二战后中东地区的军备竞赛与军备控制
摘要
军备竞赛与军备控制问题是中东国际关系的重要内容,与中东地区的和平、稳定及繁荣有着密切联系,事关中东人民的福祉。尽管如此,但客观而言,军备竞赛的危害和军备控制的重要意义并没有得到应有重视,二战后开始的军备竞赛至今仍在继续进行,其间因军备竞赛不断升级多次爆发大规模战争,而军备控制并未能很好地发挥遏制中东军备竞赛的作用,今后其工作有待于进一步加强。
以冷战为界,中东军备竞赛与军备控制均可分为两个时期,冷战时期,中东军备竞赛在美苏两个大国的插手干预下愈演愈烈,多次以战争的方式结束而又重新开始,这一时期的军备控制受到美苏争夺影响,显得软弱无力；冷战后,美国在自身利益驱动下,给予中东军控以更多关注,但主要集中在防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散方面,并取得了一些成果,但它对常规武器控制兴趣索然(对反美国家除外,如叙利亚、伊朗等国),致使中东军备竞赛尤其是海湾地区国家间对抗日趋激烈。
本文的研究重点在于：第一,关键地区,如列万特、海湾和马格里布地区军备竞赛的发展演变,武器转让、军事工业发展及大规模杀伤性武器对中东军备竞赛的作用。第二,军备竞赛的根源,它对世界、本地区及相关国家政治、经济、社会、环境等方面的消极作用,例如军备竞赛经常性地打断中东国家政治民主化进程、使之出现反复；它所造成的国家间信任缺乏,使得经济整合远远落后于世界其他地区；军备竞赛占用的宝贵人力物力阻碍了国家经济发展和民众应享有的福利；另外,军备竞赛导致的集权倾向可能会对人权造成严重侵害。第三、中东军备控制的发展演变、特点及对中东地区的影响,仍以列万特、海湾和马格里布为例,并专门论述了常规、非常规武器控制及各个行为体的立场。第四,关于中东军备控制工作的缺陷,造成它的原因,它与中东和平进程及安全的关系。
本文的主要观点包括：第一,中东军备竞赛是本地区动荡不安的重要原因,但不是唯一的要素,也不是问题根源,中东的不安定根植于复杂的民族、宗教矛盾等,不解决它们,军备竞赛将无法根除,只有和平进程取得突破,军备竞赛才能止息。第二,军备控制虽不能从根本上遏制军备竞赛,但它能增强国家间信任及合作,为消除中东军备竞赛及其他矛盾奠定基础,因而是不可或缺的。第三、必须建立专门针对中东地区或次区域的军控机制,并辅之以可靠的核查和执行手段,在地区性军控工作难以开展的情况下,先从次区域着手不失为一种过渡方式。第四,大国(特别是美国)必须对中东地区的安全切实承担责任,域外大国是中东军备竞赛的重要参与者,因而对中东军备竞赛的发生发展应当肩负更多义务,严格控制对中东的武器转让,减少对地区事务的干预。第五,中东国家需要转变观念,学会尊重他国利益和正当关切,抛弃以自我为中心的安全观念和以武力谋求安全、军事优势的做法,尝试与邻国合作共存、实现共同安全。
纵观中东地区的军备竞赛与军备控制,可以发现,相对于长时期激烈的军备竞赛,中东军备控制工作虽然也取得了一定成绩,但总体而言,实践很难称得上是成功的,这既与军控本身的缺陷有关,也同中东地区矛盾的复杂性密不可分。但是,军控仍是维护中东和平的重要工具,今后必须给予其更多关注与支持,方能为中东地区的和平与发展创造条件。
The issues of arms race and arms control are important parts of the international relationships in the Middle East, which are closely related with the regional peace, stability, prosperity and blessedness of local people.Objectively speaking, the damage of arms race and the significance of arms control do not receive due attention and arms race are still going on after World WarⅡ.Meanwhile, major wars triggered by escalating arms race broke out and arms control did not play well the role of curbing arms race in this region. Arms control should be further strengthened in future.
Bounded by the Cold War, the Middle East arms race and arms control can be divided into two phases.During the Cold War, interfered by two powers of America and Soviet Union, the Middle East arms race became increasingly intense and ended and restarted in the way of wars.Affected by the impact of US-Soviet competition, arms control in this region looked rather feeble and powerless in this phase. After the Cold War, driven by its own interests, America gave more attention to the Middle East arms control and focused its attention on preventing the proliferation of mass destruction weapons.America achieved some successes, but its real interest was not in the conventional arms control,(except for anti-American countries, such as Syria, Iran, etc.),which led to increasingly fierce arms race in this region, especially the intense confrontations between the Gulf countries.
This paper focuses on the following points:First, the development of arms race in the key areas, including Levant, the Gulf and Maghrib region; the impact of arms transfers, military industry development and mass destruction weapons on the Middle East arms race; Second, the root of arms race and its negative influence upon politics, economy, society and environment of related countries, region and the world.For example, arms race regularly interrupted the democratization progress of the Middle East countries; the trust absence between counties caused by arms race made the economic integration of this region far behind the other parts of the world;the valuable human and material resources occupied by arms race hindered the economic development and deserved welfare of local people. Additionally, authoritarian tendencies caused by arms race may seriously infract the human rights of local people. Third, the development, characteristics and the impacts of Middle East arms control upon this region; Levant, the Gulf and Maghrib region are cited as examples again. In this part, we also deal specifically with the conventional and unconventional arms control as well as the position of the states. Fourth, the defects and causes of arms control in the Middle East and its relationships between Middle East peace process and Middle East security.
The paper includes the following main viewpoints:First, Middle East arms race is a substantial cause of regional instability, but it is neither the only factor nor the root of the problem. The instability of the region rooted in the complex ethnic and religious conflicts, etc. Without the solution of the problems, the arms race can not be eradicated. Only the peace process breakthroughs obtained, can we stop the arms race there. Second, arms control can not fundamentally curb the arms race, but it is indispensable because it can enhance the reliance as well as cooperation among states and lay foundations for the elimination of arms race and other contradictions in the Middle East. Third,supplementing with reliable means of check and implementation, we can establish specific mechanism for regional and sub-regional arms control in the Middle East and starting with the sub-region may well be a transitional approach when the regional arms control was hampered. Fourth, powers (especially the U.S.) must assume the responsibility for the Middle East security;as important participants in the Middle East arms race, the extraterritorial powers should also shoulder more responsibilities for the development of the Middle East arms race, strictly control arms transfers to the Middle East and reduce their regional affairs interventions.Fifth, it is essential for the Middle East countries to change their conceptions, learn to respect the interests and legitimate concerns of other countries; discard self-centered security conception, seeking security by force and military superiority, and try to coexist with neighboring countries and realize mutual security.
After a general survey of Middle East arms race and arms control,we can conclude that some achievements have been made in Middle East arms control. Comparing with the long-term intense arms race, we can not call them successful practices, which both have something to do with the defect of arms control and the complex conflicts in the Middle East. However, as an important tool to maintain the Middle East peace, we still must give more attention and support to arms control in the future.Only in this way, can we create the conditions for the Middle East peace and development.
以冷战为界,中东军备竞赛与军备控制均可分为两个时期,冷战时期,中东军备竞赛在美苏两个大国的插手干预下愈演愈烈,多次以战争的方式结束而又重新开始,这一时期的军备控制受到美苏争夺影响,显得软弱无力；冷战后,美国在自身利益驱动下,给予中东军控以更多关注,但主要集中在防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散方面,并取得了一些成果,但它对常规武器控制兴趣索然(对反美国家除外,如叙利亚、伊朗等国),致使中东军备竞赛尤其是海湾地区国家间对抗日趋激烈。
本文的研究重点在于：第一,关键地区,如列万特、海湾和马格里布地区军备竞赛的发展演变,武器转让、军事工业发展及大规模杀伤性武器对中东军备竞赛的作用。第二,军备竞赛的根源,它对世界、本地区及相关国家政治、经济、社会、环境等方面的消极作用,例如军备竞赛经常性地打断中东国家政治民主化进程、使之出现反复；它所造成的国家间信任缺乏,使得经济整合远远落后于世界其他地区；军备竞赛占用的宝贵人力物力阻碍了国家经济发展和民众应享有的福利；另外,军备竞赛导致的集权倾向可能会对人权造成严重侵害。第三、中东军备控制的发展演变、特点及对中东地区的影响,仍以列万特、海湾和马格里布为例,并专门论述了常规、非常规武器控制及各个行为体的立场。第四,关于中东军备控制工作的缺陷,造成它的原因,它与中东和平进程及安全的关系。
本文的主要观点包括：第一,中东军备竞赛是本地区动荡不安的重要原因,但不是唯一的要素,也不是问题根源,中东的不安定根植于复杂的民族、宗教矛盾等,不解决它们,军备竞赛将无法根除,只有和平进程取得突破,军备竞赛才能止息。第二,军备控制虽不能从根本上遏制军备竞赛,但它能增强国家间信任及合作,为消除中东军备竞赛及其他矛盾奠定基础,因而是不可或缺的。第三、必须建立专门针对中东地区或次区域的军控机制,并辅之以可靠的核查和执行手段,在地区性军控工作难以开展的情况下,先从次区域着手不失为一种过渡方式。第四,大国(特别是美国)必须对中东地区的安全切实承担责任,域外大国是中东军备竞赛的重要参与者,因而对中东军备竞赛的发生发展应当肩负更多义务,严格控制对中东的武器转让,减少对地区事务的干预。第五,中东国家需要转变观念,学会尊重他国利益和正当关切,抛弃以自我为中心的安全观念和以武力谋求安全、军事优势的做法,尝试与邻国合作共存、实现共同安全。
纵观中东地区的军备竞赛与军备控制,可以发现,相对于长时期激烈的军备竞赛,中东军备控制工作虽然也取得了一定成绩,但总体而言,实践很难称得上是成功的,这既与军控本身的缺陷有关,也同中东地区矛盾的复杂性密不可分。但是,军控仍是维护中东和平的重要工具,今后必须给予其更多关注与支持,方能为中东地区的和平与发展创造条件。
The issues of arms race and arms control are important parts of the international relationships in the Middle East, which are closely related with the regional peace, stability, prosperity and blessedness of local people.Objectively speaking, the damage of arms race and the significance of arms control do not receive due attention and arms race are still going on after World WarⅡ.Meanwhile, major wars triggered by escalating arms race broke out and arms control did not play well the role of curbing arms race in this region. Arms control should be further strengthened in future.
Bounded by the Cold War, the Middle East arms race and arms control can be divided into two phases.During the Cold War, interfered by two powers of America and Soviet Union, the Middle East arms race became increasingly intense and ended and restarted in the way of wars.Affected by the impact of US-Soviet competition, arms control in this region looked rather feeble and powerless in this phase. After the Cold War, driven by its own interests, America gave more attention to the Middle East arms control and focused its attention on preventing the proliferation of mass destruction weapons.America achieved some successes, but its real interest was not in the conventional arms control,(except for anti-American countries, such as Syria, Iran, etc.),which led to increasingly fierce arms race in this region, especially the intense confrontations between the Gulf countries.
This paper focuses on the following points:First, the development of arms race in the key areas, including Levant, the Gulf and Maghrib region; the impact of arms transfers, military industry development and mass destruction weapons on the Middle East arms race; Second, the root of arms race and its negative influence upon politics, economy, society and environment of related countries, region and the world.For example, arms race regularly interrupted the democratization progress of the Middle East countries; the trust absence between counties caused by arms race made the economic integration of this region far behind the other parts of the world;the valuable human and material resources occupied by arms race hindered the economic development and deserved welfare of local people. Additionally, authoritarian tendencies caused by arms race may seriously infract the human rights of local people. Third, the development, characteristics and the impacts of Middle East arms control upon this region; Levant, the Gulf and Maghrib region are cited as examples again. In this part, we also deal specifically with the conventional and unconventional arms control as well as the position of the states. Fourth, the defects and causes of arms control in the Middle East and its relationships between Middle East peace process and Middle East security.
The paper includes the following main viewpoints:First, Middle East arms race is a substantial cause of regional instability, but it is neither the only factor nor the root of the problem. The instability of the region rooted in the complex ethnic and religious conflicts, etc. Without the solution of the problems, the arms race can not be eradicated. Only the peace process breakthroughs obtained, can we stop the arms race there. Second, arms control can not fundamentally curb the arms race, but it is indispensable because it can enhance the reliance as well as cooperation among states and lay foundations for the elimination of arms race and other contradictions in the Middle East. Third,supplementing with reliable means of check and implementation, we can establish specific mechanism for regional and sub-regional arms control in the Middle East and starting with the sub-region may well be a transitional approach when the regional arms control was hampered. Fourth, powers (especially the U.S.) must assume the responsibility for the Middle East security;as important participants in the Middle East arms race, the extraterritorial powers should also shoulder more responsibilities for the development of the Middle East arms race, strictly control arms transfers to the Middle East and reduce their regional affairs interventions.Fifth, it is essential for the Middle East countries to change their conceptions, learn to respect the interests and legitimate concerns of other countries; discard self-centered security conception, seeking security by force and military superiority, and try to coexist with neighboring countries and realize mutual security.
After a general survey of Middle East arms race and arms control,we can conclude that some achievements have been made in Middle East arms control. Comparing with the long-term intense arms race, we can not call them successful practices, which both have something to do with the defect of arms control and the complex conflicts in the Middle East. However, as an important tool to maintain the Middle East peace, we still must give more attention and support to arms control in the future.Only in this way, can we create the conditions for the Middle East peace and development.
引文
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⑨Anthony H. Cordesman,Nawaf Obaid,National Security in Saudi Arabia, Washington,CSIS/Praeger,2005.
⑩Anthony H. Cordesman,Khalid R.Al-Rodhan. Iran's Weapons of Mass Destruction, Washington, CSIS.2006.
11 Anthony H. Cordesman,Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Westport,P raeger.2006.
12 Anthony H. Cordesman,Khalid R.Al-Rodhan,Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wa rfare, Westport,Praeger.20 07
13 Anthony H. Cordesman,Martin Kleiber,Iran's Military Forces and Warfighting Capabilities,W ashington/Westport.2007,
14 Anthony H. Cordesman,Israel and Syria:The Military Balance and Prospects of War. Westport. Praeger,2008.
15 Anthony H. Cordesman,Saudi Arabia.National Security in a Troubled Region, Washington,Pra eger/CSIS,2009.
16 Anthony H. Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East,We stview.Boulder.1993.
17 Anthony H. Cordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21sCen tury,Westport.Praeger.2001.
18 Anthony H. Cordesman,The Military Balance in the Middle East,Washington,CSIS/Praeger.2004.
①Anthony H. Cordesman.A Tragedy of Arms:Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb,Westport,Praeger,2001.
②Anthony H. Cordesman,Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Westport, Praeger,2006.
③Anthony H. Cordesman,Current Trends in Arms Sales in the Middle East,Tel Aviv/New York,J affee Center for Strategic Studies,1994.
④ Anthony H. Cordesman, The Changing Military Balance in the Gulf,Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait and its Aftermath,London, Royal UnitedServices Institute/Brassey's,1991.
⑤Anthony H. Cordesman,etc,The Use of Force in the Middle East,London,Macmillan,1989.
⑥Anthony H. Cordesman,Arms Sales.Arms Control,and Regional Security in the Middle East,Di isarmament Forum,Vol.2,2 001.
⑦Anthony H. Cordesman,The New Balance of Gulf Arms,Middle East Policy,Vol.Ⅵ.No.4June 1999.
⑧Anthony H. Cordesman,"Regional Balance Unaffected By Costly Arab-Israeli Arms Race",Armed Forces Journal,January 1990.
⑨Anthony H. Cordesman,"The Middle East Arms Market",RUSI Journal,March 1987.
⑩Anthony H. Cordesman,"The Middle East and the Cost of the Politics of Force",The Middle East Journal,Vol.40,No.1.Wi-nter.1986.
11 IISS,The Military Balance.London, International Institute for Strategic Studies.
12 SIPRI著,中国军控与裁军协会译：《IPRI年鉴：军备,裁军和国际安全》,北京：时事出版社。
①ACDA. World Expenditures and Arms Transfers,Washington,The US Government Printing Office.
②Tel Aviv.Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies,The Middle East Balance,Tel Aviv,Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.
③American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. The Arab-Israel Military Balance and:An Analysis of Military L-essons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts.Lanham.UPA,Inc,1987.
④Willian H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective. Westport,Greenwood P Ress,2001.
⑤Willian H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,London.Green wood Press.2002.
⑥David W.Lesch,The Middle East and the United States:A Historical and Political Reassessment Boulder,Westview Pres-s.2007.
⑦Galla Golan.Soviet Policies in the Middle East:From World War Two Gorbachev,Cambridge.Cambridge University Press.1 ss,1990.
①Geoffrey Kemp, Shelley A. Stahl, The Control of the Middle East Arms Race, Carnegie Endow ment for International Press .1991.
②Steven Greffenius, The logic of Conflict:Making War and Peace in the Middle East,Armonk,M. E.Sharpe,Inc,1993.
③Emily B. Landau, Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Region al constraints, Sussex Ac-ademic Press,2006.
④Efraim Inbar.Shmuel Sandler. Middle Eastern Security:Prospects for An Arms Control Regime,London,Frank Cass&Co,L-td.1995.
⑤Yahya M. Sadowski, Scuds or Butter?:The Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East,Washington.Brookings Institution,1993.
⑥Alan Platt, Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East,Washington.United States of Institute Peace,1992.
⑦Steven L. Spiegel, David J. Pervin, Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East:Arms Control and Regional Security.Lond-on, Garland Publishing,Inc,1995.
⑧Shai Feldman.Abdullah Toukan. Bridging the Gap:A Future Security Architecture for the Middle East,Rowman&Littlefie-ld Publishers.Inc,1997.
⑨Steven L.Spiegel,The Arab-Israel Search for Peace,Boulder,Lynne Rienner Publishers.1992.
⑩Paul Jabber, Not by War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Los Angeles,Uni versity of California Press, 1981.
①John E.Swift,Middle East Arms Control:A Policy Paradox, Harvard University,John F.Kennedy School of Government,Na-tional Security Program,1992.
②Yair Evron, The Role of Arms Control in the Middle East, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies,1977.
③Lonnie L. Johnson, Conventional Middle East Arms Control:Impact of the End of the Cold War, U.S.Army War College, 1993.
④Dore Gold, Arms Control in the Middle East, Boulder,Westview Press,1991.
⑤Shai Feldman, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East, Cambridge.The MIT Pr ss,1997.
