论特殊防卫的成立条件
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摘要
特殊防卫是防卫人为了使本人或者他人的人身权利免受正在进行的严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪的侵害,对不法暴力侵害人实施的虽然造成不法暴力侵害人死亡后果的损害行为但不负刑事责任的一种权利。特殊防卫的成立须具备起因条件和主观条件。特殊防卫的起因条件是“行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪”。“严重”是指暴力犯罪的犯罪人主观上有犯罪故意,客观上形成紧迫危险并造成严重危害后果的行为。“人身安全”指生命权、健康权和身体权。“暴力犯罪”是指直接以暴力为手段或利用某种间接暴力方式实施的侵害公民人身安全并造成严重危害或构成严重威胁的犯罪行为。“行凶”是主观意图不明显的严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪行为。“杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架”所指的是四个具体的罪名,并且必须是使用暴力手段实施的达到严重危及人身安全程度的暴力犯罪才可以实施特殊防卫。特殊防卫的主观条件包括防卫认识和防卫目的。特殊防卫的防卫认识是指防卫人认识到严重的暴力犯罪的侵害正在进行,法律所保护的人身安全正处于被侵害的危急状态,而自己的行为是在制止严重危及人身安全,并且已达刑事责任年龄具有刑事责任能力的犯罪人的犯罪侵害,对不法侵害者造成的损害是制止不法侵害所必需的。特殊防卫的防卫目的必须是保护本人或他人的人身权利,而且人身权利要受到人身安全的限制,因而此处的人身权利仅包括生命权、健康权、身体权三类。
Special defense is a defensive right, to prevent the personal right from being seriously jeopardized by the violent crimes, allowing the personal rights although deaths caused by damage to the consequences of criminal behavior, but out of responsibility. The establishment of a special defense must have causes and subjective conditions. The cause of the special conditions of defense is "assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnapping and other serious crimes of violence endangering personal safety." "Serious" means that the perpetrators of violent crime have the subjective criminal intent and objectively give rise to a immediate danger that cause serious harm consequences. "Personal security" means the right of life, health and body. "Violent crime" means the criminal acts of directly using the violence as a means or indirectly using of some forms of violence against citizen's personal safety and cause serious harm or serious threat. "Attack" is a violent criminal acts of serious jeopardized a personal safety with not obvious subjective intent. "Murder, robbery, rape, kidnapping," refers to the four specific charges, and must be used violent means to reach a serious threat to extent a personal safety of violent crime, under these circumstances, defender can carry out the special defense. Subjective conditions of special defense including the defensive consciousness and defensive purpose. The consciousness of special defense means that defender realized the serious defense of violent crimes are against under way and the personal safety protected by law have being violated, otherwise the act of defender is to stop a serious threat to the personal safety. And also the crime reach the criminal age and have the capability of his acts, under these circumstance against persons on the criminal damage is necessary to stop the illegal infringement. Defensive purpose of special defense must to protect himself or others personal rights, What's more, personal rights should be limited by personal safety. Therefore, the personal rights in here including---the rights of life, health and body---only three types.
Special defense is a defensive right, to prevent the personal right from being seriously jeopardized by the violent crimes, allowing the personal rights although deaths caused by damage to the consequences of criminal behavior, but out of responsibility. The establishment of a special defense must have causes and subjective conditions. The cause of the special conditions of defense is "assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnapping and other serious crimes of violence endangering personal safety." "Serious" means that the perpetrators of violent crime have the subjective criminal intent and objectively give rise to a immediate danger that cause serious harm consequences. "Personal security" means the right of life, health and body. "Violent crime" means the criminal acts of directly using the violence as a means or indirectly using of some forms of violence against citizen's personal safety and cause serious harm or serious threat. "Attack" is a violent criminal acts of serious jeopardized a personal safety with not obvious subjective intent. "Murder, robbery, rape, kidnapping," refers to the four specific charges, and must be used violent means to reach a serious threat to extent a personal safety of violent crime, under these circumstances, defender can carry out the special defense. Subjective conditions of special defense including the defensive consciousness and defensive purpose. The consciousness of special defense means that defender realized the serious defense of violent crimes are against under way and the personal safety protected by law have being violated, otherwise the act of defender is to stop a serious threat to the personal safety. And also the crime reach the criminal age and have the capability of his acts, under these circumstance against persons on the criminal damage is necessary to stop the illegal infringement. Defensive purpose of special defense must to protect himself or others personal rights, What's more, personal rights should be limited by personal safety. Therefore, the personal rights in here including---the rights of life, health and body---only three types.
引文
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[31]Sue Titus Reid. Criminal Law. Boston:Prentice—haling,1995,63
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[39]赵秉志,刘志伟.论正当防卫理论若干争议问题研究.法律科学,2001,(2)：30
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[47]李波.论故意杀人罪的法定转化犯.福建政法管理干部学院学报,2008,(3)：56,57-58,59
[48]姚春艳.论刑法中暴力的学理类型.湖南科技学院学报,2008,(10)：152
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[50]孙国祥.刑法基本问题.北京：法律出版社,2007,293
[51]高铭暄,马克昌.刑法学.北京：北京大学出版社,高等教育出版社,2000,132-133
[52]王作富.认定抢劫罪的若干问题.见：但未丽.抢劫罪专题整理.北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2007,109,116
[53]徐丹丹.转化型抢劫罪若干难点问题分析.法制与经济,2009,(5)：39
[54]章惠萍.论转化型抢劫罪成立的条件.现代法学,2004,(1)：83
[55]Richard Card. Criminal Law. London:Butterworth's,1998,475
[56]Gerhand and O.W.Maeller. Sexual Conduct and the Law. New York:Oceania Publications,2001,30
[57]Mark Findlay. Problems for the Criminal Law. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2001,108
[58]覃莉.对我国刑法中强奸妇女型强奸罪法律条文的思考.法学研究,2009,(5)：11
[59]杨俊,吴斌.浅析绑架罪司法认定中若干疑难问题.河北公安警察职业学院学报,2005,(4)：30
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