创业团队异质性对创业决策的影响研究
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摘要
在当今社会及经济生活中,创业活动是一种非常活跃的现象。同时,在新的时代背景下,传统的“个体创业”模式已经无法继续适应新的要求与挑战,“创业团队”逐渐代替“创业个体”成为了当今经济社会中的创业主体。但是,由于受到环境的复杂性与动态性的影响,创业团队在开展创业活动的过程中也遇到了各种各样的问题及困难,创业团队的构建与管理面临着极大的挑战。目前,国内外关于团队创业仍然缺乏比较系统的研究,研究创业团队是一个极具理论价值和实践意义的主题。
本文首先运用文献分析及理论分析方法对国内外有关团队创业领域、决策领域以及团队互动领域的相关概念及理论进行了整理与回顾,并对已有的相关文献进行了综述。接着运用问卷调查、数据分析等实证研究方法对创业团队异质性的结构维度,创业团队异质性与创业决策的关系模型,创业团队异质性、风险感知、团队互动与创业决策的关系模型进行了分析与验证,取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)对创业团队异质性进行了概念界定及维度构建,并验证了创业团队异质性对创业决策的影响作用。本研究在借鉴已有学者关于团队异质性的定义的基础上对创业团队异质性的概念进行了界定,并提出、验证了创业团队异质性的三维度结构,即性别与年龄异质性、技能与职能异质性以及价值观异质性。通过理论分析以及问卷调查的方法,采用结构方程模型分析法验证了创业团队异质性对创业决策的显著正向影响作用,并指出在创业团队异质性的各维度中,性别与年龄异质性对创业决策具有显著的正向影响作用,价值观异质性对创业决策有比较微弱的负向影响作用,而技能与职能异质性对创业决策没有显著的影响作用。
(2)检验了创业团队风险感知在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的中介作用。创业活动是一项极具风险性的活动,创业决策也是一项风险决策。本文的研究结果表明创业团队异质性对风险感知具有显著的负向影响作用,其中,性别与年龄异质性、技能与职能异质性对风险感知也具有显著负向影响作用,价值观异质性对风险感知具有显著正向影响作用。风险感知对创业决策具有显著的负向影响作用。同时,风险感知在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间具有中介作用。
(3)实证检验了创业团队互动在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的中介作用。团队成员之间的互动过程将会对创业决策产生重要影响,本文重点研究了团队沟通与团队冲突在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的作用,研究结果表明创业团队异质性对团队沟通／团队冲突均具有显著正向影响,其中,性别与年龄异质性对团队沟通具有显著正向影响,对团队冲突没有显著影响,技能与职能异质性对团队沟通没有显著影响,对团队冲突具有显著正向影响,价值观异质性对团队沟通具有显著负向影响,对团队冲突具有显著正向影响。团队沟通对创业决策具有显著的正向影响,但团队冲突对创业决策没有显著影响。团队沟通在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间具有一定的中介作用。
(4)构建了基于创业团队异质性的创业决策过程模型。本文指出在创业团队创业决策过程中,团队成员、资金、物质资源、知识技能以及外部环境的支持是创业决策的重要构成要素。同时,借鉴Timmons的创业团队风险决策过程模型,本文将创业团队的创业决策过程分为创业意愿的产生与创业机会的评估、创业计划书的制定、资金及其他资源的获取、创业实施、反馈与改进五个阶段,该五个阶段互相影响、互相制约。最后,本文根据创业团队异质性对创业决策构成要素与创业团队风险感知、团队互动的影响构建了基于创业团队异质性的创业决策过程模型。
Nowadays, entrepreneurial activity is a very active phenomenon in the social and economic life. But, in the new era, the traditional 'individual entrepreneurs' mode cannot to meet the new requirement no long and challenges,'entrepreneurial team' has been gradually replaced 'entrepreneurial individual' and become the entrepreneurial subject in today's economy and society. Nevertheless, due to the impact of the complexity and dynamics of enviromen, entrepreneurial teams have also encountered a variety of problems and difficulties in the process of carrying out entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurial teams are facing great challenges in the construction and management process. At present, there still lacks a more systematic research on entrepreneurial team at home and abroad, the research on entrepreneurial team is a topic of highly theoretical value and practical significance.
Firstly, the paper consolidates and reviewes the domestic and foreign relevant concepts and theories in the field of team entrepreneurship, decision-making and team interaction, and summarizes the related literature. Then, by using the questionnaires, data analysis and other empirical methods, the paper analyzes and verifies the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity structure dimensions, the relational model of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making and the relational model of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, risk perception or team interaction and entrepreneurial decision-making. Finally, the following innovative achievements are made.