⑥Waheguru Pal Singh And Ramesh Thakur, Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Cha llenges, Tokyo.The United Nations University Press,2006.
⑦Thomas J. Gadd, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East:An Analysis of Future Events,Blooming ton.Author House,2007.
⑧Steven L. Spiegel.Jennifer Kibbe.Elizabeth G. Matthews, The Dynamics of Middle East Nuclear Proliferation,Lewiston, The Edwin Mellen Press.2001.
⑨Richard L. Russell, Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East:Strategic Cont est.Abington.Routledge, 2005.
⑩R. Shuey, Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East, Novinka Books,2002.
11 Shlomo Aronson.Oded Brosh. The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East:Opacity, Theory and Rea-lity,1960-1991:An Israeli Perspective, Albany. State University of New York Press,1992.
12 James Avery Russell, Proliferation Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East Directions and Policy Options in the New Century, Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
13 Alexander J.Bennett,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East", The Middle East Journal,Vol 3 9,No.4,Autumn 1985.
①Karp. Aaron. "The Demise of the Middle East Arms Race",The Washington Quarterly.September,1995.
①具体内容参见刘胜湘：《西方国际安全理论主要流派述评》,国外社会科学,2005年第3期。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所著,中国军控与裁军协议译：《SIPRI年鉴2005：军备、裁军和国际安全》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第392页。
③CSIS的资料多引自ACDA和IISS,就不再单独提及,作者注。
①Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Emerald Group Publishing Limited,2009,p124.
②Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Emerald Group Publishing Limited.2009,p125.
③Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Mi litary Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder.Westview Press,1978.p90.
④Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder. Westview Press,1978.p91.
⑤Uri Ra anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries. Boulder,Westview Press,1978,pp91-92.
⑥Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries.Boulder,Westview Press,1978.p92.
①Uri Ra'anan.Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp.Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder,Westview Press,1978.p92.
②Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries,Boulder,Westview Press,1978.pp92-93.
③包括：区分合同、交付、使用,作者注。
④包括：援助、销售和许可证生产,作者注。
①彭树智主编,王铁铮等著：《中东史》,北京：人民出版社,2010年版,第2页。还可参见,彭树智主编,王铁铮等著《中东国家通史》,北京：商务印书馆,《中东国家通史》卷首叙意。
①Robert A. Goldwin, Beyond the Cold War:Essays on American Foreign Policy in a Changing World Environment. New H-ampshire,Ayer Co Pub,1973.p21.
①[英]巴里·布赞,埃里克·海凌著,薛利涛等译：《世界政治中的军备动力》,长春：吉林人民出版社,2001年版,,第1页。
②Grant T.Hammond.Plowshares into Swords:Arms Races in International Politics:1840-1991,Columbia,Univers ity of Sou-th Carolina Press,1993.p105.
①Jean Allain. International Law in the Middle East:Closer to Power than Justice,Aldershot,Ashgate Publishing Limited,20 04,p234.
②Mitchell G.Bard,Myths and Facts:A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict,American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE),20 02.p305.
①Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge, The World Peace Found-ation.1997.p236.
②Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land:A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security& Foreign Policy, Ann Arbor,The University of Michigan Press.2006,p328.
③Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997,p237.
④Jean Allain, International Law in the Middle East:Closer to Power than Justice,Aldershot.Ashgate Publishing Limited,20 04.p234.
①Ewan W. Anderson,William Bayne Fisher, The Middle East:Geography and Geopolitics,Lond on,Routledge.2000,p277.
②William J.Durch,Constructing Regional Security:The Role of Arms Transfers,Arms Control, and Reassurance New York, Palgrave,2000.p78.
Andrew J.Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation, Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997.pp266-267.
①1 Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation. Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997.p267.
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第316-317页。
①Edmund Jan Osmanczyk,Anthony Mango. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and Internation nal Agreements, Third Edit-ion;Volume 2:G-M.New York.Routledge.2003,p1450.
②Edmund Jan Osmanczyk,Anthony Mango,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and Internation nal Agreements, Third Edit-ion.Volume 2:G-M,New York.Routledge.2003,p1450.
①指伊拉克,作者注。
②指阿尔及利亚,作者注。
③Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers,1996, Arms Control and Disa-rmament Agency,1997,p13.
④Alasdair Drysdale.Raymond A. Hinnebusch,Syria and the Middle East Peace Process.New York.Council on Foreign Rela-tions Press,1991,p218.
①Zeev Maoz. Defending the Holy Land:A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, Ann Arbor,The University of Michigan Press,2006.p329.
①此处内容参考了：丁诗传,王先云的文章：《冷战时期中东军备竞赛与控制的历史透析》,《西亚非洲》,1996年第5期。
①Keith Krause. "Middle Eastern States in the Global Military Order",YCISS Working Paper NO.12. February,1994,p9.
①Paul Ja年bber,Not by war alone:security and arms control in the Middle East,Berkeley,Universi ty of California Press,1 981.p125.
①Aaron S.Klieman,Israel'S Global Reach:Arms Sales as Diplomacy,McLean.Pergamon-Brassey'S International Defense Publishers,1985.p1.
①Michael B.Oren.Origins of the Second Arab-Israel War:Egypt,Israel and the Great Powers 1952-1956,Exter.BPCC Wheat-ons Ltd.p1992.p84
②Michael B.Oren.Origins of the Second Arab-Israel War:Egypt,Israel and the Great Powers 1952-1956,Exter.BPCC Wheat-ons Ltd.p1992.p94
①Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent tury Westport,Praeger Publ-ishers,2002,pp335-336.
②Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Centtury Westport,Praeger Pbul-ishers,2002,p336.
①总计数据包括1991-2009年间的数据,作者注。
②James Russell.Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York.Palgrave Macmillan.2006.p33.
①James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan.2006.p77.
2 James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006.p77.
①Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press.2010.p296.
①此处不包括毛里塔尼亚,作者注。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2003》,北京：时事出版社,2004年版,第366页。
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2003》,北京：时事出版社,2004年版,第237页。
①Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press,2010,p296.
①不包括海岸警卫队所辖舰艇,作者注。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第188-189页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第196页。
①此处不包括埃及,作者注。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2002》,北京：时事出版社,2003年版,第474页。数字为趋势指示值,1990年不变价格。
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：20006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第577页。数字为趋势指示值,1990年不变价格。
④Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑤Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑥Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑦Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press,2010,p296.
①斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：20008》,北京：时事出版社,2009年版,第238页。
②Paul Holtom.and so on,Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009,SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
③Paul Holtom.and so on.Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009,SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
④Paul Holtom.and so on.Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009.SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
⑤Anthony H.Cordesman,A Tragedy of Arms:Military and Security Development s in the Maghreb,West port.Praeger Publis-hers,2002.p1.
⑥Anthony H.Cordesman.A Tragedy of Arms:Military and Security Development s in the Maghreb.West port,Praeger Publis-hers.2002.p1.
①Lawrence G.Potter,Security in the Persian Gulf:Origins,Obstacles and the Search for Consecsus. Palgrave.2002.p14.
②Hossein Amirsadeghi,The Security of the Persian Gulf,London,Croom Helm,1981.p152.
③Hossein Amirsadeghi,The Security of the Persian Gulf,London,Croom Helm,1981.p153.
④Michael A Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-1992.New Yo-rk, Simon&Schuster,1992.p88.
①SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 1982:World armaments and disarmament, SIPRI.1982,p122.
②中国社会科学院世界经济‘j政治研究所综合统计研究室：世界经济统计简编(1982年)[M].上海：三联书店,1983年版,第17页。
①陈坚：《世界各国军事力量手册》,北京：解放军出版社,2006年版,第67-68页。
①Michael A Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-199 2.New York,Simon&Schuster.1992,p89.
②Michael A Palmer,Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-199 2.New York,Simon&Schuster.1992,p89.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,The Military Balance in the Middle East Westport,Praeger Publishers.2004.p251.
②Rachel Schmidt.Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990,Santa Monica,Rand.1991,p12.
①Anthony H.Cordesman.Iran and Iraq:The Threat from the Northern Gulf,Boulder Westview,Pr ess,1994,p38.
②Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990,Santa Monica,Rand,1991.p12.
③陈坚：《世界各国军事力量手册》,北京：解放军出版社,2006年版,第66页。
①James M.Lindsay and Ray Takeyb."After Iran Gets the Bomb:Containment and Its Complications".Foregn Affairs,March/ /April,Volume 89 No.2.2010.p34.
①Thomas W.Lippman,"Nuclear Weapons and Saudi Strategy",The Middle East Institute Policy Brief,No.5 Janu ary,2008,p1.
②王润编译：《海湾国家未来的核计划》,《世界科学》,2008年第11期,第14页。
③王润编译：《海湾国家未来的核计划》,《世界科学》,2008年第11期,第15页。
④Kamran Taremi."Iranian Perspectives on Security in the Persian Gulf",Iranian Studies,Volume 36,number 3,Se ptmber 200 3.p391.
①Henner Furtig."Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf:The International Order and US Policy",The Middle East Jo-urnal,Autumn 2007,Volume 61,Number 4,p627.
②Henner Furtig,"Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf:The International Order and US Policy",The Middle East Jo- urnal.Autumn 2007.Volume 61,Number 4.p627.
①Andrew J,Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p258.
①Eur, The Middle East and North Africa 2003,London,Routledge,2002,p809.②王铁铮,林松业：《中东国家通史》(沙特阿拉伯卷),北京：商务印书馆,2004年,第177页。
③Avraham Sela.The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict:Middle East Politics and the Ouest.Al bany.State University of N-ew York Press,1998.p203.
④Fred Haley Lawson, Why Syria goes to War:Thirty Years of Confrontation,Ithaca Cornell University Press,1996.p125.
①Moshe Maoz.Avner Yaniv, Syria under Assad:Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks.Bec kenham.Croom Helm.Ltd,19 86.p107.
②Charles F.Doran,Stephen W.Buck,The Gulf Energy,&Global Security:Political & Economic Issu es,Boulder.Lynne Rienner Publishers,Inc.1991.p71.
①Anthony H.Gordesman,The Military Balance in the Middle East,London.Praeger Publishers 2004 p29.
②此处数据不包括利比亚、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和摩洛哥四国,如果将四国包括在内,中东所占比例将超过40%,作者注。
③Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Boulder,Westview Press,1993 .P35.
④Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Boulder.Westview Press,1993 .p36.
①William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2002,p1.
②指Military Assistance Program,作者注。
③指Foreign Military Sales,作者注。
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p19.
①Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p251.
②Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and InternatiIonal Security Dimensio-ns,Westport,Praeger Publishers,2003,p88.
①Timothy Blewett.Adrian G.V. Hyde-Price,G. Wyn Rees, British Foreign Policy and the Anglic can Church:Christian Eng-agement With the Contemporary World,Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing Limited,2008.p110.
②Middle East Watch,"Empty Reforms:Saudi Arabia's New Basic Laws",Middle East Watch,1992.p49.
③主要西欧国家指法国、英国、德国和意大利,作者注。
①Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East,Boulder,Westview Press,1993, p39.
②Matthew H.Molloy,"U.S. Military Aircraft for Sale:Crafting an F-22 Export Policy",A thesis submitted to the faculty of the school of advanced airpower studies for completion of graduation requirements, Alabama, school of advanced airpower stud-ies air university maxwell air force base, june 2000,p1.
③Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996,p7.
④Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996,p7.
⑤Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996.p7.
①Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p215
②Barry Rubin.Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and Strategy,Frank Cass Publishers 2002.p50.
③中央司令部：美国5大地区司令部之一,下辖中东及其周边地区,作者注。
④Richard Grimmett,"U.S.Arms Sales:Agreements with and Deliveries to Major Clients,2001-2008",CRS Report for Cong-ress.December 2.2009.p2.
①David RodmanArms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press,2007.pviii.
②David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport.Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
③David Rodman.Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press.2007.pviii.
④David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport,Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
⑤David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport,Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
①John E.Lang,Israeli-United States Relationship,New York,Nova Science Publishers,Inc.2006.pp2-3.
②Duncan L.Clarke,"US security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable?",The Mid dle East Journal,Volu-me51 Number 2, Spring 1997.p200.
③John E.Lang,lsraeli-United States Relationship,New York,Nova Science Publishers,Inc,2006.p17.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury,Westport, Praeger Pub-lishers,2002.p536.
②Anthony H.Cordesman, Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury,Westport, Praeger Pub-lishers.2002.p536.
③David Rodman,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sus sex Acad-emic Press.2007.px.
④[伊朗]阿卜杜尔礼萨·胡尚格·马赫德维著,元文琪译：《伊朗外交四百五十年》,北京：商务印书馆,1982年版,第350页。
①[伊朗]阿卜杜尔礼萨·胡尚格·马赫德维著,元文琪译：《伊朗外交四百五十年》,北京：商务印书馆,1982年版,第367-368页。
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p165.
③William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press.2002,p166.
④Uri Ra ananetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries,Boulder,Westview P-ress,Inc,1978.p127.
①Uri Ra ananetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Cou ntries. Boulder. Westview press,Inc.1978.p127.
②Uri Ra nanetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Cou ntries, Boulder. Westview press，Inc.1978.p127.
③William H.Mott W.United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p165.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and Interna tional Security Dimension-s,Westport,Praeger Publishers,2003.p107
②Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and Interna tional Security Dimension-s, Westport,Praeger Publishers.2003,p107
①David Rodman,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press.2007.p90
②David Rodma,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press,2007.p90
③Peter L. Hahn. United States, Great Britain. And Egypt,1945-1956:Strategy And Diplomacy in the Early Cold War, Chap-el Hill,The University of North Carolina Press.1991,pp82-83.
① Peter L. Hahn, United States. Great Britain, And Egypt,1945-1956:Strategy And Diplomacy in the Early Cold War, Chap-el Hill.The University of North Carolina Press,1991.p83.
② William H.Mott Ⅳ, United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective.Westport Green wood Press.2002.p156.
③MAP指Military Assistance Program:FMS指Foreign Military Sales;FMS-W指waived payments for Foreign Military Sal-es and Military Assistance Merger Funds;DCS指Direct Commercial Sales;EDA指Excess Defense Articles;IMET指Intern-ational Military Education and Training作者注。
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective.Westport Green wood Press,2002.pp156-1 57.
①Barry M. Rubin,Thomas A. Keaney. Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and Strategy.Abingdon.Frank Cass Publis-hers,2002.p52.
②Duncan L.Clarke,"US security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable?",The Middle East Jour nal. Volume 51,Number 2.Spring 1997.p201.
③Robbin Frederick Laird.Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World,Hawthore.Aldine Publis hing Com-pany,1986.p722.
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p75.
⑤Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press.p158.
⑥General Saad El-Shazly.The Arab Military Option, San Francisco, American Mideast Pbulishing.1986.p114.
①Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,NewYork, Pergamon.Press,1979,p1 58.
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2001,p78.
③Jurgen Brauer.Keith Hartley. The Economics of Regional Security:NATO, the Mediterranean, and Southern Africa,Overs-eas Publishers Association,2000.p171.
④Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East.New York,Pergamon.Press,1979.p155
⑤William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001,p80.
⑥Alfred L.Atherton.Jr,"The Soviet Role in the Middle East:An American View",The Middle East Jounal, Vol 139,No 4,198 5.p689.
⑦这里的数据不包括华沙条约组织成员国,作者注。
①Karen Dawisha, Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt,London,The Macmilian Press LTD,1979, P179.
②Alexander J.Bennett.Jr." The Soviet Role in the Middle East:An American View",The Middle East Jounal.Vol 139.No 4,198 5.p756.
③Karen Dawisha, Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt,London.The Macmilian Press LTD,1979,P180.
①Bruce D. Porter. The USSR in Third World Conflicts:Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945-1980 Cambridge,U-niversity Press,1986,p18.
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2001.p108.
③Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985,p757.
①Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p758.
②William Ⅱ.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001,p108.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p759.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39,No 4,1985,p759.
③Tareq Y. Ismael. International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East:A Study in World Politics, Syracuse. Syracuse University Press,1986.p189.
④Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990.Santa Monica,Rand,1991.ppv-vi..
⑤William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p93.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East".The Middle East Journal, Vol 39,No 4,1985.p760.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr." Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4,1985.p760.
①William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p101.
②Ronald Bruce St. John. Libya and the United States:Two Centuries of Strife,Philadelphia. University of Pennsy lvania Pre-ss,2002.p107.
③Gordon H.Mccormick.The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean,The Rand Corporation.October p17.
④Gordon H.Mccormick,The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean,The Rand Corporation.Octo ber p18.
⑤William H.Mott IV.Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p101.
⑥Brian Lee Davis. Oaddafi. Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya.New York,Pr aeger Publishers,1990.pl 5.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle Eas,t",The Middle East Journal Vol 39.No 4,1985.p747.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal. Vol 39.No 4.1985.p761.
③Bruce D. Porter, The USSR in Third World Conflicts:Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945-1980,Cambridge.C-ambridge University Press,1984.p19.
④Jurgen Brauer.Keith Hartley, "The Economics of Regional Security:NATO, the Mediterranean, and Southern AFrica",Am-sterdam.Overseas Publishers Association.2000.p171.
①又称“西撒人阵”,成立于1973年,是一个致力于争取西撒哈拉独立的政治、军事组织,受到阿尔及利亚、利比亚等国的支持,作者注。
②Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p758.
③Robbin Frederick Laird.Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World.Hawthore.Aldine Publishing Comp-any,1986.p722.
④Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4,1985.p759.
①Tareq Y. Ismael, International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East:A Study in World Politics, Syracuse Syracuse U-niversity Press,1986.p119.
①Zach Levey,Israel and the Western Powers:1952-1960,Chapel Hill.The University of North Carolina Press,1997.p55.
②此处指撒哈拉以南非洲,作者注。
③Office of Technology Assessment(U.S.Congress),Technology Transfer to the Middle East,Wash ington, U.S.Government P-rinting Office,1984,p475.
④Milton Leitenberg,Grea Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p140.
⑤Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990, Santa Monica.Rand.1991.p16.
①Richard F.Grimmett,Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1997-2004,CRS Report for Congress, Order Co-de RL33051,August 29,2005,p11.
②Richard F.Grimmett,Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1997-2004,CRS Report for Congress, Order Co-de RL33051,August 29,2005,pp35-36.
③Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p143.
④Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p143.
⑤Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p145.
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第702-703页。
②指革命前的伊朗,作者注。
③Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East.New York.Pegamon Press.1979.pp150.
④指占英国向发展中地区出口的百分比,作者注。
①Paul Levine and Ron Smith,irms Trade.Security and Conflict London.Routledge,2003.p5.
②Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999".CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.pp33-34.
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL34723.October 23.2008.p15..
④Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pegamon Press,1979, pp151.
