②赞比亚Zambia Analysis杂志2009年3月文,“Needed: Debt Management Plan”, Zambia Analysis, Vol.3 No.2, p.7.
①Alastair Fraser, Zambia: Back to the Future? GEG Working Paper No. 30, University of Oxford, 2007.
②赵琰:赞比亚矿产资源及矿业投资前景分析,《中国矿业》,2007年,第16卷,第12期。
①林剑华:赞比亚铜矿业私有化历程回顾,《世界有色金属》,2006年,第9期,第36-39页。
②Situmbeko Musokotwane, Budget Address 2009,参见赞比亚银行网站:www.boz.zm/publishing/speeches/ Budgetspeech2009.
①Suzanne Matale,“Debt Cancellation and Trade Justice Campaign in Zambia”, JCTR Bulletin No.75, First Quarter, 2008.
②Alastair Fraser, Zambia: Back to the Future? GEG Working Paper No. 30, University of Oxford, 2007.
①黄智虎编:《赞比亚贸易指南:旅游、贸易和投资》,中国商务出版社,2008年1月,第165页。
②“Mining-the BackBone of Zambia’s Economy”, in Zambia, at 42, New Delhi: High Commission of the Republic of Zambia, 2006, the 11th edition, pp.26-30.
①World Bank, Zambia: What are the Constraints to Inclusive Growth in Zambia? Report No. 44286-ZM Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2008, p.39.
②Arnold, J, A. Mattoo and G. Narciso, Services Matter for Productivity: Firm Level Evidence from Sub-Saharan African, World Bank Policy Research Paper 4048, World Band, Washington, D.C. 2006.
①Nick Vink, Norma Tregurtha,“Poverty and Development”, in Emmanuel Nnadozie, edited, African Economic Development, San Diego, Elsevier Science, 2003, pp.121-145.
②罗尔·范德·维恩:《非洲怎么了?——解读一个富饶而贫困的大陆》,赵自勇,张庆海译,广东人民出版社,2009年,第242页。
①Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Zambia Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2002-2004, 2002, p.22.
②希玛是一种用白玉米制成的赞比亚传统食品,其制作方法请参见:Mwelwa Musambachime, Basic Facts on Zambia, Author House, Bloomington, Indiana, 2005, pp.173-175.
③World Bank, Zambia: Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment, Report No.32573-ZM, 2007, p.34.
①理查德·霍尔:《赞比亚(下)》,史毅祖译,商务印书馆,1973年,第514页。
②勒内·杜蒙,玛丽-弗朗斯·莫坦:《被卡住脖子的非洲》,隽永,纪民,晓非译,世界知识出版社,1983年,第48页。
③参见:World Bank, Zambia: Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment, Report No.32573-ZM, 2007, pp.Ⅳ.
①Neil McCulloch, Bob Baulch & Milasoa Cherel-Robson, Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Zambia during the 1990s, WIDER Discussion Paper, No.2001/123, UNU-WIDER, 2001.
②以1998年的官方汇率计算(1美元可以兑换1892.07克瓦查),32232.85克瓦查大致相当于17美元左右。
③关于1995年哥本哈根会议的主要内容请参见联合国网站:http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/wssd/.
④赞比亚社区发展与社会服务部网址:http://www.socialcashtransfers-zambia.org/index.php.
①Venkatesh Seshamani, The PRSP Process in Zambia, Second Meeting of the African Learning Group on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers(PRSP-LG), Economic Commission for Africa, 2002.
②Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa eds, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? The University of Zambia, 2005, p.5.
③安春英:非洲脱贫战略的演进——减贫战略报告,《西亚非洲》,2005年,第1期。
④Venkatesh Seshamani,“The Same Old Wine in the Same Old Bottle? Content, Process and DonorConditionalities of the Poverty Reduction Strategy”, Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa edits, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? The University of Zambia, 2005,pp.117-137.
①舒运国:《失败的改革:20世纪末撒哈拉以南非洲国家结构调整评述》,吉林人民出版社,2004年,第232页。
①Fernado R. Fernholz,“Debt Management and Debt Relief during the 1990s in Zambia”, in Catharine B. Hill and Malcolm F. McPherson eds, Promoting and Sustaining Economic Reform in Zambia, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.263-293.
①Republic of Zambia, Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2010, 2006, p.ⅰ.
①李伟国等:中国与赞比亚农业合作开发前景,《世界农业》,2006年,第11期,第40-42页。
①Thompson H. Kalinda,“Agriculture and Food Security in Zambia”, Zambia African Social Research, Number 43/44, 2002, pp.61-78.
①李了文:《印度经济》,人民出版社,1982年,第48页。
②莫善文:从“饥荒之国”到粮食出口大国,《广西热作科技》,1998年,第1期。
①林承节:《独立后的印度史》,北京大学出版社2005年,第581页。
②杜英:英·甘地执政时期的科技政策,《安徽师范大学学报》,2004年9月。
③林承节:《印度现代化的发展道路》,北京大学出版社2001年,第212页。
①Oliver S. Saasa, Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment in Zambia: With Emphasis on Agriculture and Trade, A Joint Publication of AFR/SD and REDSO/ESA, Technical Paper No.35, 1996.