(1) Carried out the definition and dimensions-building of the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, and verified the effect of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on entrepreneurial decision-making. Based on the earlier scholars' definition about team heterogeneity, the concept of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity was defined. Meanwhile, this paper proposed and demonstrated the three dimensions structure of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, namely gender and age heterogeneity, skills and functional heterogeneity and values heterogeneity. Through theoretical analysis, survey methods and structural equation modeling analysis, the significant positive effect of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on entrepreneurial decision-making. And in each entrepreneurial team heterogeneity dimension, the gender and age heterogeneity has significant positive impact on entrepreneurial decision-making, the values heterogeneity has relatively weak negative impact on entrepreneurial decision-making, and the skills and functional heterogeneity has no significant on entrepreneurial decision-making.
(2) Verified the mediating effect of risk perception between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. Entrepreneurial activity is an extremely risky activity, entrepreneurial decision-making is also a risky decision. The research results show that the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity has significant negative influence on risk perception, the gender and age heterogeneity and the skills and functional heterogeneity have significant negative impact on risk perception, the values heterogeneity has significant positive impact on risk perception. Risk perception also has significant negative influence on entrepreneurial decision-making. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurial team's risk perception has mediating effect between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making.
(3) Verified the mediating effect of entrepreneurial team interaction between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. Interaction among team members will have an important impact on the entrepreneurial decision-making, and the research focuses on the role of team communication and team conflict between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. The research results show that the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity has significant positive influence on team communication and team conflict, and gender and age heterogeneity has significant positive impact on team communication and has no significant impact on team conflict, the skills and functional heterogeneity has no significant impact on the team communication and has significant positive impact on team conflict, the values heterogeneity has significant negative impact on team communication and has significant positive impact on team conflict. Team communication has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial decision-making, however team conflict has no significant effect on entrepreneurial decision-making. Team communication has mediating effect between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making.
(4) Constructed the entrepreneurial decision-making process model based on the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity. In the entrepreneurial decision-making process, team members, financial, material resources, knowledge, skills, and support of the external environment are very important constituent elements of entrepreneurial decision. At the same time, based on the Timmons' risk decision-making process model of entrepreneurial team, the entrepreneurial decision-making process into five stages, namely the generation of entrepreneurial willingness and the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities, the development of business plan, the access to capital and other resources, the implementation of entrepreneurial activity, and the feedback and improvement. These five stages are mutual influenced and restrained. Finally, based on the impact of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on constituent elements of entrepreneurial decision-making, risk perception, and team interaction, the paper builds the entrepreneurial decision-making process model based on the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity.
本文首先运用文献分析及理论分析方法对国内外有关团队创业领域、决策领域以及团队互动领域的相关概念及理论进行了整理与回顾,并对已有的相关文献进行了综述。接着运用问卷调查、数据分析等实证研究方法对创业团队异质性的结构维度,创业团队异质性与创业决策的关系模型,创业团队异质性、风险感知、团队互动与创业决策的关系模型进行了分析与验证,取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)对创业团队异质性进行了概念界定及维度构建,并验证了创业团队异质性对创业决策的影响作用。本研究在借鉴已有学者关于团队异质性的定义的基础上对创业团队异质性的概念进行了界定,并提出、验证了创业团队异质性的三维度结构,即性别与年龄异质性、技能与职能异质性以及价值观异质性。通过理论分析以及问卷调查的方法,采用结构方程模型分析法验证了创业团队异质性对创业决策的显著正向影响作用,并指出在创业团队异质性的各维度中,性别与年龄异质性对创业决策具有显著的正向影响作用,价值观异质性对创业决策有比较微弱的负向影响作用,而技能与职能异质性对创业决策没有显著的影响作用。
(2)检验了创业团队风险感知在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的中介作用。创业活动是一项极具风险性的活动,创业决策也是一项风险决策。本文的研究结果表明创业团队异质性对风险感知具有显著的负向影响作用,其中,性别与年龄异质性、技能与职能异质性对风险感知也具有显著负向影响作用,价值观异质性对风险感知具有显著正向影响作用。风险感知对创业决策具有显著的负向影响作用。同时,风险感知在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间具有中介作用。
(3)实证检验了创业团队互动在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的中介作用。团队成员之间的互动过程将会对创业决策产生重要影响,本文重点研究了团队沟通与团队冲突在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间的作用,研究结果表明创业团队异质性对团队沟通／团队冲突均具有显著正向影响,其中,性别与年龄异质性对团队沟通具有显著正向影响,对团队冲突没有显著影响,技能与职能异质性对团队沟通没有显著影响,对团队冲突具有显著正向影响,价值观异质性对团队沟通具有显著负向影响,对团队冲突具有显著正向影响。团队沟通对创业决策具有显著的正向影响,但团队冲突对创业决策没有显著影响。团队沟通在创业团队异质性与创业决策之间具有一定的中介作用。
(4)构建了基于创业团队异质性的创业决策过程模型。本文指出在创业团队创业决策过程中,团队成员、资金、物质资源、知识技能以及外部环境的支持是创业决策的重要构成要素。同时,借鉴Timmons的创业团队风险决策过程模型,本文将创业团队的创业决策过程分为创业意愿的产生与创业机会的评估、创业计划书的制定、资金及其他资源的获取、创业实施、反馈与改进五个阶段,该五个阶段互相影响、互相制约。最后,本文根据创业团队异质性对创业决策构成要素与创业团队风险感知、团队互动的影响构建了基于创业团队异质性的创业决策过程模型。