①指占对发展中国家出口的百分比,作者注。
②这里仅指联邦德国和统一后的德国,不包括民主德国,作者注。
③Uri Ra anan etc.Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries.Boulder, Westview Press,Inc.1978.p241.
①Uri Ra anan etc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries.Boulder,Westview Press,Inc.1978.p241.
②Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pegamon Press.1979, p154.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2008》,北京：时事出版社,2008年版,第423页。
④军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社，1992年版,第404页。
①Uri Ra anan etc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries,Boulder, Westview Press,Inc.1978.p242.
②Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq.1960-1990.Santa Monica.Rand.1991.p12.
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.p22.
①此处包括意大利,作者注。
②此处不包含英、法、德、意四国,作者注。
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999".CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL30640.August 18,2000.p44.
④Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-
C-ode RL34723.October 23.2008.p39.
①此处包括意大利,作者注。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第703页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
②Richard F.Grimmett." Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.p44.
③Richard F.Grimmett."Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congess,Order C-ode RL34723.Octtober 23.2008.p39..
④Mehrdad Vahabi, The Political Economy of Destructive Power,Cheltenham.Edward Elgar Publi shing Limited.2004.p219.
⑤Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Bo ulder.Westview Press,1993. .P39.
①Keith Krause, Arms and the State:Patterns of Military Production and Trade.Cambridge,Cambrodge University Press,199 2,p183.
②此处中东不包括马格里布地区：非洲不包括埃及；东亚包括东北亚和东南亚两个次区域；拉美指美国以南地区,包括加勒比海地区；北美指美、加两国；详见Keith Krause,Arms and the State:Patterns of Military Production and Trade, Cambridge.Cambridge University Press,1992.p184.作者注。
①Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge, The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p4.
②Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge. The World Peace Founda-tion.1997.p3.
③Yaacov Lifshitz. The Economics of Producing Defense:Illustrated by the Israeli Case.Kluwer. Academic Publi shers.2003 ,p308.
④Andrew J. Pierre.Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge. The World Peace Foundati-on,1997.p106.
①Hossein Askari.Amin Mohseni.Shahrzad Daneshvar, The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis, Chelt-enham, Edward Elgar Publishing,Inc.2009.p93.
②伊拉克的军事工业20世纪70年代起步,在萨达姆统治期间,已达到相当高的水平，门类比较齐全,产品包括了最基本的弹药到高技术含量的导弹,但经过1991年和2003年两次战争的破坏,军工设施损失殆尽,生产能力基本丧失。
③Jane Haapiseva-Hunter.Jane Hunter, Israeli Foreign Policy:South Africa and Central America. Boston.South End Press, 1987,p13.
④Hossein Askari,Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar, The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis, Chel-tenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc,2009,p93.
①Jane Haapiseva-Hunter,Jane Hunter, Israeli foreign policy:South Africa and Central America,Boston,South E nd Press, 1987,p13.
②Hossein Askari.Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar,The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis. Chel-tenham. Edward Elgar Publishing,Inc.2009,p93.
①Kristina Spohr Readman. Building Sustainable and Effective Military Capabilities:A Systemic Comparison of Professional and Conscript Forces, Amsterdam,IOS Press,2004,p15.
②Timothy D.Hoyt.Military industry and Regional Defense Polic:India,Iraq, and Israel,Oxon,Routledge,2007.p186.
③W.Seth Carus, Ballistic Missiles in the Third World:Threat and Response..New York,Praeger Pulishers,1990(CSIS).p12.
④Richard L. Russell. Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East:Strategic Contes.Oxon.Routled ge,2005,P 63.
①Gil Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars:State, Society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.2003.p196.
②Yakir Plessner,The Political Economy of Israel:From Ideology to Stagnation, Albany,State Uni versity of New York Press .1994.p182.
③Saad Shazly,The Arab Military Option,San Francisco,American Mideast Publishing,1986,p35.
①James Russell.Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and Policy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006,p4.
②James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and Policy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006.p3.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第943页。
①以色列25架“F-15I”飞机中的某些飞机也可能担负远程核发射任务,原文注。
②Ewan W. Anderson.Liam D. Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs.Abingdon.Routledge,2010, P213.
③Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002.p552.
④Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002.p552. ①Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport.Praeger Publi-shers,2002,pp552-553.
②Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs.Abingdon.Routledge.2010. P210.
③Anthony H.Gordesman,"The Israel"Neclear Reacter Strike"and Syria Weapons of Mass Destruction:A Background Anal-ysis",CSIS,Working Draft Revised:Octomber 24,2007.p20.
④Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport.Praeger Publi-shers,2002,p545.
⑤Magnus Normark,etc,Syria WMD Incentives and Capabilities,Swedish Defence Research Agen cy FOI-R-1290-SE.June 20
04,p38.
①Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies.Vol.43,No.2,March 2007.p225.
②Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran s Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies, Vol.43,No.2,March 2007,p225.
③Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies,Vol.43,No.2,March 2007,p235.
④指NPT条约保障监督附加议定书。
⑤斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第795页。
①Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge,2010,P216.
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,1991年版,第502页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,1991年版,第503贞。
④Gerhard Beestermoller and David Little,Iraq:Threat and Response,Piscataway, Transaction Publishers.2003.P129.
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第82页。
②Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon.Routledge,2010. P210.
③Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon.Routledge.2010. P210.
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第899页。
⑤Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge.2010. P210.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第911页。⑦Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Centtury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002,p553.
①斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第884页。
①Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p237.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著：《核武器与对外政策》,北京：世界知识出版社,1959年版,第16页。
①Graham E. Fuller,"The Middle East in US-Soviet Relations",Middle East Journal,Vol 44,Number 2, Spring 1990,p428.
①Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge,2010, P207.
②David W. Lesch,The Middle East and United States:A Historical and political Reassessment,Westview Press,1999.p227.
③David W. Lesch,The Middle East and United States:A Historical and political Reassessment,Westview Press,1999,p227.
④Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East".Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 11,N1,1989, P70.
①Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 11,N1,1989, P69.
②Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Ouarterly,Vol 11.N1.1989, P69.
③Rashid Khalidi,"Arab Views of Soviet Role in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Vo139,No 4.p717.
④Rashid Khalidi,"Arab Views of Soviet Role in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Vo139,No 4.p720.
⑤S.Enders Wimbush,Alex Alexiev,Is the Soviet Union Islam's Best Friend?-Not Exactly.Santa Monica,The Rand Corporati-on August 1980.p-6529.p1.
①Anne Hessing Cahn,"Have Arms.Will Sell".Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.April 1975.p12.
②Office of Technology Assessment(U.S.Congress),Technology Transfer to the Middle East, Washington, U.S.Go vernment P-rinting Office,1984.p475.
① [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第1页。
② [英]马丁·怀特等著,宋爱群译：《权力政治》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第79页。
③此处不包括马格里布地区,作者注。
④ [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周不启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第274-275页。
⑤ [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第159页。
①孙德刚：《准联盟外交探析》,《国际观察》,2007年第3期,第22页。
②虽然土耳其和以色列两国在美国的支持下建立了“准联盟”关系,但由于土耳其迟迟无法加入欧盟,因此导致其开始倾向回归伊斯兰世界,这一趋向被称为“新奥斯曼主义”或“土耳其戴高乐主义”,目的是要在中东和伊斯兰世界扮演领导角色。为此,土耳其需要改善与其他中东国家关系,如与以色列不睦的伊朗、叙利亚及相关阿拉伯国家。在这种背景下,“土耳其不可能既是以色列的盟友,又是伊朗、利比亚和叙利亚的盟友,埃尔多安(土耳其总理)做出了自己的选择”。尤其在2010年5月31日,以色列武力袭击支援加沙的土耳其救援船队,造成多名土耳其人死亡，事后,以色列方面还指责事件系土耳其幕后策划,使土、以两国关系骤然紧张,在这种国家利益分歧不断加大的背景下,土以“准联盟”关系朝向何处去,仍需进一步观察,作者注。内容可参见曾涛：《枪声背后》,《世界军事》,2010年第8期,第36-40页。
③Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.36.No.2.Apr-il 2000,p179.
④Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era", Middle Eastern.Studies.Vol.36,No.2.Apr-il 2000.p180
⑤Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.36,No.2.Apr-il 2000.p172.
⑥Robert Olson,"Turkey-Iran Relations 1979-2004:Accommodation and Competion",Journal of South Asian and Middle Ea-stern Studies,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤⅢ,No.2.2005,p7.
①Fred Lawson,"Syria s Relations with Iran:Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance".The Middle East Journal,Vol 61.N.1.Wint-er 2007.p30.
②Erich Reiter and Heinz Gartner,Small states and alliances,New York. Heidelberg,2001p90.
③[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第1页。
①[美]威廉·内斯特编著,姚远,汪恒译：《国际关系：21世纪的政治和经济》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第222页。
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第319页。
①[澳]约翰·伯顿著,谭朝洁,马学印译：《全球冲突：国际危机的国内根源》,上海：上海人民出版社,2007年版,,第22页。
②Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p27..
①Kenneth M.Pollack,"Securing the Gulf",Foreign Affairs,Vol.82,No.4,2003,p2.
①[英]肯·布思著,冉冉译：《战略与民族优越感》,北京：中央编译出版社,2009年版,第3-4页。
②[英]肯·布思著,冉冉译：《战略与民族优越感》,北京：中央编译出版社,2009年版,第4页。
③阎学通,徐进编：《国际安全理论经典导读》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年版,第276页。
④[英]肯·布思著,冉冉译：《战略与民族优越感》,北京：中央编译出版社,2009年版,第96页。
①Kamran Taremi,"Iranian Perspectives on Security in the Persian Gulf",Iranian Studies,Vol.36,No.3,2003.p383.
②Kamran Taremi,"Iranian Perspectives on Security in the Persian Gulf",Iranian Studies,Vol.36,No.3.2003.p383.
①John Duke Anthony,etc,"War with Iran:Regional Reactions and Requirements".Middle Ea st Policy,VolⅩⅤ,No.3.2008.p.1.
②Mordechai Nisan,Minorities in the Middle East:A History of Struggle and Self-Expression.Second Edition, Jefferson,McFa-rland&Company,Inc,Publishers.2002.pp48-49.
①ESISC.The Polisario Front:Credible Negotiations Partner of After-Effect of The Cold War and Obstacle to A Political Sol-ution in Western Sahara,ESISC,November,2005.p35.
②Gregory Treverton.Crisis Management and the Super-Powers in the Middle East,Gower Publishing Company Limited,198 1.p1.
①Lucie Chamlian. Ahmadinejad's Quest for Leadership:Representations of Regional Order in the Gulf Region.Norderstedt. GRIN Verlag,2009,p8.
①Essam Eldin Galal,"A New Game:Stabilization By Accentuated Destabilization",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientiists.Februar-y 1978,p40.
②Stanley Fischer,Dani Rodrik,Elias H. Tuma, The Economics of Middle East Peace:Views From the Region.Ca mbridge.T-he MIT Press,1993,p208.
③Stanley Fischer,Dani Rodrik,Elias H. Tuma, The Economics of Middle East Peace:Views From the Region,Ca mbridge,T-he MIT Press,1993,p208.
④Hossein Askari,Middle East oil exporters:What Happened to Economic Development?Chelten ham Edward Publishing Li-mited,2006,p288.
⑤Essam Eldin Galal,"A New Game:Stabilization By Accentuated Destabilization",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Februar-y 1978.p40.
①David K.Whynes.The Economics of Third World Military Expen diture, London.The Macmillan Press LTD,1979,.p11.
②此处不包括中国,作者注。
②David K.Whynes,The Economics of Third World Military Expenditure.London.The Macmillan Press LTD,1979. p33.
③增长率是1961-1970年间的年度平均增长率,单位：美元,作者注。
④David K.Whynes,The Economics of Third World Miiitary Expenditure.London,The Macmillan Press LTD,1979.p33.
①Latif Wahid,Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East,Hampshire,Palgrave MacMillan,2009,p33.
②1955、1960和1970年数据以1970年的汇率价格计算,原文注。
③1980年数据按1986年价格和汇率计算,原文注。
④1993年数据按1990年价格和汇率计算,原文注。
⑤2000和2005年数据按2003年价格和汇率计算,原文注。
⑥Latif Wahid,Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East,Hampshire,Palgrave MacMillan,2009,p12.
①Latif Wahid,Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East,Hampshire,Palgrave MacMillan,2009.p75.
②Latif Wahid,Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East,Hampshire,Palgrave MacMillan,2009.p2.
③Hayat Alvi."The Human Right of Women and Social Transformation in the Arab Middle East",Middle East Re view of Int-ernational Affairs,Vol.9,No.2,2005.p144.
④Zelle W.Andrews,War in Slow Motion:The Economic and Social Impact of Militarism-A Guide to Study and Action,New York,The Pilgrim Press,1985.p78.
⑤R.D.Mckinlay,Third World Military Expenditure:Determinants and Implications, London,Pinter. Publishers Limited.1989. pp36-37.
⑥"R.D.Mckinlay,Third World Military Expenditure:Determinants and Implications, London.Pinter, Publishers Limited,1989, P37.
①Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Carnbridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p4.
②[英]基斯·哈特利,[美]托德·桑德勒编,姜鲁鸣等译：《国防经济学手册》(第1卷),北京：经济科学出版社,2001年版,第248页。
③[英]基斯·哈特利,[美]托德·桑德勒编,姜鲁鸣等译：《国防经济学手册》(第1卷),北京：经济科学出版社,2001年版,第248页。
④[英]基斯·哈特利,[美]托德·桑德勒编,姜鲁鸣等译：《国防经济学手册》(第1卷),北京：经济科学出版社,2001年版,第274-275页
⑤Todd Sandler.Keith Hartley. The Economics of Defense.Cambridge.Cambridge University Press,1995.p256.
①Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power,State, and Society in Egypt and Israel,Princeton,,Princeton University Press,1992,p80.
①Hazem EI.Beblawi,Economic Growth in Egypt:Impediments and Constraintsfs(1974-2004),The World Bank,Wo rking Paper ,2008,No,14.pp3-4.
②Dr.Ezzat Mlouk Kenawy,"The Economic Development in Egypt During the 1952-2007 Period",Australian Journal of Bas-ic and Applied Sciences.3(2):p597.
③Sufyan Alissa,The Political economy of Reform in Egypt. Carnegie Endowment For Internation nal Peace.Carne gie Middle East Center,No.5,October 2007,p11.
①Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power,State, and Society in Egypt and Israel,Princeton, Princeton University Press,1992,p227.
②Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power,State, and Society in Egypt and Israel,Princeton, Princeton University Press,1992,p229.
①Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power.State, and Society in Egypt and Israel,Princeton,Princeton University Press,1992,p232.
②Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power.State, and Society in Egypt and Israel.Princeton. Princeton University Press,1992,p231.
③Clyde R.Mark,"Israel:U.S.Foreign Assistance",Foreign Affairs,Denfese and Trade Division.Octomber 17,2002, Order C-ode IB85066.CRS-1.
④Michael N.Barnett,Confronting The Costs War:Military Power.State, and Society in Egypt and Israel,Princeton. Princeton University Press,1992.p231.
⑤Clyde R.Mark,"Israel:U.S.Foreign Assistance",Foreign Affairs.Denfese and Trade Division.Octomber 17,2002. Order C-ode IB85066,CRS-6.
⑥Latif Wahid.Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East,Hampshire,Palgrave MacMillan,2009,p152.
①Amin Hewedy,Militarzation and Security in the Middle East:Its Impact on Development and Democracy,Lond on.Pinter Publishers,1989,p113.
②Barry M. Rubin, The Tragedy of the Middle East. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.2002.p140.
③王林聪：《中东国家民主化问题研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007年版,第304页。
①Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge. The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p4.
②Lakshrnan D.Guruswamy,Suzette R.Grillot,Arms Control and the Environment.New York,Transnational Publis hers,Inc.20 01.p11.
③世界环境与发展委员会编,王之佳,柯金良等译；《我们共同的未来》,长春：吉林人民出版社,1997年版,第41页。
④世界环境与发展委员会编,王之佳,柯金良等译；《我们共同的未来》,长春：吉林人民出版社,1997年版,第390页。
①郭继卫：《人与碳：未来战争进入“双敌”时代》,世界军事,2010年第6期,第98页。
②郭继卫：《人与碳：未来战争进入“双敌”时代》,世界军事,2010年第6期,第100页。
③Attar Chand.Asian Security,The Great Debate.New Delhi.Gian Publishing House,1987.p125.
③[美]保罗·R·皮拉尔著,王淮海译：《恐怖主义与美国外交政策》,北京：中国友谊出版公司,2003年版,第156页。
①Thanos P Dokos.Countering the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction:NATO and EU Options in the Mediterrane-an and the Middle East,Oxon,Routledge.2008.p68.
②Brynjar Lia.Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism:Patterns and Predictions.Oxon.Routledg e.2005.p47.
③Nadine Gurr,Benjamin Cole,The New Face of Terrorism:Threats From Weapons of Mass Destr uction. London.J.B.Tauris &Co Ltd,2005.p27.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis of Military Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts. Washington University of Press of America,1987.p24.
②David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War,Westport,Greenwood Pre-ss.1982.p33.
③David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War,WestportGreenwood Pre-ss,1982.p130..
④Anthony H.Cordesman,The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis ofMilitary Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts, Washington University of Press of America,1987.p40.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis of Military Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts, Washington University of Press of America,1987.p26.
②Anthony H.Cordesman,The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis of Military Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts, Washington University of Press of America,1987.p40.
①Anthony H.Cordesman.The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis of Military Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts, Washington University of Press of America,1987.p40.
②Anthony H.Cordesman,The Arab-Israel Military Balance and the Art of Operations:An Analysis of Military Les sons and Trends and Implications for Future Conflicts, Washington University of Press of America,1987.p40.
③William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press.2002.p190.
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press.2002.p190.
⑤William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p98.
⑥William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p105.
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第24页。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,1992年版,第24页。 ①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第702页。
③Richard F.Grimmett."Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL30640.August 18,2000,p44.
④Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot,The International Arms Trade. Cambridge.Polity Press.2009.p33.
⑤Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL34723,October 23,2008,p38..
⑥Sam Perlo-Freeman,,"Arms Transfers to the Middle East",SIPRI Background Paper,July 2009.p3.
①Yahya M. Sadowski. Scuds or Butter?:The Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East, Washington. The Brook-ings Institution,1993.p71.
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2007》,北京：时事出版社,2008年版,第524页。
④Richard F.Grimmett."Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress,Order C ode RL30640.August 18.2000.pp9-10.