②Samuel N. Chipungu, the State, Technology and Peasant Differentiation in Zambia: A Case Study of the Southern Province, 1930-1986, Zambia, Historical Association of Zambia, 1988, p.231.
①黄智虎编:《赞比亚指南——旅游、贸易和投资》,中国商务出版社,2008年,第166页。
①姚桂梅:金融危机对非洲发展的影响,《亚非纵横》,2009年第4期。
②舒运国,陆征远:世界金融危机对非洲的影响,《西亚非洲》,2009年第3期。
③王涛:非常时期的赞比亚大选,《世界知识》,2008年第23期。
①Manenga Ndulo, Dale Mudenda, Lutangu Ingombe and Lillian Muchimba,“Global financial Crisis Discussion Series”, Paper10: Zambia, May 2009, University of Zambia.
①AfDB,“AfDB President Sees Impact of Financial Crisis in Zambia”6 April 2009, http://www.afdb.org/en /news-events/article/afdb-president-sees-impact-of-financial-crisis-in-zambia-4456/.
②中国有色网:赞比亚推进改革吸引投资实行经济多样化,2009年9月21日文:http://www.cnmn.com.cn/ Show News.aspx? id=25468. 201
①中国驻赞比亚使馆经商处网站2009年1月5日文:矿业对赞比亚Solwezi地区的社会和经济影响,网址:http://zm.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ztdy/200901/20090105990478.html.
①Venkatesh Seshamani,“The Same Old Wine in the Same Old Bottle? Content, Process and Donor Conditionalities of the Poverty Reduction Strategy”, Walter Eberlei, Peter Meyns and Fred Mutesa edits, Poverty Reduction in a Political Trap? the University of Zambia, 2005, pp.117-137.
①杨德贞,苏泽玉主编:《非洲市场经济体制》,兰州大学出版社,1994年,第95页。
②齐良书编著:《发展经济学》,中国发展出版社,2005年,第13页。
①沐涛:《南非对外关系研究》,华东师范大学出版社,2003年,第117页。
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[1]安春英:非洲脱贫战略的演进——减贫战略报告,《西亚非洲》,2005年,第1期。
[2]李智彪:经济全球化与非洲,《西亚非洲》,2000年,第1期。
[3]林剑华:赞比亚铜矿业私有化历程回顾,《世界有色金属》,2006年,第9期。
[4]李继东:关于黑非洲现代化延误的一些理论思索:对独立后“非洲病”的初步分析,《世界经济与政治》,2000年,第7期。
[5]姜恒昆:非洲:全球化还是西方化,《西亚非洲》,2003年,第3期。
[6]金荣:坦桑尼亚经济困难的原因及前景,《西亚非洲》,1986年,第3期。
[7]舒运国:试析非洲经济的殖民地化进程(1890-1930),《世界历史》,1994年,第1期。
[8]舒运国:人口高速增长对非洲经济发展的负作用,《上海师范大学学报》,1994年,第1期。
[9]舒运国:外援在非洲经济发展中的作用,《西亚非洲》,2001年,第2期。
[10]舒运国:肯尼亚纺织业研究,《西亚非洲》,2002年,第3期。
[11]舒运国:非洲经济改革的走向——《拉各斯行动计划》与《非洲发展新伙伴计划》,《西亚非洲》,2005年,第4期。
[12]舒运国:评1980年代撒哈拉以南非洲国家的经济结构调整,《苏州科技学院学报》,2004年,第2期。
[13]舒运国:从结构调整看经济全球化对非洲国家的负面影响,《上海师范大学学报》,2004年,第3期。
[14]舒运国,陆征远:世界金融危机对非洲的影响,《西亚非洲》,2009年,第3期
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[18]唐同明:英属东非的土地问题,《西亚非洲》,1985年,第3期。
[19]吴期扬:埃塞俄比亚的土地问题和革命后的土地改革,《西亚非洲》,1987年,第1期。
[20]汪勤梅:非洲经济国有化的若干问题探讨,《西亚非洲》,1986年,第3期。
[21]王涛:非常时期的赞比亚大选,《世界知识》,2008年,第23期。
[22]徐济民:非洲出口经济作物种植业的形成,《西亚非洲》,1987年,第1期。
[23]肖蓉春:坦桑尼亚经济剖析,《西亚非洲》,1987年,第1期。
[24]许长路:传统与现代之间——非洲村社社会主义评析,《当代世界社会主义问题》,2001年,第1期。
[25]姚桂梅:金融危机对非洲发展的影响,《亚非纵横》,2009年,第4期。
[26]杨光:全球化挑战与中东非洲,《世界经济》,2000年,第3期。
[27]杨立华:南部非洲:一体化应对全球化,《西亚非洲》,2000年,第6期。
[28]赵琰:赞比亚矿产资源及矿业投资前景分析,《中国矿业》,2007年,第12期。
[29]郑家馨:关于非洲一些国家“现代化中断”问题,《西亚非洲》,1998年,第1期。
[30]钟伟云:全球化与非洲的边缘化,《西亚非洲研究资料》,2001,第3期。
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