Nowadays, entrepreneurial activity is a very active phenomenon in the social and economic life. But, in the new era, the traditional 'individual entrepreneurs' mode cannot to meet the new requirement no long and challenges,'entrepreneurial team' has been gradually replaced 'entrepreneurial individual' and become the entrepreneurial subject in today's economy and society. Nevertheless, due to the impact of the complexity and dynamics of enviromen, entrepreneurial teams have also encountered a variety of problems and difficulties in the process of carrying out entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurial teams are facing great challenges in the construction and management process. At present, there still lacks a more systematic research on entrepreneurial team at home and abroad, the research on entrepreneurial team is a topic of highly theoretical value and practical significance.
Firstly, the paper consolidates and reviewes the domestic and foreign relevant concepts and theories in the field of team entrepreneurship, decision-making and team interaction, and summarizes the related literature. Then, by using the questionnaires, data analysis and other empirical methods, the paper analyzes and verifies the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity structure dimensions, the relational model of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making and the relational model of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, risk perception or team interaction and entrepreneurial decision-making. Finally, the following innovative achievements are made.
(1) Carried out the definition and dimensions-building of the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, and verified the effect of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on entrepreneurial decision-making. Based on the earlier scholars' definition about team heterogeneity, the concept of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity was defined. Meanwhile, this paper proposed and demonstrated the three dimensions structure of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, namely gender and age heterogeneity, skills and functional heterogeneity and values heterogeneity. Through theoretical analysis, survey methods and structural equation modeling analysis, the significant positive effect of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on entrepreneurial decision-making. And in each entrepreneurial team heterogeneity dimension, the gender and age heterogeneity has significant positive impact on entrepreneurial decision-making, the values heterogeneity has relatively weak negative impact on entrepreneurial decision-making, and the skills and functional heterogeneity has no significant on entrepreneurial decision-making.
(2) Verified the mediating effect of risk perception between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. Entrepreneurial activity is an extremely risky activity, entrepreneurial decision-making is also a risky decision. The research results show that the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity has significant negative influence on risk perception, the gender and age heterogeneity and the skills and functional heterogeneity have significant negative impact on risk perception, the values heterogeneity has significant positive impact on risk perception. Risk perception also has significant negative influence on entrepreneurial decision-making. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurial team's risk perception has mediating effect between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making.
(3) Verified the mediating effect of entrepreneurial team interaction between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. Interaction among team members will have an important impact on the entrepreneurial decision-making, and the research focuses on the role of team communication and team conflict between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. The research results show that the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity has significant positive influence on team communication and team conflict, and gender and age heterogeneity has significant positive impact on team communication and has no significant impact on team conflict, the skills and functional heterogeneity has no significant impact on the team communication and has significant positive impact on team conflict, the values heterogeneity has significant negative impact on team communication and has significant positive impact on team conflict. Team communication has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial decision-making, however team conflict has no significant effect on entrepreneurial decision-making. Team communication has mediating effect between entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making.
(4) Constructed the entrepreneurial decision-making process model based on the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity. In the entrepreneurial decision-making process, team members, financial, material resources, knowledge, skills, and support of the external environment are very important constituent elements of entrepreneurial decision. At the same time, based on the Timmons' risk decision-making process model of entrepreneurial team, the entrepreneurial decision-making process into five stages, namely the generation of entrepreneurial willingness and the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities, the development of business plan, the access to capital and other resources, the implementation of entrepreneurial activity, and the feedback and improvement. These five stages are mutual influenced and restrained. Finally, based on the impact of entrepreneurial team heterogeneity on constituent elements of entrepreneurial decision-making, risk perception, and team interaction, the paper builds the entrepreneurial decision-making process model based on the entrepreneurial team heterogeneity.
引文
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