⑤Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL34723.October 23.2008.p15.. ①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1991),北京：解放军出版社,1991年版,第94-95页。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2000),北京：解放军出版社,2000年版,第158页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2000),北京：解放军出版社,2000年版,第496-497页。
④军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第702页。
⑤Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL34723.Octtober 23.2008.p15..
①Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot,The International Arms Trade, Cambridge.Polity Press,2009,p32.
②Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress, Order C-ode RL34723,Octtober 23.2008.p15..
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2007》,北京：时事出版社,2008年版,第525页。
④Sam Perlo-Freeman,."Arms Transfers to the Middle East",SIPRI Background Paper,July 2009.p2.
⑤军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2000),北京：解放军出版社,2000年版,第495页。
⑥斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2007》,北京：时事出版社,2008年版,第525页。
①Michael Eisenstadt,Kenneth M.Pollack,"Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand:The Impact of Soviet Military D octrine on Arab Militaries",The Middle East Journal,Vol.55.N.4.Aut 2001.p570.
②Emily O. Goldman.Leslie C. Eliason, The Diffusion of Military Technology and Ideas.Stanford. Stanford Unive rsity Press. 2003.p85.
③Michael Eisenstadt.Kenneth M.Pollac,"Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand:The Impact of Soviet Military D octrine on Arab Militaries",The Middle East Journal,Vol,55,N.4,Aut 2001.p571.
①Emily O. Goldman,Leslie C. Eliason, The Diffusion of Military Technology and Ideas,Stanford, Stanford Unive rsity Press .2003.p85.
②Ken Matthews, The Gulf Conflict and International Relations,London,Routledge,pp269-270.
③Anthony H. Cordesman.Khalid R. AI-Rodhan, Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric W Ars.Westport,C SIS,2007 .p3.
④Anthony H. Cordesman.Khalid R. AI-Rodhan, Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric W Ars.Westport,C SIS,2007 .P3.
①Andrew J. Pierre,Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation. Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p260.
②Andrew J. Pierre,Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation, Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p260.
③Barry M. Rubin,Thomas A. Keaney, Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and StrategyAb ingdon,Frank Cass Publish-ers,2002.p52.
④Barry M. Rubin, Thomas A. Keaney, Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and StrategyAb ingdon,Frank Cass Publish-ers.2002.p53.
⑤Beverley Milton-Edwards,Peter Hinchcliffe. Conflicts in the Middle East Since 1945,Abingdon, Routledge,2001.p126.
①关于战争与军备竞赛的关系,还可参考Norman Z. Alcock所著.Can adian Peace Re-search Institute,1972. George Downs所著.美国军控和裁军署与加州大学洛杉矶分校安全研究项目进行联合研究的报告.Paul.F.Diehll 所著,Sociol ogical Quarterly.Volume 26,Issue
3,September 1985.George Downs 所著等。
②Thomas G.Weiss,Ramesh Thakur,John Gerard Ruggie, Global Governance and the UN:An Unfinished Journey (UNIHP), Bloomington.Indiana University Press,2010.p100.
③Alexander L. George,Andrew Bennett,Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sociences,Belfer C enter for S-cience and International Affairs,John F.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Cambridge.2004.p281.
①Henk Houweling.J. G. Siccama, Studies of War. Dordrecht,Kluwer Academic Publisher,1988.p142.
②Zeev Maoz. Paradoxes of War:On the Art of National Self-Entrapment.Winchester.Unwin Hy man,Inc.1990.p32.
③Henk Houweling,J. G Siccama, Studies of War, Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic Publisher.1988.p143.
④Greg Cashman, What Causes War?:An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict,Lanh am.Lexington Books,1993, p180.
⑤Greg Cashman. What Causes War?:An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict,Lanh am,Lexington Books,1993, p181.
①Martin C. Needler, Identity, Interest, and Ideology:An Introduction to Politics,Westport,Praeger Publishers,1996.p227.
②Robert Ehrlich, Waging Nuclear Peace:The Technology and Politics of Nuclear Weapons,Albany,State University of New York Press.1985.p90.
③Paul Domenic Senese,John A. Vasquez, The Steps to War:An Empirical Study.Princeton,Princet on University Press.2008. p134.
④Greg Cashman. What Causes War?:An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict,Lanh am,Lexington Books,1993. p184.
①Robbin Frederick Laird,Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World,Hawthor rne,Aldine Publishing Co-mpany,1986,p720.
②Anthony H. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia:National Security in a Troubled Region,Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO,LLC, (CSIS),20 09,p139.
③Kamran Mofid, The Economic Consequences of the Gulf War,London,Routledge,1990,p108.
④Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p9.
⑤Anthony H. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia:National Security in a Troubled Region,Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO,LLC, (CSIS),20 09,p139.
①Hossein Askari,Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar,The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Anal lysis,Edw-ard Elgar Publishing Limited,2009,P74.
②Hossein Askari,Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar, The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Anal lysis,Edw-ard Elgar Publishing Limited,2009,P63.
①Stuart Croft,Strategies of Arms Control:A History and Typology.Manchester, Manchester Uni versity Press,1996.p13.
①刘华秋主编：《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京：国防工业出版社,2000年版,第5页。
①Paul Levine.Ron Smith, Arms Trade. Security and Conflict,London,Routledge!2003,p94.
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⑤北约第5条规定：对任一成员国的攻击将被视为对全体成员国的进攻,作者注。
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①也有学者对军事开支的削减是否能促进经济社会发展和教育、科学、卫生等方面支出的增加表示异议,国际货币基金组织(IMF)也就此做过专门研究,参见B. N. Ghosh所著《Contemporary issues in development economics》一书,该书部分讨论了这方面的问题。
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③Geoffrey Kemp,The Control of the Middle East Arms Race, Carnegie Endowment for Internati onal Peace,1991,p133.
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③1999年后,军备控制和裁军署并入美国国务院,作者注。
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②Anthony H.Cordesman,UN Sanctions and Iranian Arms Imports,CSIS,March 26,2007,p2.
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①Etel Solingen,Nuclear Logics:Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East, Princeton, Princeton Univer sity Press,2 007.p3.
②Robert Jervis. Perception and Misperception in International Politics,Princeton,Princeton Univ ersity Press,1976.p68.
③[美]弗里德里克 S.皮尔森,J.马丁·罗彻斯特著,胡祖庆译：《国际关系》,New York,Mc Graw Hill,2006,p139.
④Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics,Princeton.Princeton Univ ersity Press,1976.p76.
①David Lawrence Phillips, From Bullets to Ballots:Violent Muslim Movements in Transition.New Brunswick.Tr ansaction Publishers,2009,p57.
①Charles Lipson,Benjamin J. Cohen,Theory and Structure in International Economy:An International Organization Rea-der. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and International Foundation,1999.p23.
②Jack Donnelly,Realism and International Relations,Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,2000.p58.
①Charles Lipson,Benjamin J. Cohen,Theory and Structure in International Economy:An International Organization.Rea-der,Massachusetts Institute of Technology and International Foundation. 1999.p23.
②Robert Powell.In the Shadow of Power:States and Strategies in International Politics. Princeton, Princeton University Press 1999.pp75-76.
③Robert Powell,In the Shadow of Power:States and Strategies in International Politics,Princeton. Princeton University Press ,1999.p76.
④[美]约翰·米尔斯海默著,王义桅,唐小松译：《大国政治的悲剧》,上海：上海人民出版社,2004年版,第46页。
⑤Jack Donnelly,Realism and International Relations,Cambridge.Cambridge University Press.2000.pp63-64.
①Sue Wright,Language and Conflict:A Neglected Relationship,Clevedon Multilingual Matters Ltd,1998.p12.
①许嘉等著：《美国国际关系理论研究》,北京：时事出版社,2008年,第179页。
②Nancy W. Gallagher. Arms Control:New Approaches to Theory and Policy, Oxon.Frank Cass Publishers,1998,p136.
③Paul Robinson,Dictionary of Internationa Security, Cambridge,Polity Press,2008.p46.
④Moonis Ahmar. The Challenge of Confidence-Building Measures in South Asia,New Delhi.HarAnand Publication Pvt Ltd, 2001.p29.
⑤Moonis Ahmar, The Challenge of Confidence-Building Measures in South Asia,New Delhi.HarAnand Publication Pvt Ltd. 2001.p29.
⑥David H. Capie,Paul M. Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, Singapore,lnstitute of South east Asian Studi es,2002, p89.
①Janne Nolan,"Missile Mania Some Rules for the Game",The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.May 1990.p28.
②Joseph Cirincione. Repairing the Regime:Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destructi on.New York. Routledge. 2000,p203.
③David Carment,Albrecht Schnabel, Conflict Prevention From Rhetoric to Reality:Opportunities and Innovatio ns,Lanham, Lexington Books.2004,p279.
④Zeev Maoz. Regional Security in the Middle East:Past, Present, and Future,London,Frank Cass&Company Lt d,1997.p14 3.
①Zeev Maoz, Regional Security in the Middle East:Past, Present, and Future, London.Frank Cass&Company Ltd,1997, p160.
②治理不仅用于国际关系研究,还广泛地应用于政治学、社会学、经济学等领域,目前关于治理概念的争论还在继续,不仅其概念本身存在争议,其发挥作用的方式和影响同样存在很大分歧,作者注。
③Anne Mette Kj(?)r,Governance,Cambridge.Polity Press,2004,p3.
④Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot.Hellmut Wollmann,State and Local Government Reforms in France and Germany:Diverge-nce and Convergence,Wiesbaden. verlag.2006.p66.
⑤Raimo Vayrynen, Globalization and Global Governance,Lanham.Rowman & Littlefiled Publis ers,Inc,1999, p106.
①Armin von Bogdandy,Rudiger Wolfrum,Jochen. The Exercise of Public Authority by Internatio nal Institutions:Advanci-ng International Instition Law.Heidelberg, Springer Verlag,2009,p7.
②杨雪冬：《“治理”的九种用法》,http://blog.china.com.cn/yangxuedong/art/613596.html.
③Hakikur Rahman, Information and Communication Technologies for Economic and Regional Developments,He rshey,Idea Group Publishing.2007.p115.
①Leon H. Mayhew, The New Public:Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence, Cambridge University Press,1997.p145.
②Leon H. Mayhew. The New Public:Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence,Cambridge University Press,1997,p145.
③Augustus Richard Norton,"Civil Society in the Middle East",Social. Economic and Political Studies of the Midd le East, Vol.50,2005,p5.
①Jacob Lassner, The Middle East Remembered:Forged Identities. Competing Narratives Contest ed Spaces. Ann Arbor,The University of Michigan Press.2000.p116.
②Youssef M. Choueiri. A Companion to the History of the Middle East,Malden.Blackwell Publis hing Ltd,2005.p493.
③Youssef M. Choueiri. A Companion to the History of the Middle East,Malden.Blackwell Publis hing Ltd.2005,p 494.
①[美]约瑟夫.S.奈,约翰.D.唐纳胡主编,王勇等译：《全球化世界的治理》,北京：世界知识出版社,2003年版,第171页。
②Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Bingley,Emerald Group Publishing Limited,2009,p10.
③指以色列议会,作者注。
④Yoram Meital.Egypt Struggle for Peace:Continuity and Change.1967-1977,Gainesville.Univer sity Press of Flo rida.1997. p167.
⑤陈建民：《埃及与中东》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第211-212页。
⑥朱威烈等编著：《中东土地上的泪水和鲜血》(大学活页文库,第25辑),上海：华东师范大学出版社,2002年版, 第32页。
①Ahron Bregman History of Israel.New York,Palgrave MacMillan,p249.
①Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p167. ①Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p166.
②Hussein Agha,etc,Track-Ⅱ Diplomacy:Lessons from the Middle East,Cambridge,Belfer Center For Science and Internation-al Affairs,2003,p115.
③Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p7.
①Hans Blix,Disarming Iraq,London, New York. Pantheon Books,2004.p13.
②Hans Blix,Disarming Iraq,London, New York. Pantheon Books,2004.p14.
③Paul Jabber,Not By War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Berkeley,California University Press,1981. P57.
①Wolfgang K.H.Panofsky,"Arms Control:Necessary Process",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,March,1986.p35.
②Wolfgang K.H.Panofsky,"Arms Control:Necessary Process",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,March,1986.p35.
①Coit D. Blacker.Gloria Duffy,International Arms Control:Issues and Agreements.Stanford.Sta nford University Press,(IS-IS)斯坦福国际战略研究所,1984.p336.
②John H. Barton. The Politics of Peace:An Evaluation of Arms Control. Stanford,Stanford Unive rsity Press,1981,p65.
③Michael A. Levi.Michael E. O'Hanlon,The Future of Arms Control,Washington,Brookings Institution.2005.p121.
④Michael A. Levi.Michael E. O'Hanlon,The Future of Arms Control,Washington,Brookings Institution.2005.p121.
⑤David Carlton.Carlo Schaerf, The Dynamics of the Arms Race,London,Croom Helm Ltd,1975.p57.
①John H. Barton,The Politics of Peace:An Evaluation of Arms Control, Stanford,Stanford Unive rsity Press,1981, p65.
②Shai Feldman. Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East, Cambridge,CSIA.1997.p243.
③Yahya M. Sadowski, Scuds or Butter?:the Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East.Washington,The Broo-kings Institution,1993.p63.
④Shai Feldman, Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East, Cambridge.CSIA,1997.p244.
⑤联合国裁军事务部：《联合国裁军年鉴》(2002年),纽约：联合国裁军事务部,2006年,第145页。
①Gerald M. Steinberg.etc. Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Developments in the Middle East, Bar-Ilan Unive rsity,,Beg-in-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies,p42.
②Shai Feldman, Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East,Cambridge.CSIA.1997.p244.
③John H.Barton,The Politics ofPeace:An Evaluation of Arms Control,Stanford. Stanford Univer sity Press.1981,p13.
④[美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第9页。
⑤[美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第12-13页。
① [美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第13页。
②Yair Evron.Arms and Secutiy in the Middle East,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.February,1978,p47.
①Barry R.Schneider,In the Shadow of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation.Alabama.Max well Air Force Base. Air U-niversity Press.December 1999.p86.
②Barry R.Schneider,In the Shadow of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation, Alabama.Max well Air Force Base, Air U-niversity Press,December 1999,p82.
③Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
④Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
⑤Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
⑥Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints.2006.p170-17 1.
⑦Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints.2006,p171.
①Efraim Inbar.Shmuel Sandler,Middle East Security:Prospects for an Arms Control Regime.Lon don Cass&Co.Ltd,1995.Pr-eface..
①Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East, Washington,United State Institute of Peace,1992,p1.
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第314页。
③Alasdair Drysdale.Raymond A. Hinnebusch,Syria and the Middle East Peace Process,Council On Foreign Relations Press. 1991.p219.
④Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East, Washington.United State Institute of Peace 1992.p7.
⑤Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East. Washington.United State Institute of Peace,1992.p7.
①Steven Greffenius.The Logic of Conflict:Making War and Peace in the Middle East.p17.M.E.S harpe,Inc,1993,p17.
②Steven Greffenius,The Logic of Conflict:Making War and Peace in the Middle East.p17.M.E.S harpe.Inc,1993.p17.
③Alan Platt.Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East,Washington,United State Institute of Peace,1992.p7.
④[美]彼得·卡赞斯坦主编,宋伟、刘铁娃译：《国家安全的文化：世界政治中的规范与认同》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年版,第306-307页。
⑤Michael Charles Williams.Culture and Security:Symbolic Power and the Politics of Internatio nal Security,Oxon,Routled-ge.2007,p10.
⑥Keith Krause.Culture and Security:Multilateralism,Arms Control,and Security Buildingm,Frank Cass Publishers,1999,p1.
①Tal Yisrael,translated by Martin Kett,National Security:The Israel Experience, Westport.Praeger Publishers.2000.pvii.
②大卫是犹太民族英雄,歌利亚是《圣经》中的巨人,被大卫所杀,作者注。
③Tal Yisrael,translated by Martin Kett,National Security:The Israel Experience, Westport.Praeger Publishers,2000,pvii.
④Efraim Inbar,Rabin and Israel's National Security, Washington,The Woodrow Wilson Center Press,1999.p5.
⑤Efraim Inbar,Rabin and Israel's National Security, Washington,The Woodrow Wilson Center Press,1999.pp8-9.
①Michael David Bonner,Jihad in Islamic History:Doctrines and Practice. Princeton. Princeton U niversity Press,2006.p2.
①Edward D. Mansfield.Helen V. Milner,The Political Economy ofRegionalism,New York. Columbia University Press,1997 .p3.
②Frans Schrijver.Regionalism After Regionalisation:Spain,France and the United Kingdom, Amsterdam. Amsterdam Unive-rsity Press.2006.p21.
③耿协峰：《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京：北京大学出版社2003年版,第37页。
④Jens-Uwe Wunderlich, Regionalism, Globalisation and International Order:Europe and South-east Asia,Hamps shire,Asg-ate Publishing Limited.2007,p100.
①[美]罗伯特·基欧汉,约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译： 《权力与相互依赖》(第三版),北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第15页。
②Frans Schrijver.Regionalism After Regionalisation:Spain,France and the United Kingdom,Amsterdam,Amsterdam Unive-rsity Press.2006.p61.
③David M. Smith.Enid Wistrich.Regional Identity and Diversity in Europe:Experience in Wales Silesia and Flanders,Lond-on,The Federal Trust for Education and Research.2007,p21.
①[美]杰里米·里夫金著,杨治宜译：《欧洲梦：21世纪人类发展的新梦想》,重庆：重庆出版社,2006年版,第182页。
②阿拉伯国家联盟早在1945年既已成立,成为中东地区主义的先声,比欧盟的前身欧洲煤钢共同体还要早,次区域一体化组织也不断涌现,如阿拉伯经济会议(简称AEC,1959年成立)、阿拉伯经济一体化理事会(简称CAEU,1964年成立)、阿拉伯共同市场(简称ACM,1965年成立)、马格里布联盟(简称UMA,1989年成立)、海湾合作委员会(简称GCC,1981年成立)、阿拉伯农业发展组织(AOAD)等。但是,包含地区所有国家的一体化组织却始终没有建立起来,在地区整合方面明显落后于世界其他地区。关于这方面的情况,参见United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia,Economic Intergration in Western Asia,London,Frances Pinter(Publishers),1985等书。
③Louise L'Estrange Fawcett,Andrew Hurrell,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Ord-er,Oxford.Oxford University Press,1995.p284.
④Jacob Lassner,The Middle East Remembered:Forged Identities, Competing Narratives Contest ed Spaces,The U niversity of Michigan Press,2000,pp112-113.
①Louise L'Estrange Fawcett.Andrew Hurrell,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Order .Oxford.Oxford University Press,1995.p284.
②Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
③Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
④Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
⑤[美]萨义德著,唐建军译：《从奥斯陆到伊拉克及路线图》,北京：三联书店,2009年版,第232页。
①张倩红：《以色列史》,北京：人民出版社,2008年版,第408页。
②Eckart Woertz.Hind Al-Sheikh.The Geo-Economic Positioning of the GCC Countries,Dubai. Meditrranean Pro gramme 8th Medit rranean Research Meeting,21-25 March 2007.p3.
③Bernard M.Hoekman.Hanaa Kheir-El-Din.Trade Policy Meditrranean in the Middle East and North Africa. Meditrranean Meditrranean Forum.2000.p52.
①Bernard M. Hoekman,Hanaa Kheir-El-Din,Trade Policy Meditrranean in the Middle East and North Africa, Meditrranean Meditrranean Forum,2000.p52.
②Yannis A. Stivachtis,International Order in a Globalizing World,Hampshire.Ashgate Publishing Limited,2007,p2.
③Yannis A. Stivachtis,International Order in a Globalizing World,Hampshire.Ashgate Publishing Limited,2007.p2.
①Hans Gunter Ulrich.Political Practices and International Order:Oxford 2006,London,Global Book Marketing,2007.p185.
②Hans Gunter Ulrich.Political Practices and International Order:Oxford 2006,London,Global Book Marketing,2007.p185.
③Michael P. Marks,The Prison as Metaphor:Re-Imagining International Relations.New York,Peter Lang Publish ers.Inc.20 04.p40.
④[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,信强译：《国际政治理论》,上海：上海人民出版社,2003年版,第96-97页。
⑤Colin Elman.Miriam Fendius Elman,Progress in International Relations Theory:Appraising the Field,Cambri dge.The MIT Press,2003.p331.
⑥[法]多米尼克·德维尔潘著,马胜利译：《鲨鱼与海鸥：法国与美国的天下争锋》,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2006年版,第131页。
①Fawaz A.Gerges,"The Study of Middle East International Relations:A Critique",British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol .18,Issue 2.1991.p210.
②Fawaz A.Gerges," The Study of Middle East International Relations:A Critique",British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol .18,Issue 2.1991.p211.
③Fawaz A.Gerges,"The Study of Middle East International Relations:A Critique".British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol .18,Issue 2.1991.p211.
④Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism,New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.p3.
⑤Giacomo Chiozza,Anti-Amercianism and the American World Order,Baltimore,The John Hopk ins University,2009,p7.
①Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism,New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.pp87-88.
②Paul Hollander,Anti-Americanism:Irrational&Rational,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers 1995,p333.
③Brendon O'Connor,Martin Griffiths, Anti-Americanism:History,Causes,and Theme Vol.2:Historical Perspectiv es,Oxford, Greenwood World Publishing,2007.pp22-23.
④Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism.New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.p3. ①Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge, The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,,p279.
②Yair Evron.Arms and Secutiy in the Middle East,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,February,1978,p44.
③John Borawski,"Arms Control in Europe:Building Confidence",The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol 38, No.1,1982. p45.
④Richard W. Fieldhouse.Security at Sea:Naval Forces and Arms Control,Oxford,Oxford Univer sity Press,1990,p28.
⑤Richard W. Fieldhouse.Security at Sea:Naval Forces and Arms Control,Oxford,Oxford Univer sity Press,1990,p28.
①John Borawski,"Arms Control in Europe:Building Confidence",The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol 38. No.1,1982. .p47.
②Guido den Dekker,The Law of Arms Control:International Supervision and Enforcement,Hague,Martinus Nijhoff Publish-ers.2001,p102.
③Geir Ulfstein.Thilo Marauhn.Andreas Zimmermann, Making Treaties Work:Human Rights, Environment and A rms Cont-rol,Cambridge,Cambeidge University Press.2007.p257.
④Geir Ulfstein.Thilo Marauhn,Andreas Zimmermann, Making Treaties Work:Human Rights,En vironment and Arms Contr-ol,Cambridge.Cambeidge University Press,2007,p259.
⑤Paul B. Stephan,Boris Mikhailovich Klimenko,International Law and International Security Military and Po litical.New York.M.E.Sharpe.Inc,1991.p192.
①Paul Jabber,Not By War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Berkeley,California University P ress,1981.p 46.
1、Gawdat Bahgat,"Nuclear Proliferation:The Islamic Republic of Iran",Iranian Studies,Vol 39,,Number3,September 2006.
2、Stephen Zunes,"Foreign Policy by Changes:The Failure of U.S.Policy Toward Iraq",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 23,Number 4,Fall 2001.
3、Tareq Y.Ismael,Andrej Kreutz,"Russian-Iraq Relations:A Historical and Political Analysis" ,Arab Studies Quarterly,.Volume 23,Number 4,Fall 2001.
4、Ibrahim A.Karawan,"Arab Dilemmas in the 1990s:Breaking Taboos and Searching for Sig-nposts",The Middle East Journal,Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
5、Richard K.Herrmann,"Russian Policy in the Middle East:Strategic Change and Tactical Co-ontradictions", The Middle East Journal, Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
6、Duncan L.Clarke,"The Arrow Missile:The United States,Israel,and Strategic Cooperation", The Middle East Journal,Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
7、Muhammad Muslih,"The Golan:Israel,Syria,and Strategic Calculations", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1993,Volume 47,Number 4.
8、Henner Furtig,"Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf",The Middle East Journal,Au-umn 2007,Volume 61,Number 4.
9、Dennis Ross,"The Middle East Predicament", Foreign Affairs,January/February 2005.
10、Gawdat Bahgat,"Nuclear Proliferation:The Case of Saudi Arabia",The Middle East Jou-rnal,Summer 2006,Volume 60,Number 3.
11、Spencer Mawby,"Who's Sorry Now?:Britain,the United States,and the Politics of the Mid-dle East Status Quo,1945-1967", The Middle East Journal,Summer 2006,Volume 60,,Number 3.
12、Kenneth M.Pollack,"Securing the Gulf",Foreign Affairs, Volume 82,Number 4,July/Aug-ust 2003.
13、Joseph S.Nye,Jr,"U.S.Power and Strategy After Iraq", Foreign Affairs,Volume 82,Number 4,July/August 2003.
14、Alain Gresh,"Turkish-Israeli-Syrian Relations and their Impact on the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Spring 1998,Volume 52,Number 2.
15、Gulshan Dietl,"Iran,Saudi Arabia and the Bomb",Journal of South Asian and Middle Eas-tern Studies, Vol.ⅩⅩⅪ,No.4,Summer 2008.
16、John P.Entelis,"The Maghreb's Subordinate Position in the World's Political Economy," Middle East Policy,Volume ⅪⅤ,Winter 2007,Number 4.
17、Christopher Hemmer,"U.S.Policy Towards North Africa:Three Overarching Themes",Mi-ddle East Policy, Volume ⅪⅤ,Winter 2007,Number 4.
18、John Calabrese,"Turkey and Iran:Limits of a Stable Relationships",British Journal of Mi-ddle Eastern Studies,Volume 25,Number 1,May 1998.
19、Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle East Studies, Vol.36,No.2,April 2000.
20、Charles D.Freilich,"National Security Decision-Making in Israel:Processes,Pathologies ,and Strengeths",The Middle East Journal,Vol.60,No.4,Autumn 2006.
21、Jonathan Schell,"The Folly of Arms Control",Foreign Affairs, September/October 2000, Vol 79,Number 5.
22、Rashid khalidi,"Arab Views of the SovietRole in the Middle East",The Middle East Jour-nal,Autumn 1985,Volume 39,Number 4.
23、Larry C.Napper,"The Arab Autumn of 1984:A Case Study of Soviet Middle East Policy", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1985,Volume 39,Number 4.
24、Brian Urquhart,"The United States in the Middle East:A 50-Year Retrospective",The Mid-dle East Journal,Autumn 1995,Volume 49,Number 4.
25、Pierre Salinger,"The United States,the United Nations,and Gulf War",The Middle East Jo-urnal,Autumn 1995,Volume 49,Number 4.
26、Duncan L.Clarke,"US Security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable", Middle East Journal, Volume 51,Number 2,Spring 1997.
27、George A.Lopez, David Cortright,"Containing Iraq:Sanctions Worked",Foreign Policy, Vol 83,No.4.
28、Tahir L.Shad,etc,"Syria Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era",Arab Studies Quartely,Vol 17,Number land 2,Winter and Spring,1995.
29、Deborah J.Gerher,"Petro-Dollar Recycling:Import,arms,investment and Aid",Arab Quart-erly,Volume 1,Number 1,Winter 1985.
30、Trita Parsi,"Israel and the Origins of Iran's Arab Option:Dissection of a Strategy Misund- erstood",The Middle East Journal, Volume 60,Number 3,Summer 2006.
31、Ray Takeyh,"Iran's New Iraq",The Middle East Journal, Volume 62,Number 1,Winter 2008.
32、Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer,"Libya's Turnaround Perspectives from Tripoli",The Middle East Journal, Volume 62,Number 1,Winter 2008.
33、M.Hakan Yavuz,Mujeeb R.Khan,"Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Con-flict:Duality and the Development(1950-1991)",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume14,Number 4.Fall 1992.
34、Richard Falk,"Can US Policy toward the Middle East Changes Course?"The Middle East Journal, Volume 47,Number 1,Winter 1993.
35、Pia Christina Wood,"France and Israeli-Palestinian Conflict:The Mitterrand Policies 19 81-1992",The Middle East Journal,Volume 47,Number 1,Winter 1993.
36、Fouad Ajami,"Iraq and the Arab's Future",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2003, Volume 82,Number 1.
37、Fariborz Mokhtari,"No One Will Scratch My Back:Iranian Security Perceptions in Histo-rical Context".The Middle East Journal, Volume 59,Number 2,Spring 2005.
38、Mustafa Kibaroglu," Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and The Attit-ude of the West",Middle East Studies,Vol.43,No.2,March 2007.
39、Bassam Tibi,"The Iranian Revolution and the Arabs:The Quest for Islamic Identity and the Search for an Islamic System fo Government",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 8,No.1,Wi-nter 1986.
40、Simon Serfaty,"Bridging the Gulf Across the Atlantic:Europe and the United States in the Persian Gulf",The Middle East Journal, Volume 52,Number 3,Summer 1998.
41、Abbas Alnasrawi,"The Arab Economies:Twenty Years of Change and Dependency",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 9,No.4,Fall 1987.
42、Hazem Beblawi,"The Rentier State in the Arab World",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 9, No.4,Fall 1987.
43、George Klay Kieh,Jr,"Western Imperialism in the Middle East:The Case of the United St-atte's Military intervention in the Persian Gulf",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 14,Number 1,Winter 1992.
44、Uzi Rabi,"Britain's'Special Position'in the Gulf:Its Origins,Dynamics and Legacy",Mid- dle East Studies,Volume 42,Number 3,Mya 2006.
45、Biilent Aras,Hasan Koni,"Turkish-Syria Relations Revisited",Arab Studies Quarterl-y,Volume 24,Number 4,Fall 2002.
46、Robert Olson,"Turkey-Iran Relations,1979-2004:Accommodation and Competition",Jo-urnal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤⅢ,No.2,Winter 2005.
47、AbbasAlrasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 60 ,Number 2,Spring 2006.
48、Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Good for the Shah,Banned for the MullahsThe West and Iran's Quest for Nuclear Power",The Middle East Journal, Volume 60,Number 2,Spring 2006
49、Martin Indyk,etc,"Symposium:U.S.Policy toward Israel and Iran",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
50、Jeremy Salt,"Israel's Nuclear Weapons",Middle East Policy,Volume ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Nu-mber 3.
5、Hasan Kosebalaban,"The Crisis in Turkish-Israeli Relations",Middle EastPolicy,VolⅩⅤ Ⅱ,Fall2010,Number 3.
52、Robert O.Freedman,"Russia,Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
53、Joshua Landis,"The U.S.-Syria Relaitonships:A few Questions",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall2010,Number 3.
54、Kayhan Bartzegar,"Balance of Power:An Iranian View",Middle East Policy,Vol XVII, Fall2010,Number 3.
55、Samar El-Masri,"Iran:Between International Right and Duty",Middle East Policy,VolⅩⅤ Ⅱ,Fall2010,Number 3.
56、Nihat Ali Ozcan,Ozgur Ozdamar,"Uneasy Neighbors:Turkish-Iranian Relations",Middle East Policy,Voluume ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
57、Richard L.Russell,"Iraq's Chemical Weapons Legacy:What Others Might Learn",The Mi-ddle East Journal,Spring 2005,Volume 59,Number 2.
58、Graham E.Fuller,"The Middle East in US-Soviet Relations",Middle East Journal,Vol 44 ,Number 2,Spring 1990.
59、Fred Lawson,"Syria's Relations with Iran:Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance",The Mi-ddle East Journal,Winter 2007,Volume 61,Number 1.
60、S.Telhami,etc,"Symposium:Major World Powers and the Middle East",Middle East Polic- y,Volume XXI,Winter 2009,Number 4.
61、Martin Senn,"Ballistic Missile Defense in the Middle East",Middle East Policy,Vol XXI ,Winter 2009,Number 4.
62、Chas W.Freeman,Jr,"U.S.-Arab Relations:The Way Forward",Middle East Policy,Vol XX I,Winter 2009,Number 4.
63、George H.Quester,"Nuclear Weapons and Israel", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1983, Volume 37,Number 4.
64、Jed C.Snyder," The Road to Osiraq:Baghdad's Quest for the Bomb",The Middle East Jou-rnal,Autumn 1983,Volume 37,Number 4.
65、Paul F.Power,"Preventing Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East:The Free-Zone Strategy", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1983,Volume 37,Number 4.
66、Robert O.Freedman,"Russian Policy Toward the Middle East:The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge", The Middle East Journal,Winter 2001,Volume 55,Number 1.
67、John Duke Anthony,"Symposium:War with Iran:Regional Reactions and Require ments", Middle East Policy,Fall 2008,Winter XV,Number 3.
68、Mark N.Katz,"The Russian-Libyan Rapprochement:What has Moscow Gained?"Middle East Policy,Fall 2008,Winter XVNumber 3.
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⑧Shai Feldman.Abdullah Toukan. Bridging the Gap:A Future Security Architecture for the Middle East,Rowman&Littlefie-ld Publishers.Inc,1997.
⑨Steven L.Spiegel,The Arab-Israel Search for Peace,Boulder,Lynne Rienner Publishers.1992.
⑩Paul Jabber, Not by War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Los Angeles,Uni versity of California Press, 1981.
①John E.Swift,Middle East Arms Control:A Policy Paradox, Harvard University,John F.Kennedy School of Government,Na-tional Security Program,1992.
②Yair Evron, The Role of Arms Control in the Middle East, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies,1977.
③Lonnie L. Johnson, Conventional Middle East Arms Control:Impact of the End of the Cold War, U.S.Army War College, 1993.
④Dore Gold, Arms Control in the Middle East, Boulder,Westview Press,1991.
⑤Shai Feldman, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East, Cambridge.The MIT Pr ss,1997.
⑥Waheguru Pal Singh And Ramesh Thakur, Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Cha llenges, Tokyo.The United Nations University Press,2006.
⑦Thomas J. Gadd, Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East:An Analysis of Future Events,Blooming ton.Author House,2007.
⑧Steven L. Spiegel.Jennifer Kibbe.Elizabeth G. Matthews, The Dynamics of Middle East Nuclear Proliferation,Lewiston, The Edwin Mellen Press.2001.
⑨Richard L. Russell, Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East:Strategic Cont est.Abington.Routledge, 2005.
⑩R. Shuey, Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East, Novinka Books,2002.
11 Shlomo Aronson.Oded Brosh. The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East:Opacity, Theory and Rea-lity,1960-1991:An Israeli Perspective, Albany. State University of New York Press,1992.
12 James Avery Russell, Proliferation Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East Directions and Policy Options in the New Century, Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
13 Alexander J.Bennett,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East", The Middle East Journal,Vol 3 9,No.4,Autumn 1985.
①Karp. Aaron. "The Demise of the Middle East Arms Race",The Washington Quarterly.September,1995.
①具体内容参见刘胜湘：《西方国际安全理论主要流派述评》,国外社会科学,2005年第3期。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所著,中国军控与裁军协议译：《SIPRI年鉴2005：军备、裁军和国际安全》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第392页。
③CSIS的资料多引自ACDA和IISS,就不再单独提及,作者注。
①Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Emerald Group Publishing Limited,2009,p124.
②Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Emerald Group Publishing Limited.2009,p125.
③Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Mi litary Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder.Westview Press,1978.p90.
④Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder. Westview Press,1978.p91.
⑤Uri Ra anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries. Boulder,Westview Press,1978,pp91-92.
⑥Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff.Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries.Boulder,Westview Press,1978.p92.
①Uri Ra'anan.Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp.Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries, Boulder,Westview Press,1978.p92.
②Uri Ra'anan,Robert L.Pfaltzgraff,Jr.,Geoffrey Kemp,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Indu-strial Countries,Boulder,Westview Press,1978.pp92-93.
③包括：区分合同、交付、使用,作者注。
④包括：援助、销售和许可证生产,作者注。
①彭树智主编,王铁铮等著：《中东史》,北京：人民出版社,2010年版,第2页。还可参见,彭树智主编,王铁铮等著《中东国家通史》,北京：商务印书馆,《中东国家通史》卷首叙意。
①Robert A. Goldwin, Beyond the Cold War:Essays on American Foreign Policy in a Changing World Environment. New H-ampshire,Ayer Co Pub,1973.p21.
①[英]巴里·布赞,埃里克·海凌著,薛利涛等译：《世界政治中的军备动力》,长春：吉林人民出版社,2001年版,,第1页。
②Grant T.Hammond.Plowshares into Swords:Arms Races in International Politics:1840-1991,Columbia,Univers ity of Sou-th Carolina Press,1993.p105.
①Jean Allain. International Law in the Middle East:Closer to Power than Justice,Aldershot,Ashgate Publishing Limited,20 04,p234.
②Mitchell G.Bard,Myths and Facts:A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict,American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE),20 02.p305.
①Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge, The World Peace Found-ation.1997.p236.
②Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land:A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security& Foreign Policy, Ann Arbor,The University of Michigan Press.2006,p328.
③Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997,p237.
④Jean Allain, International Law in the Middle East:Closer to Power than Justice,Aldershot.Ashgate Publishing Limited,20 04.p234.
①Ewan W. Anderson,William Bayne Fisher, The Middle East:Geography and Geopolitics,Lond on,Routledge.2000,p277.
②William J.Durch,Constructing Regional Security:The Role of Arms Transfers,Arms Control, and Reassurance New York, Palgrave,2000.p78.
Andrew J.Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation, Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997.pp266-267.
①1 Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation. Cambridge,The World Peace Found-ation,1997.p267.
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第316-317页。
①Edmund Jan Osmanczyk,Anthony Mango. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and Internation nal Agreements, Third Edit-ion;Volume 2:G-M.New York.Routledge.2003,p1450.
②Edmund Jan Osmanczyk,Anthony Mango,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and Internation nal Agreements, Third Edit-ion.Volume 2:G-M,New York.Routledge.2003,p1450.
①指伊拉克,作者注。
②指阿尔及利亚,作者注。
③Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers,1996, Arms Control and Disa-rmament Agency,1997,p13.
④Alasdair Drysdale.Raymond A. Hinnebusch,Syria and the Middle East Peace Process.New York.Council on Foreign Rela-tions Press,1991,p218.
①Zeev Maoz. Defending the Holy Land:A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, Ann Arbor,The University of Michigan Press,2006.p329.
①此处内容参考了：丁诗传,王先云的文章：《冷战时期中东军备竞赛与控制的历史透析》,《西亚非洲》,1996年第5期。
①Keith Krause. "Middle Eastern States in the Global Military Order",YCISS Working Paper NO.12. February,1994,p9.
①Paul Ja年bber,Not by war alone:security and arms control in the Middle East,Berkeley,Universi ty of California Press,1 981.p125.
①Aaron S.Klieman,Israel'S Global Reach:Arms Sales as Diplomacy,McLean.Pergamon-Brassey'S International Defense Publishers,1985.p1.
①Michael B.Oren.Origins of the Second Arab-Israel War:Egypt,Israel and the Great Powers 1952-1956,Exter.BPCC Wheat-ons Ltd.p1992.p84
②Michael B.Oren.Origins of the Second Arab-Israel War:Egypt,Israel and the Great Powers 1952-1956,Exter.BPCC Wheat-ons Ltd.p1992.p94
①Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent tury Westport,Praeger Publ-ishers,2002,pp335-336.
②Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Centtury Westport,Praeger Pbul-ishers,2002,p336.
①总计数据包括1991-2009年间的数据,作者注。
②James Russell.Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York.Palgrave Macmillan.2006.p33.
①James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan.2006.p77.
2 James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and PI icy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006.p77.
①Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press.2010.p296.
①此处不包括毛里塔尼亚,作者注。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2003》,北京：时事出版社,2004年版,第366页。
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2003》,北京：时事出版社,2004年版,第237页。
①Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press,2010,p296.
①不包括海岸警卫队所辖舰艇,作者注。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第188-189页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第196页。
①此处不包括埃及,作者注。
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2002》,北京：时事出版社,2003年版,第474页。数字为趋势指示值,1990年不变价格。
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：20006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第577页。数字为趋势指示值,1990年不变价格。
④Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑤Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑥Source:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database单位：百万美元,按1990年不变价格计算。
⑦Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2010:Armaments, Disarmament and International Sec-urity,Oxford,Oxford University Press,2010,p296.
①斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：20008》,北京：时事出版社,2009年版,第238页。
②Paul Holtom.and so on,Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009,SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
③Paul Holtom.and so on.Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009,SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
④Paul Holtom.and so on.Trends in International Arms Transfers.2009.SIPRI Fact Sheet,March 2010.p7.
⑤Anthony H.Cordesman,A Tragedy of Arms:Military and Security Development s in the Maghreb,West port.Praeger Publis-hers,2002.p1.
⑥Anthony H.Cordesman.A Tragedy of Arms:Military and Security Development s in the Maghreb.West port,Praeger Publis-hers.2002.p1.
①Lawrence G.Potter,Security in the Persian Gulf:Origins,Obstacles and the Search for Consecsus. Palgrave.2002.p14.
②Hossein Amirsadeghi,The Security of the Persian Gulf,London,Croom Helm,1981.p152.
③Hossein Amirsadeghi,The Security of the Persian Gulf,London,Croom Helm,1981.p153.
④Michael A Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-1992.New Yo-rk, Simon&Schuster,1992.p88.
①SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 1982:World armaments and disarmament, SIPRI.1982,p122.
②中国社会科学院世界经济‘j政治研究所综合统计研究室：世界经济统计简编(1982年)[M].上海：三联书店,1983年版,第17页。
①陈坚：《世界各国军事力量手册》,北京：解放军出版社,2006年版,第67-68页。
①Michael A Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-199 2.New York,Simon&Schuster.1992,p89.
②Michael A Palmer,Guardians of the Gulf:A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persi an Gulf,1833-199 2.New York,Simon&Schuster.1992,p89.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,The Military Balance in the Middle East Westport,Praeger Publishers.2004.p251.
②Rachel Schmidt.Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990,Santa Monica,Rand.1991,p12.
①Anthony H.Cordesman.Iran and Iraq:The Threat from the Northern Gulf,Boulder Westview,Pr ess,1994,p38.
②Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990,Santa Monica,Rand,1991.p12.
③陈坚：《世界各国军事力量手册》,北京：解放军出版社,2006年版,第66页。
①James M.Lindsay and Ray Takeyb."After Iran Gets the Bomb:Containment and Its Complications".Foregn Affairs,March/ /April,Volume 89 No.2.2010.p34.
①Thomas W.Lippman,"Nuclear Weapons and Saudi Strategy",The Middle East Institute Policy Brief,No.5 Janu ary,2008,p1.
②王润编译：《海湾国家未来的核计划》,《世界科学》,2008年第11期,第14页。
③王润编译：《海湾国家未来的核计划》,《世界科学》,2008年第11期,第15页。
④Kamran Taremi."Iranian Perspectives on Security in the Persian Gulf",Iranian Studies,Volume 36,number 3,Se ptmber 200 3.p391.
①Henner Furtig."Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf:The International Order and US Policy",The Middle East Jo-urnal,Autumn 2007,Volume 61,Number 4,p627.
②Henner Furtig,"Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf:The International Order and US Policy",The Middle East Jo- urnal.Autumn 2007.Volume 61,Number 4.p627.
①Andrew J,Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p258.
①Eur, The Middle East and North Africa 2003,London,Routledge,2002,p809.②王铁铮,林松业：《中东国家通史》(沙特阿拉伯卷),北京：商务印书馆,2004年,第177页。
③Avraham Sela.The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict:Middle East Politics and the Ouest.Al bany.State University of N-ew York Press,1998.p203.
④Fred Haley Lawson, Why Syria goes to War:Thirty Years of Confrontation,Ithaca Cornell University Press,1996.p125.
①Moshe Maoz.Avner Yaniv, Syria under Assad:Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks.Bec kenham.Croom Helm.Ltd,19 86.p107.
②Charles F.Doran,Stephen W.Buck,The Gulf Energy,&Global Security:Political & Economic Issu es,Boulder.Lynne Rienner Publishers,Inc.1991.p71.
①Anthony H.Gordesman,The Military Balance in the Middle East,London.Praeger Publishers 2004 p29.
②此处数据不包括利比亚、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和摩洛哥四国,如果将四国包括在内,中东所占比例将超过40%,作者注。
③Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Boulder,Westview Press,1993 .P35.
④Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Boulder.Westview Press,1993 .p36.
①William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2002,p1.
②指Military Assistance Program,作者注。
③指Foreign Military Sales,作者注。
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p19.
①Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p251.
②Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and InternatiIonal Security Dimensio-ns,Westport,Praeger Publishers,2003,p88.
①Timothy Blewett.Adrian G.V. Hyde-Price,G. Wyn Rees, British Foreign Policy and the Anglic can Church:Christian Eng-agement With the Contemporary World,Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing Limited,2008.p110.
②Middle East Watch,"Empty Reforms:Saudi Arabia's New Basic Laws",Middle East Watch,1992.p49.
③主要西欧国家指法国、英国、德国和意大利,作者注。
①Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East,Boulder,Westview Press,1993, p39.
②Matthew H.Molloy,"U.S. Military Aircraft for Sale:Crafting an F-22 Export Policy",A thesis submitted to the faculty of the school of advanced airpower studies for completion of graduation requirements, Alabama, school of advanced airpower stud-ies air university maxwell air force base, june 2000,p1.
③Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996,p7.
④Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996,p7.
⑤Willian J.Delgrego,"The Diffusion of Military Technologies to Foreign Nations:Arms Transfers Can Preserve the Defense Technological and Industrial Base",A thesis presented to the faculty of the school of advanced air Power studies,Alabama,A-ir University Press,March,1996.p7.
①Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p215
②Barry Rubin.Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and Strategy,Frank Cass Publishers 2002.p50.
③中央司令部：美国5大地区司令部之一,下辖中东及其周边地区,作者注。
④Richard Grimmett,"U.S.Arms Sales:Agreements with and Deliveries to Major Clients,2001-2008",CRS Report for Cong-ress.December 2.2009.p2.
①David RodmanArms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press,2007.pviii.
②David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport.Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
③David Rodman.Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press.2007.pviii.
④David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport,Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
⑤David Pollock,The Politics of Pressure:American Arms and Israeli Policy Since the Six Day War Westport,Gree nwood Pr-ess,1982.p18.
①John E.Lang,Israeli-United States Relationship,New York,Nova Science Publishers,Inc.2006.pp2-3.
②Duncan L.Clarke,"US security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable?",The Mid dle East Journal,Volu-me51 Number 2, Spring 1997.p200.
③John E.Lang,lsraeli-United States Relationship,New York,Nova Science Publishers,Inc,2006.p17.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury,Westport, Praeger Pub-lishers,2002.p536.
②Anthony H.Cordesman, Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury,Westport, Praeger Pub-lishers.2002.p536.
③David Rodman,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sus sex Acad-emic Press.2007.px.
④[伊朗]阿卜杜尔礼萨·胡尚格·马赫德维著,元文琪译：《伊朗外交四百五十年》,北京：商务印书馆,1982年版,第350页。
①[伊朗]阿卜杜尔礼萨·胡尚格·马赫德维著,元文琪译：《伊朗外交四百五十年》,北京：商务印书馆,1982年版,第367-368页。
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p165.
③William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press.2002,p166.
④Uri Ra ananetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries,Boulder,Westview P-ress,Inc,1978.p127.
①Uri Ra ananetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Cou ntries. Boulder. Westview press,Inc.1978.p127.
②Uri Ra nanetc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Cou ntries, Boulder. Westview press，Inc.1978.p127.
③William H.Mott W.United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Green wood Press,2002,p165.
①Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and Interna tional Security Dimension-s,Westport,Praeger Publishers,2003.p107
②Anthony H.Cordesman,Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century:The Military and Interna tional Security Dimension-s, Westport,Praeger Publishers.2003,p107
①David Rodman,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press.2007.p90
②David Rodma,Arms Transfers to Israel:The Strategic Logic Behind American Military Assistance,Portland,Sussex Acade-mic Press,2007.p90
③Peter L. Hahn. United States, Great Britain. And Egypt,1945-1956:Strategy And Diplomacy in the Early Cold War, Chap-el Hill,The University of North Carolina Press.1991,pp82-83.
① Peter L. Hahn, United States. Great Britain, And Egypt,1945-1956:Strategy And Diplomacy in the Early Cold War, Chap-el Hill.The University of North Carolina Press,1991.p83.
② William H.Mott Ⅳ, United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective.Westport Green wood Press.2002.p156.
③MAP指Military Assistance Program:FMS指Foreign Military Sales;FMS-W指waived payments for Foreign Military Sal-es and Military Assistance Merger Funds;DCS指Direct Commercial Sales;EDA指Excess Defense Articles;IMET指Intern-ational Military Education and Training作者注。
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,United States Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective.Westport Green wood Press,2002.pp156-1 57.
①Barry M. Rubin,Thomas A. Keaney. Armed Forces in the Middle East:Politics and Strategy.Abingdon.Frank Cass Publis-hers,2002.p52.
②Duncan L.Clarke,"US security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable?",The Middle East Jour nal. Volume 51,Number 2.Spring 1997.p201.
③Robbin Frederick Laird.Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World,Hawthore.Aldine Publis hing Com-pany,1986.p722.
④William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p75.
⑤Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press.p158.
⑥General Saad El-Shazly.The Arab Military Option, San Francisco, American Mideast Pbulishing.1986.p114.
①Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,NewYork, Pergamon.Press,1979,p1 58.
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2001,p78.
③Jurgen Brauer.Keith Hartley. The Economics of Regional Security:NATO, the Mediterranean, and Southern Africa,Overs-eas Publishers Association,2000.p171.
④Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East.New York,Pergamon.Press,1979.p155
⑤William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001,p80.
⑥Alfred L.Atherton.Jr,"The Soviet Role in the Middle East:An American View",The Middle East Jounal, Vol 139,No 4,198 5.p689.
⑦这里的数据不包括华沙条约组织成员国,作者注。
①Karen Dawisha, Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt,London,The Macmilian Press LTD,1979, P179.
②Alexander J.Bennett.Jr." The Soviet Role in the Middle East:An American View",The Middle East Jounal.Vol 139.No 4,198 5.p756.
③Karen Dawisha, Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt,London.The Macmilian Press LTD,1979,P180.
①Bruce D. Porter. The USSR in Third World Conflicts:Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945-1980 Cambridge,U-niversity Press,1986,p18.
②William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press,2001.p108.
③Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985,p757.
①Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p758.
②William Ⅱ.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001,p108.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p759.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39,No 4,1985,p759.
③Tareq Y. Ismael. International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East:A Study in World Politics, Syracuse. Syracuse University Press,1986.p189.
④Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990.Santa Monica,Rand,1991.ppv-vi..
⑤William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p93.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East".The Middle East Journal, Vol 39,No 4,1985.p760.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr." Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4,1985.p760.
①William H.Mott Ⅳ,Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p101.
②Ronald Bruce St. John. Libya and the United States:Two Centuries of Strife,Philadelphia. University of Pennsy lvania Pre-ss,2002.p107.
③Gordon H.Mccormick.The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean,The Rand Corporation.October p17.
④Gordon H.Mccormick,The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean,The Rand Corporation.Octo ber p18.
⑤William H.Mott IV.Soviet Military Assistance:An Empirical Perspective,Westport Greenwood Press.2001.p101.
⑥Brian Lee Davis. Oaddafi. Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya.New York,Pr aeger Publishers,1990.pl 5.
①Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle Eas,t",The Middle East Journal Vol 39.No 4,1985.p747.
②Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal. Vol 39.No 4.1985.p761.
③Bruce D. Porter, The USSR in Third World Conflicts:Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945-1980,Cambridge.C-ambridge University Press,1984.p19.
④Jurgen Brauer.Keith Hartley, "The Economics of Regional Security:NATO, the Mediterranean, and Southern AFrica",Am-sterdam.Overseas Publishers Association.2000.p171.
①又称“西撒人阵”,成立于1973年,是一个致力于争取西撒哈拉独立的政治、军事组织,受到阿尔及利亚、利比亚等国的支持,作者注。
②Alexander J.Bennett.Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4.1985.p758.
③Robbin Frederick Laird.Erik P. Hoffmann, Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World.Hawthore.Aldine Publishing Comp-any,1986.p722.
④Alexander J.Bennett,Jr,"Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal, Vol 39.No 4,1985.p759.
①Tareq Y. Ismael, International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East:A Study in World Politics, Syracuse Syracuse U-niversity Press,1986.p119.
①Zach Levey,Israel and the Western Powers:1952-1960,Chapel Hill.The University of North Carolina Press,1997.p55.
②此处指撒哈拉以南非洲,作者注。
③Office of Technology Assessment(U.S.Congress),Technology Transfer to the Middle East,Wash ington, U.S.Government P-rinting Office,1984,p475.
④Milton Leitenberg,Grea Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pergamon Press,1979.p140.
⑤Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq,1960-1990, Santa Monica.Rand.1991.p16.
①Richard F.Grimmett,Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1997-2004,CRS Report for Congress, Order Co-de RL33051,August 29,2005,p11.
②Richard F.Grimmett,Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1997-2004,CRS Report for Congress, Order Co-de RL33051,August 29,2005,pp35-36.
③Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p143.
④Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p143.
⑤Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pergamon Press,1979,p145.
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第702-703页。
②指革命前的伊朗,作者注。
③Milton Leitenberg,Great Power Intervention in the Middle East.New York.Pegamon Press.1979.pp150.
④指占英国向发展中地区出口的百分比,作者注。
①Paul Levine and Ron Smith,irms Trade.Security and Conflict London.Routledge,2003.p5.
②Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999".CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.pp33-34.
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL34723.October 23.2008.p15..
④Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York.Pegamon Press,1979, pp151.
①指占对发展中国家出口的百分比,作者注。
②这里仅指联邦德国和统一后的德国,不包括民主德国,作者注。
③Uri Ra anan etc.Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries.Boulder, Westview Press,Inc.1978.p241.
①Uri Ra anan etc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries.Boulder,Westview Press,Inc.1978.p241.
②Milton Leitenberg.Great Power Intervention in the Middle East,New York,Pegamon Press.1979, p154.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2008》,北京：时事出版社,2008年版,第423页。
④军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社，1992年版,第404页。
①Uri Ra anan etc,Arms Transfers to the Third World:The Military Buildup in Less Industr ial Countries,Boulder, Westview Press,Inc.1978.p242.
②Rachel Schmidt,Global Arms Exports to Iraq.1960-1990.Santa Monica.Rand.1991.p12.
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress.Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.p22.
①此处包括意大利,作者注。
②此处不包含英、法、德、意四国,作者注。
③Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999".CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL30640.August 18,2000.p44.
④Richard F.Grimmett,"Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-
C-ode RL34723.October 23.2008.p39.
①此处包括意大利,作者注。
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第703页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(1992),北京：解放军出版社,1992年版,第704页。
②Richard F.Grimmett." Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:1992-1999",CRS Report for Congress,Order C-ode RL30640.August 18.2000.p44.
③Richard F.Grimmett."Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations:2000-2007",CRS Report for Congess,Order C-ode RL34723.Octtober 23.2008.p39..
④Mehrdad Vahabi, The Political Economy of Destructive Power,Cheltenham.Edward Elgar Publi shing Limited.2004.p219.
⑤Anthony H.Cordesman,After the Storm:The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East Bo ulder.Westview Press,1993. .P39.
①Keith Krause, Arms and the State:Patterns of Military Production and Trade.Cambridge,Cambrodge University Press,199 2,p183.
②此处中东不包括马格里布地区：非洲不包括埃及；东亚包括东北亚和东南亚两个次区域；拉美指美国以南地区,包括加勒比海地区；北美指美、加两国；详见Keith Krause,Arms and the State:Patterns of Military Production and Trade, Cambridge.Cambridge University Press,1992.p184.作者注。
①Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge, The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p4.
②Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge. The World Peace Founda-tion.1997.p3.
③Yaacov Lifshitz. The Economics of Producing Defense:Illustrated by the Israeli Case.Kluwer. Academic Publi shers.2003 ,p308.
④Andrew J. Pierre.Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge. The World Peace Foundati-on,1997.p106.
①Hossein Askari.Amin Mohseni.Shahrzad Daneshvar, The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis, Chelt-enham, Edward Elgar Publishing,Inc.2009.p93.
②伊拉克的军事工业20世纪70年代起步,在萨达姆统治期间,已达到相当高的水平，门类比较齐全,产品包括了最基本的弹药到高技术含量的导弹,但经过1991年和2003年两次战争的破坏,军工设施损失殆尽,生产能力基本丧失。
③Jane Haapiseva-Hunter.Jane Hunter, Israeli Foreign Policy:South Africa and Central America. Boston.South End Press, 1987,p13.
④Hossein Askari,Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar, The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis, Chel-tenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc,2009,p93.
①Jane Haapiseva-Hunter,Jane Hunter, Israeli foreign policy:South Africa and Central America,Boston,South E nd Press, 1987,p13.
②Hossein Askari.Amin Mohseni,Shahrzad Daneshvar,The Militarization of the Persian Gulf:An Economic Analysis. Chel-tenham. Edward Elgar Publishing,Inc.2009,p93.
①Kristina Spohr Readman. Building Sustainable and Effective Military Capabilities:A Systemic Comparison of Professional and Conscript Forces, Amsterdam,IOS Press,2004,p15.
②Timothy D.Hoyt.Military industry and Regional Defense Polic:India,Iraq, and Israel,Oxon,Routledge,2007.p186.
③W.Seth Carus, Ballistic Missiles in the Third World:Threat and Response..New York,Praeger Pulishers,1990(CSIS).p12.
④Richard L. Russell. Weapons Proliferation and War in the Greater Middle East:Strategic Contes.Oxon.Routled ge,2005,P 63.
①Gil Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars:State, Society, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.2003.p196.
②Yakir Plessner,The Political Economy of Israel:From Ideology to Stagnation, Albany,State Uni versity of New York Press .1994.p182.
③Saad Shazly,The Arab Military Option,San Francisco,American Mideast Publishing,1986,p35.
①James Russell.Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and Policy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006,p4.
②James Russell,Proliferation of Weapons Mass Destruction in the Middle East:Directions and Policy Options in the new Ce-ntury,New York,Palgrave Macmillan,2006.p3.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第943页。
①以色列25架“F-15I”飞机中的某些飞机也可能担负远程核发射任务,原文注。
②Ewan W. Anderson.Liam D. Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs.Abingdon.Routledge,2010, P213.
③Anthony H.Gordesman,Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002.p552.
④Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002.p552. ①Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport.Praeger Publi-shers,2002,pp552-553.
②Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs.Abingdon.Routledge.2010. P210.
③Anthony H.Gordesman,"The Israel"Neclear Reacter Strike"and Syria Weapons of Mass Destruction:A Background Anal-ysis",CSIS,Working Draft Revised:Octomber 24,2007.p20.
④Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Cent ury Westport.Praeger Publi-shers,2002,p545.
⑤Magnus Normark,etc,Syria WMD Incentives and Capabilities,Swedish Defence Research Agen cy FOI-R-1290-SE.June 20
04,p38.
①Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies.Vol.43,No.2,March 2007.p225.
②Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran s Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies, Vol.43,No.2,March 2007,p225.
③Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and the Attitude of The West",Middle East Studies,Vol.43,No.2,March 2007,p235.
④指NPT条约保障监督附加议定书。
⑤斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第795页。
①Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge,2010,P216.
②军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,1991年版,第502页。
③军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,1991年版,第503贞。
④Gerhard Beestermoller and David Little,Iraq:Threat and Response,Piscataway, Transaction Publishers.2003.P129.
①军事科学院《世界军事年鉴》编辑部编：《世界军事年鉴》(2004),北京：解放军出版社,2004年版,第82页。
②Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon.Routledge,2010. P210.
③Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon.Routledge.2010. P210.
②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第899页。
⑤Ewan W.Anderson,Liam D.Anderson,An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge.2010. P210.
③斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2005》,北京：时事出版社,2006年版,第911页。⑦Anthony H.Gordesman.Peace and War:The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Centtury Westport,Praeger Publi-shers,2002,p553.
①斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所编,中国军控与裁军协会译：《军备、裁军和国际安全：2006》,北京：时事出版社,2007年版,第884页。
①Andrew J. Pierre, Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,p237.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著：《核武器与对外政策》,北京：世界知识出版社,1959年版,第16页。
①Graham E. Fuller,"The Middle East in US-Soviet Relations",Middle East Journal,Vol 44,Number 2, Spring 1990,p428.
①Ewan W.Anderson.Liam D.Anderson.An Atlas of Middle East Affairs,Abingdon,Routledge,2010, P207.
②David W. Lesch,The Middle East and United States:A Historical and political Reassessment,Westview Press,1999.p227.
③David W. Lesch,The Middle East and United States:A Historical and political Reassessment,Westview Press,1999,p227.
④Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East".Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 11,N1,1989, P70.
①Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 11,N1,1989, P69.
②Abbas Alnasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Ouarterly,Vol 11.N1.1989, P69.
③Rashid Khalidi,"Arab Views of Soviet Role in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Vo139,No 4.p717.
④Rashid Khalidi,"Arab Views of Soviet Role in the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Vo139,No 4.p720.
⑤S.Enders Wimbush,Alex Alexiev,Is the Soviet Union Islam's Best Friend?-Not Exactly.Santa Monica,The Rand Corporati-on August 1980.p-6529.p1.
①Anne Hessing Cahn,"Have Arms.Will Sell".Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.April 1975.p12.
②Office of Technology Assessment(U.S.Congress),Technology Transfer to the Middle East, Washington, U.S.Go vernment P-rinting Office,1984.p475.
① [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第1页。
② [英]马丁·怀特等著,宋爱群译：《权力政治》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第79页。
③此处不包括马格里布地区,作者注。
④ [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周不启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第274-275页。
⑤ [美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第159页。
①孙德刚：《准联盟外交探析》,《国际观察》,2007年第3期,第22页。
②虽然土耳其和以色列两国在美国的支持下建立了“准联盟”关系,但由于土耳其迟迟无法加入欧盟,因此导致其开始倾向回归伊斯兰世界,这一趋向被称为“新奥斯曼主义”或“土耳其戴高乐主义”,目的是要在中东和伊斯兰世界扮演领导角色。为此,土耳其需要改善与其他中东国家关系,如与以色列不睦的伊朗、叙利亚及相关阿拉伯国家。在这种背景下,“土耳其不可能既是以色列的盟友,又是伊朗、利比亚和叙利亚的盟友,埃尔多安(土耳其总理)做出了自己的选择”。尤其在2010年5月31日,以色列武力袭击支援加沙的土耳其救援船队,造成多名土耳其人死亡，事后,以色列方面还指责事件系土耳其幕后策划,使土、以两国关系骤然紧张,在这种国家利益分歧不断加大的背景下,土以“准联盟”关系朝向何处去,仍需进一步观察,作者注。内容可参见曾涛：《枪声背后》,《世界军事》,2010年第8期,第36-40页。
③Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.36.No.2.Apr-il 2000,p179.
④Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era", Middle Eastern.Studies.Vol.36,No.2.Apr-il 2000.p180
⑤Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.36,No.2.Apr-il 2000.p172.
⑥Robert Olson,"Turkey-Iran Relations 1979-2004:Accommodation and Competion",Journal of South Asian and Middle Ea-stern Studies,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤⅢ,No.2.2005,p7.
①Fred Lawson,"Syria s Relations with Iran:Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance".The Middle East Journal,Vol 61.N.1.Wint-er 2007.p30.
②Erich Reiter and Heinz Gartner,Small states and alliances,New York. Heidelberg,2001p90.
③[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译：《联盟的起源》,北京：北京大学出版社,2007年版,第1页。
①[美]威廉·内斯特编著,姚远,汪恒译：《国际关系：21世纪的政治和经济》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第222页。
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第319页。
①[澳]约翰·伯顿著,谭朝洁,马学印译：《全球冲突：国际危机的国内根源》,上海：上海人民出版社,2007年版,,第22页。
②Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation.Cambridge,The World Peace Founda-tion,1997.p27..
①Kenneth M.Pollack,"Securing the Gulf",Foreign Affairs,Vol.82,No.4,2003,p2.
①[英]肯·布思著,冉冉译：《战略与民族优越感》,北京：中央编译出版社,2009年版,第3-4页。
②[英]肯·布思著,冉冉译：《战略与民族优越感》,北京：中央编译出版社,2009年版,第4页。
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③Youssef M. Choueiri. A Companion to the History of the Middle East,Malden.Blackwell Publis hing Ltd.2005,p 494.
①[美]约瑟夫.S.奈,约翰.D.唐纳胡主编,王勇等译：《全球化世界的治理》,北京：世界知识出版社,2003年版,第171页。
②Riad A.Attar,Arms and Conflict in the Middle East,Bingley,Emerald Group Publishing Limited,2009,p10.
③指以色列议会,作者注。
④Yoram Meital.Egypt Struggle for Peace:Continuity and Change.1967-1977,Gainesville.Univer sity Press of Flo rida.1997. p167.
⑤陈建民：《埃及与中东》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第211-212页。
⑥朱威烈等编著：《中东土地上的泪水和鲜血》(大学活页文库,第25辑),上海：华东师范大学出版社,2002年版, 第32页。
①Ahron Bregman History of Israel.New York,Palgrave MacMillan,p249.
①Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p167. ①Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p166.
②Hussein Agha,etc,Track-Ⅱ Diplomacy:Lessons from the Middle East,Cambridge,Belfer Center For Science and Internation-al Affairs,2003,p115.
③Waheguru Pal,etc,Arms Control After Iraq:Normative and Operational Challenges,Tokyo,The United Nations Press,2006, p7.
①Hans Blix,Disarming Iraq,London, New York. Pantheon Books,2004.p13.
②Hans Blix,Disarming Iraq,London, New York. Pantheon Books,2004.p14.
③Paul Jabber,Not By War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Berkeley,California University Press,1981. P57.
①Wolfgang K.H.Panofsky,"Arms Control:Necessary Process",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,March,1986.p35.
②Wolfgang K.H.Panofsky,"Arms Control:Necessary Process",Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,March,1986.p35.
①Coit D. Blacker.Gloria Duffy,International Arms Control:Issues and Agreements.Stanford.Sta nford University Press,(IS-IS)斯坦福国际战略研究所,1984.p336.
②John H. Barton. The Politics of Peace:An Evaluation of Arms Control. Stanford,Stanford Unive rsity Press,1981,p65.
③Michael A. Levi.Michael E. O'Hanlon,The Future of Arms Control,Washington,Brookings Institution.2005.p121.
④Michael A. Levi.Michael E. O'Hanlon,The Future of Arms Control,Washington,Brookings Institution.2005.p121.
⑤David Carlton.Carlo Schaerf, The Dynamics of the Arms Race,London,Croom Helm Ltd,1975.p57.
①John H. Barton,The Politics of Peace:An Evaluation of Arms Control, Stanford,Stanford Unive rsity Press,1981, p65.
②Shai Feldman. Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East, Cambridge,CSIA.1997.p243.
③Yahya M. Sadowski, Scuds or Butter?:the Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East.Washington,The Broo-kings Institution,1993.p63.
④Shai Feldman, Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East, Cambridge.CSIA,1997.p244.
⑤联合国裁军事务部：《联合国裁军年鉴》(2002年),纽约：联合国裁军事务部,2006年,第145页。
①Gerald M. Steinberg.etc. Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Developments in the Middle East, Bar-Ilan Unive rsity,,Beg-in-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies,p42.
②Shai Feldman, Nuclear weapons and arms control in the Middle East,Cambridge.CSIA.1997.p244.
③John H.Barton,The Politics ofPeace:An Evaluation of Arms Control,Stanford. Stanford Univer sity Press.1981,p13.
④[美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第9页。
⑤[美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第12-13页。
① [美]军备控制协会著,军事科学院外国军事研究部译：《军备控制概论》,军事科学出版社,1993年版,第13页。
②Yair Evron.Arms and Secutiy in the Middle East,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.February,1978,p47.
①Barry R.Schneider,In the Shadow of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation.Alabama.Max well Air Force Base. Air U-niversity Press.December 1999.p86.
②Barry R.Schneider,In the Shadow of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation, Alabama.Max well Air Force Base, Air U-niversity Press,December 1999,p82.
③Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
④Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
⑤Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints,2006.pvii.
⑥Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints.2006.p170-17 1.
⑦Emily B.Landau,Arms Control in the Middle East:Cooperative Security Dialogue and Regional Constraints.2006,p171.
①Efraim Inbar.Shmuel Sandler,Middle East Security:Prospects for an Arms Control Regime.Lon don Cass&Co.Ltd,1995.Pr-eface..
①Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East, Washington,United State Institute of Peace,1992,p1.
②[美]詹姆斯·多尔蒂,小罗伯特·普法尔茨格拉夫著,阎学通等译：《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京：世界知识出版社,2004年版,第314页。
③Alasdair Drysdale.Raymond A. Hinnebusch,Syria and the Middle East Peace Process,Council On Foreign Relations Press. 1991.p219.
④Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East, Washington.United State Institute of Peace 1992.p7.
⑤Alan Platt,Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East. Washington.United State Institute of Peace,1992.p7.
①Steven Greffenius.The Logic of Conflict:Making War and Peace in the Middle East.p17.M.E.S harpe,Inc,1993,p17.
②Steven Greffenius,The Logic of Conflict:Making War and Peace in the Middle East.p17.M.E.S harpe.Inc,1993.p17.
③Alan Platt.Arms Control and Confidence Building in the Middle East,Washington,United State Institute of Peace,1992.p7.
④[美]彼得·卡赞斯坦主编,宋伟、刘铁娃译：《国家安全的文化：世界政治中的规范与认同》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年版,第306-307页。
⑤Michael Charles Williams.Culture and Security:Symbolic Power and the Politics of Internatio nal Security,Oxon,Routled-ge.2007,p10.
⑥Keith Krause.Culture and Security:Multilateralism,Arms Control,and Security Buildingm,Frank Cass Publishers,1999,p1.
①Tal Yisrael,translated by Martin Kett,National Security:The Israel Experience, Westport.Praeger Publishers.2000.pvii.
②大卫是犹太民族英雄,歌利亚是《圣经》中的巨人,被大卫所杀,作者注。
③Tal Yisrael,translated by Martin Kett,National Security:The Israel Experience, Westport.Praeger Publishers,2000,pvii.
④Efraim Inbar,Rabin and Israel's National Security, Washington,The Woodrow Wilson Center Press,1999.p5.
⑤Efraim Inbar,Rabin and Israel's National Security, Washington,The Woodrow Wilson Center Press,1999.pp8-9.
①Michael David Bonner,Jihad in Islamic History:Doctrines and Practice. Princeton. Princeton U niversity Press,2006.p2.
①Edward D. Mansfield.Helen V. Milner,The Political Economy ofRegionalism,New York. Columbia University Press,1997 .p3.
②Frans Schrijver.Regionalism After Regionalisation:Spain,France and the United Kingdom, Amsterdam. Amsterdam Unive-rsity Press.2006.p21.
③耿协峰：《新地区主义与亚太地区结构变动》,北京：北京大学出版社2003年版,第37页。
④Jens-Uwe Wunderlich, Regionalism, Globalisation and International Order:Europe and South-east Asia,Hamps shire,Asg-ate Publishing Limited.2007,p100.
①[美]罗伯特·基欧汉,约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译： 《权力与相互依赖》(第三版),北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第15页。
②Frans Schrijver.Regionalism After Regionalisation:Spain,France and the United Kingdom,Amsterdam,Amsterdam Unive-rsity Press.2006.p61.
③David M. Smith.Enid Wistrich.Regional Identity and Diversity in Europe:Experience in Wales Silesia and Flanders,Lond-on,The Federal Trust for Education and Research.2007,p21.
①[美]杰里米·里夫金著,杨治宜译：《欧洲梦：21世纪人类发展的新梦想》,重庆：重庆出版社,2006年版,第182页。
②阿拉伯国家联盟早在1945年既已成立,成为中东地区主义的先声,比欧盟的前身欧洲煤钢共同体还要早,次区域一体化组织也不断涌现,如阿拉伯经济会议(简称AEC,1959年成立)、阿拉伯经济一体化理事会(简称CAEU,1964年成立)、阿拉伯共同市场(简称ACM,1965年成立)、马格里布联盟(简称UMA,1989年成立)、海湾合作委员会(简称GCC,1981年成立)、阿拉伯农业发展组织(AOAD)等。但是,包含地区所有国家的一体化组织却始终没有建立起来,在地区整合方面明显落后于世界其他地区。关于这方面的情况,参见United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia,Economic Intergration in Western Asia,London,Frances Pinter(Publishers),1985等书。
③Louise L'Estrange Fawcett,Andrew Hurrell,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Ord-er,Oxford.Oxford University Press,1995.p284.
④Jacob Lassner,The Middle East Remembered:Forged Identities, Competing Narratives Contest ed Spaces,The U niversity of Michigan Press,2000,pp112-113.
①Louise L'Estrange Fawcett.Andrew Hurrell,Regionalism in World Politics:Regional Organization and International Order .Oxford.Oxford University Press,1995.p284.
②Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
③Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
④Pinar Bilgin,Regional Security in the Middle East:A Critical Perspective,Oxon.Routledge,2005, p11.
⑤[美]萨义德著,唐建军译：《从奥斯陆到伊拉克及路线图》,北京：三联书店,2009年版,第232页。
①张倩红：《以色列史》,北京：人民出版社,2008年版,第408页。
②Eckart Woertz.Hind Al-Sheikh.The Geo-Economic Positioning of the GCC Countries,Dubai. Meditrranean Pro gramme 8th Medit rranean Research Meeting,21-25 March 2007.p3.
③Bernard M.Hoekman.Hanaa Kheir-El-Din.Trade Policy Meditrranean in the Middle East and North Africa. Meditrranean Meditrranean Forum.2000.p52.
①Bernard M. Hoekman,Hanaa Kheir-El-Din,Trade Policy Meditrranean in the Middle East and North Africa, Meditrranean Meditrranean Forum,2000.p52.
②Yannis A. Stivachtis,International Order in a Globalizing World,Hampshire.Ashgate Publishing Limited,2007,p2.
③Yannis A. Stivachtis,International Order in a Globalizing World,Hampshire.Ashgate Publishing Limited,2007.p2.
①Hans Gunter Ulrich.Political Practices and International Order:Oxford 2006,London,Global Book Marketing,2007.p185.
②Hans Gunter Ulrich.Political Practices and International Order:Oxford 2006,London,Global Book Marketing,2007.p185.
③Michael P. Marks,The Prison as Metaphor:Re-Imagining International Relations.New York,Peter Lang Publish ers.Inc.20 04.p40.
④[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,信强译：《国际政治理论》,上海：上海人民出版社,2003年版,第96-97页。
⑤Colin Elman.Miriam Fendius Elman,Progress in International Relations Theory:Appraising the Field,Cambri dge.The MIT Press,2003.p331.
⑥[法]多米尼克·德维尔潘著,马胜利译：《鲨鱼与海鸥：法国与美国的天下争锋》,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2006年版,第131页。
①Fawaz A.Gerges,"The Study of Middle East International Relations:A Critique",British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol .18,Issue 2.1991.p210.
②Fawaz A.Gerges," The Study of Middle East International Relations:A Critique",British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol .18,Issue 2.1991.p211.
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④Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism,New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.p3.
⑤Giacomo Chiozza,Anti-Amercianism and the American World Order,Baltimore,The John Hopk ins University,2009,p7.
①Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism,New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.pp87-88.
②Paul Hollander,Anti-Americanism:Irrational&Rational,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers 1995,p333.
③Brendon O'Connor,Martin Griffiths, Anti-Americanism:History,Causes,and Theme Vol.2:Historical Perspectiv es,Oxford, Greenwood World Publishing,2007.pp22-23.
④Andrew Ross,Kristin Ross,Anti-Americanism.New York,New York Unversity Press,2004.p3. ①Andrew J. Pierre. Cascade of Arms:Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation,Cambridge, The World Peace Founda-tion,1997,,p279.
②Yair Evron.Arms and Secutiy in the Middle East,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,February,1978,p44.
③John Borawski,"Arms Control in Europe:Building Confidence",The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol 38, No.1,1982. p45.
④Richard W. Fieldhouse.Security at Sea:Naval Forces and Arms Control,Oxford,Oxford Univer sity Press,1990,p28.
⑤Richard W. Fieldhouse.Security at Sea:Naval Forces and Arms Control,Oxford,Oxford Univer sity Press,1990,p28.
①John Borawski,"Arms Control in Europe:Building Confidence",The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol 38. No.1,1982. .p47.
②Guido den Dekker,The Law of Arms Control:International Supervision and Enforcement,Hague,Martinus Nijhoff Publish-ers.2001,p102.
③Geir Ulfstein.Thilo Marauhn.Andreas Zimmermann, Making Treaties Work:Human Rights, Environment and A rms Cont-rol,Cambridge,Cambeidge University Press.2007.p257.
④Geir Ulfstein.Thilo Marauhn,Andreas Zimmermann, Making Treaties Work:Human Rights,En vironment and Arms Contr-ol,Cambridge.Cambeidge University Press,2007,p259.
⑤Paul B. Stephan,Boris Mikhailovich Klimenko,International Law and International Security Military and Po litical.New York.M.E.Sharpe.Inc,1991.p192.
①Paul Jabber,Not By War Alone:Security and Arms Control in the Middle East,Berkeley,California University P ress,1981.p 46.
1、Gawdat Bahgat,"Nuclear Proliferation:The Islamic Republic of Iran",Iranian Studies,Vol 39,,Number3,September 2006.
2、Stephen Zunes,"Foreign Policy by Changes:The Failure of U.S.Policy Toward Iraq",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 23,Number 4,Fall 2001.
3、Tareq Y.Ismael,Andrej Kreutz,"Russian-Iraq Relations:A Historical and Political Analysis" ,Arab Studies Quarterly,.Volume 23,Number 4,Fall 2001.
4、Ibrahim A.Karawan,"Arab Dilemmas in the 1990s:Breaking Taboos and Searching for Sig-nposts",The Middle East Journal,Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
5、Richard K.Herrmann,"Russian Policy in the Middle East:Strategic Change and Tactical Co-ontradictions", The Middle East Journal, Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
6、Duncan L.Clarke,"The Arrow Missile:The United States,Israel,and Strategic Cooperation", The Middle East Journal,Summer 1994,Volume 48,Number 3.
7、Muhammad Muslih,"The Golan:Israel,Syria,and Strategic Calculations", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1993,Volume 47,Number 4.
8、Henner Furtig,"Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf",The Middle East Journal,Au-umn 2007,Volume 61,Number 4.
9、Dennis Ross,"The Middle East Predicament", Foreign Affairs,January/February 2005.
10、Gawdat Bahgat,"Nuclear Proliferation:The Case of Saudi Arabia",The Middle East Jou-rnal,Summer 2006,Volume 60,Number 3.
11、Spencer Mawby,"Who's Sorry Now?:Britain,the United States,and the Politics of the Mid-dle East Status Quo,1945-1967", The Middle East Journal,Summer 2006,Volume 60,,Number 3.
12、Kenneth M.Pollack,"Securing the Gulf",Foreign Affairs, Volume 82,Number 4,July/Aug-ust 2003.
13、Joseph S.Nye,Jr,"U.S.Power and Strategy After Iraq", Foreign Affairs,Volume 82,Number 4,July/August 2003.
14、Alain Gresh,"Turkish-Israeli-Syrian Relations and their Impact on the Middle East",The Middle East Journal,Spring 1998,Volume 52,Number 2.
15、Gulshan Dietl,"Iran,Saudi Arabia and the Bomb",Journal of South Asian and Middle Eas-tern Studies, Vol.ⅩⅩⅪ,No.4,Summer 2008.
16、John P.Entelis,"The Maghreb's Subordinate Position in the World's Political Economy," Middle East Policy,Volume ⅪⅤ,Winter 2007,Number 4.
17、Christopher Hemmer,"U.S.Policy Towards North Africa:Three Overarching Themes",Mi-ddle East Policy, Volume ⅪⅤ,Winter 2007,Number 4.
18、John Calabrese,"Turkey and Iran:Limits of a Stable Relationships",British Journal of Mi-ddle Eastern Studies,Volume 25,Number 1,May 1998.
19、Meliha Altunisik,"The Turkish-Israeli Rapprochement in the Post-Cold War Era",Middle East Studies, Vol.36,No.2,April 2000.
20、Charles D.Freilich,"National Security Decision-Making in Israel:Processes,Pathologies ,and Strengeths",The Middle East Journal,Vol.60,No.4,Autumn 2006.
21、Jonathan Schell,"The Folly of Arms Control",Foreign Affairs, September/October 2000, Vol 79,Number 5.
22、Rashid khalidi,"Arab Views of the SovietRole in the Middle East",The Middle East Jour-nal,Autumn 1985,Volume 39,Number 4.
23、Larry C.Napper,"The Arab Autumn of 1984:A Case Study of Soviet Middle East Policy", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1985,Volume 39,Number 4.
24、Brian Urquhart,"The United States in the Middle East:A 50-Year Retrospective",The Mid-dle East Journal,Autumn 1995,Volume 49,Number 4.
25、Pierre Salinger,"The United States,the United Nations,and Gulf War",The Middle East Jo-urnal,Autumn 1995,Volume 49,Number 4.
26、Duncan L.Clarke,"US Security Assistance to Egypt and Israel:Politically Untouchable", Middle East Journal, Volume 51,Number 2,Spring 1997.
27、George A.Lopez, David Cortright,"Containing Iraq:Sanctions Worked",Foreign Policy, Vol 83,No.4.
28、Tahir L.Shad,etc,"Syria Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era",Arab Studies Quartely,Vol 17,Number land 2,Winter and Spring,1995.
29、Deborah J.Gerher,"Petro-Dollar Recycling:Import,arms,investment and Aid",Arab Quart-erly,Volume 1,Number 1,Winter 1985.
30、Trita Parsi,"Israel and the Origins of Iran's Arab Option:Dissection of a Strategy Misund- erstood",The Middle East Journal, Volume 60,Number 3,Summer 2006.
31、Ray Takeyh,"Iran's New Iraq",The Middle East Journal, Volume 62,Number 1,Winter 2008.
32、Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer,"Libya's Turnaround Perspectives from Tripoli",The Middle East Journal, Volume 62,Number 1,Winter 2008.
33、M.Hakan Yavuz,Mujeeb R.Khan,"Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Con-flict:Duality and the Development(1950-1991)",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume14,Number 4.Fall 1992.
34、Richard Falk,"Can US Policy toward the Middle East Changes Course?"The Middle East Journal, Volume 47,Number 1,Winter 1993.
35、Pia Christina Wood,"France and Israeli-Palestinian Conflict:The Mitterrand Policies 19 81-1992",The Middle East Journal,Volume 47,Number 1,Winter 1993.
36、Fouad Ajami,"Iraq and the Arab's Future",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2003, Volume 82,Number 1.
37、Fariborz Mokhtari,"No One Will Scratch My Back:Iranian Security Perceptions in Histo-rical Context".The Middle East Journal, Volume 59,Number 2,Spring 2005.
38、Mustafa Kibaroglu," Iran's Nuclear Ambitions from a Historical Perspective and The Attit-ude of the West",Middle East Studies,Vol.43,No.2,March 2007.
39、Bassam Tibi,"The Iranian Revolution and the Arabs:The Quest for Islamic Identity and the Search for an Islamic System fo Government",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 8,No.1,Wi-nter 1986.
40、Simon Serfaty,"Bridging the Gulf Across the Atlantic:Europe and the United States in the Persian Gulf",The Middle East Journal, Volume 52,Number 3,Summer 1998.
41、Abbas Alnasrawi,"The Arab Economies:Twenty Years of Change and Dependency",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 9,No.4,Fall 1987.
42、Hazem Beblawi,"The Rentier State in the Arab World",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 9, No.4,Fall 1987.
43、George Klay Kieh,Jr,"Western Imperialism in the Middle East:The Case of the United St-atte's Military intervention in the Persian Gulf",Arab Studies Quarterly,Volume 14,Number 1,Winter 1992.
44、Uzi Rabi,"Britain's'Special Position'in the Gulf:Its Origins,Dynamics and Legacy",Mid- dle East Studies,Volume 42,Number 3,Mya 2006.
45、Biilent Aras,Hasan Koni,"Turkish-Syria Relations Revisited",Arab Studies Quarterl-y,Volume 24,Number 4,Fall 2002.
46、Robert Olson,"Turkey-Iran Relations,1979-2004:Accommodation and Competition",Jo-urnal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤⅢ,No.2,Winter 2005.
47、AbbasAlrasrawi,"US Foreign Policy in the Middle East",Arab Studies Quarterly,Vol 60 ,Number 2,Spring 2006.
48、Mustafa Kibaroglu,"Good for the Shah,Banned for the MullahsThe West and Iran's Quest for Nuclear Power",The Middle East Journal, Volume 60,Number 2,Spring 2006
49、Martin Indyk,etc,"Symposium:U.S.Policy toward Israel and Iran",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
50、Jeremy Salt,"Israel's Nuclear Weapons",Middle East Policy,Volume ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Nu-mber 3.
5、Hasan Kosebalaban,"The Crisis in Turkish-Israeli Relations",Middle EastPolicy,VolⅩⅤ Ⅱ,Fall2010,Number 3.
52、Robert O.Freedman,"Russia,Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
53、Joshua Landis,"The U.S.-Syria Relaitonships:A few Questions",Middle East Policy,Vol ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall2010,Number 3.
54、Kayhan Bartzegar,"Balance of Power:An Iranian View",Middle East Policy,Vol XVII, Fall2010,Number 3.
55、Samar El-Masri,"Iran:Between International Right and Duty",Middle East Policy,VolⅩⅤ Ⅱ,Fall2010,Number 3.
56、Nihat Ali Ozcan,Ozgur Ozdamar,"Uneasy Neighbors:Turkish-Iranian Relations",Middle East Policy,Voluume ⅩⅤⅡ,Fall 2010,Number 3.
57、Richard L.Russell,"Iraq's Chemical Weapons Legacy:What Others Might Learn",The Mi-ddle East Journal,Spring 2005,Volume 59,Number 2.
58、Graham E.Fuller,"The Middle East in US-Soviet Relations",Middle East Journal,Vol 44 ,Number 2,Spring 1990.
59、Fred Lawson,"Syria's Relations with Iran:Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance",The Mi-ddle East Journal,Winter 2007,Volume 61,Number 1.
60、S.Telhami,etc,"Symposium:Major World Powers and the Middle East",Middle East Polic- y,Volume XXI,Winter 2009,Number 4.
61、Martin Senn,"Ballistic Missile Defense in the Middle East",Middle East Policy,Vol XXI ,Winter 2009,Number 4.
62、Chas W.Freeman,Jr,"U.S.-Arab Relations:The Way Forward",Middle East Policy,Vol XX I,Winter 2009,Number 4.
63、George H.Quester,"Nuclear Weapons and Israel", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1983, Volume 37,Number 4.
64、Jed C.Snyder," The Road to Osiraq:Baghdad's Quest for the Bomb",The Middle East Jou-rnal,Autumn 1983,Volume 37,Number 4.
65、Paul F.Power,"Preventing Nuclear Conflict in the Middle East:The Free-Zone Strategy", The Middle East Journal,Autumn 1983,Volume 37,Number 4.
66、Robert O.Freedman,"Russian Policy Toward the Middle East:The Yeltsin Legacy and the Putin Challenge", The Middle East Journal,Winter 2001,Volume 55,Number 1.
67、John Duke Anthony,"Symposium:War with Iran:Regional Reactions and Require ments", Middle East Policy,Fall 2008,Winter XV,Number 3.
68、Mark N.Katz,"The Russian-Libyan Rapprochement:What has Moscow Gained?"Middle East Policy,Fall 2008,Winter XVNumber 3.
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2、王铁铮：《伊斯兰教与中东国家现代化的基本特点》,《西亚非洲》,2008年第12期。
3、王铁铮：《犹太复国主义与以阿关系》,《西北大学学报》,2006年第1期。
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31、王宏伟：《阿联酋的军火贸易》,《阿拉伯世界》,2001年第4期。
32、王宏伟：《沙特阿拉伯的军火贸易》,《阿拉伯世界》,2001年第3期。
33、韩忡：《1999～2000年中东地区军火贸易》,《阿拉伯世界》,2000年第4期。
34、张清敏：《美国常规武器转让政策的形成与演变(1947～1992)》,《美国研究》,2009年第3期。
35、李严复：《国际军品贸易发展态势》,《国防科技工业》,2010年第6期。
36、石海明：《军事技术国际转移：动因、路径及影响》,《科技管理研究》,2010年第10期。
37、王京烈：《伊朗核问题与中东地缘政治》,《阿拉伯世界研究》,2009年第4期。
38、崔晓乐：《美苏在中东的争夺与第三次中东战争(1961—1969)》,《西伯利亚研究》,2009年第2期。
39、夏立平：《论以色列核政策与核战略的特点和影响》,《西亚非洲》,2009年第4期。
40、林晖：《当代西方国际军火贸易外部效用理论初探》,《军事经济研究》,2001年第6期。
41、熊明峰：《世界军火贸易红火的背后》,《环球军事》,2001年第9期。
42、侯宝泉：《俄罗斯武器出口的现状及前景分析》,《东欧中亚研究》,1999年第2期。
43、、马杰：《小国大军工：从加沙之战看以色列的国防工业发展》,《国防科技工业》,2009年第1期。
44、赵青海：《核阴影下的伊朗外交》,《国际问题研究》,2009年第1期。
45、王志军：《伊朗军情军力评析》,《当代世界》,2008年第1期。
46、肖凌：《以色列的核威慑策略和阿拉伯国家的应策》,《阿拉伯世界》,2001年第3期。
47、王宏伟：《“9·11”后美国军火贸易的自由化趋势及其影响》,《中国军转民》2004年第10期。
48、王逸峰：《后冷战时期美国军火贸易动态及动机分析和展望》,《西北第二民族学院学报》,2004年第2期。
49、刘鹏：《高技术下的国际军控与军贸》,《中国科技论坛》,2003年第2期。
50、马云：《冷战结束后大国对中东的争夺及影响》,《内蒙古民族师院学》,2000年第1期。
51、黄民兴：《此消彼长：阿以冲突与海湾问题的互动关系》,《郑州大学学报》,2005年第6期。
52、赵裴：《轻小武器出口国际管制机制的现状与问题》,《现代国际关系》,2009年第9期。
53、黄晓凤：《国际军火贸易理论的研究进展》,《军事经济研究》,2006年第9期。
54、孔令涛：《以土军事联盟的背景和影响》,《国际观察》,1990年第2期。
55、万光：《美国在中东的战略举措和阿拉伯世界的反应》,《西亚非洲》,1999年第2期。
56、李清华：《美欧俄日争夺中东的策略及影响》,《现代国际关系》,1999年第5期。
1、陈天社：《埃及对外关系研究：1970-2000年》,博士论文,西北大学,2004年。
2、焦玉奎：《冷战后中东民族主义问题研究》,博士论文,西北大学,2008年。
3、尹斌：《后冷战时代欧盟的中东政策与实践研究》,博士论文,西北大学,2007年。
4、樊为之：《第二次世界大战后的美国中东政策研究》,博士论文,西北大学,2007年。
5、冯璐璐：《中东经济现代化的现实与理论探讨：全球化视角研究》,博士论文,西北大学,2006年。
6、李卫华：《中东伊斯兰国家的外交理念与实践》,博士论文,西北大学,2006年。
7、王先云：《中东军备竞赛与军备控制研究》,中国人民解放军国际关系学院,1994.
8、方晓：《欧盟规范性外交对中东的影响》,博士论文,上海外国语大学,2009年。
9、马守途：《政治学视野中的巴以民族冲突》,博士论文,中央民族大学,2009年。
10、叶青：《伊斯兰教与后冷战时期中东国际关系中的双重认同问题研究》,博士论文, 复旦大学,2007年。
11、唐立新：《现代美国犹太政治研究》,博士论文,中共中央党校,2007年。
12、娜佳：《是谁在中东制造混乱：一个阿拉伯人对美国中东政策的看法》,博士论文,外交学院,2007年。
13、崔守军：《中东地区安全复合体：理论与现实的阐释》,博士论文,外交学院,2006年。
14、冯怀信：《中东区域合作的地缘政治分析》,博士论文,南开大学,2005年。