时间焦虑感
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摘要
时间是一种有限的资源,时间可以用来换取金钱,时间成为一种有价值的商品,这是“现代性体验”中对于社会时间最重要的三个隐喻。
时间作为一种重要的有限资源,凭借现代先进的技术,可以用来进行各种活动,这便是时间的“选择成本”。作为资源的时间,同样可以用来直接换取金钱或其他价值与经验,这便是时间的“直接成本”。选择成本和直接成本共同构成了时间的“机会成本”,所以当时间变得更有价值的时候,人们就会更加觉得不能浪费时间,也因此感受到更大的压力和焦虑。
本研究通过实验研究发现,在没有达到人们主观期望的情况下,由于时间机会成本的作用,时间价值对时间焦虑感有抑制作用,即时间价值越大,人们的时间焦虑感越低。相反,当超过人们的主观期望之后,时间价值就对时间焦虑感起积极作用。可见,时间的价值和人们的主观期望,共同影响了个人层面的时间焦虑感。本研究对不同社会群体时间焦虑感的调查,从群体的宏观层面也证实了这一结论。
从宏观层面看,社会时间的价值与人们主观期望的变化,是在现代性的背景下发生的,与时间和金钱的互换、时间的商品化有着密切的联系。现代社会中,伴随着技术的革新与扩散,时间的经济、信息、情感、象征等价值急速增大。同时,借助于(工具)理性化进程中“量”对“质”的侵蚀,人们的主观期望也随之提升了。期望拥有更多的时间,或者对时间更充分地‘‘开发和利用”,以此来换取更多的价值,构成了人们对于社会时间的“现代性体验”。这样的体验,在增加时间价值的同时,也飞速提升了人们的主观期望,从而形成现代社会普遍的时间焦虑感。
在中国社会的现代化进程中,同样也伴随着时间焦虑感的出现与变化。本研究通过比较中国社会的不同历史时期,时间焦虑感程度和性质的不同,发现除了社会时间的“现代性体验”之外,社会变迁的速度与国家合法性资源的多寡,也对时间焦虑感有重要影响。只有当社会变迁速率较快时,时间焦虑感才有可能出现。而在较快的社会变迁中,如果国家的合法性资源较为丰富,人们的时间焦虑感通常具有积极性质。相反,如果合法性资源不够丰富,人们的时间焦虑感通常具有消极性质。
当下中国社会变迁的规模之大、范围之广、幅度之深、速度之快,都是史无前例的。由于“质”、“量”互换的(工具)理性主义思想,和国家持续加强绩效合法性资源积累而产生的波动,使得人们期望通过占有更多的财富,迅速进入精英阶层,从而避免在社会急速的变迁中被淘汰。
更充分地利用时间,更快、更多地积累财富,更早地进入精英阶层,是当下中国社会时间焦虑感的直接来源。正是中国剧烈的社会变迁,给时间焦虑感这一“现代性体验”赋予了特定的含义,从而演化出的一种独特的“中国体验”。
Time is a finite resource; time can exchange for money; time is a commodity of value. These are the three most important metaphors for time in people's experience of modernity.
As an important and finite resource, time can be used to conduct various activities with the help of modern and advanced technology. This explains "Choice cost" of time. Also, time can be used to exchange for money or other values and experiences. This is called "Direct cost" of time."Choice cost" and "Direct cost" constitute time's "Opportunity cost." Therefore, the higher value time has, the less likely people are to waste their time. Consequently, they will feel higher pressure and anxiety.
In this study, experiments, show that, when value of time is lower than what people expect, it has negative effect on people's time urgency due to the influence of "Opportunity cost of time." Namely, the higher value time has, the less urgency people will feel. On the contrary, when time value exceeds what people expect, value of time will be positively associated with the experience of time urgency. Therefore, it's safe to conclude that time value and individual's subjective expectation for time value work together to influence people's sense of time urgency. Additionally, this study conducts investigation on time urgency of different social groups and confirms the above conclusion at the macro level of the groups.
At the macro level, value of social time and people's subjective expectation are changing in the context of modernity. These changes are closely related to the exchange between time and money as well as the commodification of time. In modern society, with the innovation and spread of technology, there is dramatic rise in time's value, such as economic value, information value, emotional value, symbolic value and so on. Meanwhile, as "quantity" is gradually invading "quality" in the process of instrumental rationalization, people's expectations accordingly increase. They expect to have more time, or thoroughly explore and make full use of time, in order to exchange for more value. All the above make up people's "modern experience" of social time. Such experiences not only raise time's value, but also considerably increase people's expectation, and consequently result in the common time urgency in modern society.
The process of modernization in China is accompanied by the occurrence and changes of time urgency. By comparing the levels and features of time urgency in different history periods of China, this study discovers that in addition to the factor of "modern experience" of social time, the speed of social changes and the amount of nation's legitimate resources also exert important effects on people's time urgency. Only when society changes in a fast speed will time urgency possibly occurs. Among these fast social changes, if the legitimate resources of nation is rich, people's time urgency will work positively. Oppositely, if there is lack of legitimate resources, time urgency will play a negative role.
China society is changing with unprecedented scale, scope, range as well as speed. With the instrumental rationalism about exchange between "quality" and "quantity" as well as the social fluctuation resulting from the nation's continuous reinforcement on accumulating legitimacy resources of performance, people expect to possess more wealth and to be classified as elite class so as to avoid being eliminated in the dramatic social changes.
To make full use of time, to gather more wealth more quickly and to become elite class earlier have become the direct reason of time urgency in present China society. In the context of China's dramatic social change, time urgency not only is people's "modern experience" of social time, but also develops into a social experience with Chinese characteristic.
时间作为一种重要的有限资源,凭借现代先进的技术,可以用来进行各种活动,这便是时间的“选择成本”。作为资源的时间,同样可以用来直接换取金钱或其他价值与经验,这便是时间的“直接成本”。选择成本和直接成本共同构成了时间的“机会成本”,所以当时间变得更有价值的时候,人们就会更加觉得不能浪费时间,也因此感受到更大的压力和焦虑。
本研究通过实验研究发现,在没有达到人们主观期望的情况下,由于时间机会成本的作用,时间价值对时间焦虑感有抑制作用,即时间价值越大,人们的时间焦虑感越低。相反,当超过人们的主观期望之后,时间价值就对时间焦虑感起积极作用。可见,时间的价值和人们的主观期望,共同影响了个人层面的时间焦虑感。本研究对不同社会群体时间焦虑感的调查,从群体的宏观层面也证实了这一结论。
从宏观层面看,社会时间的价值与人们主观期望的变化,是在现代性的背景下发生的,与时间和金钱的互换、时间的商品化有着密切的联系。现代社会中,伴随着技术的革新与扩散,时间的经济、信息、情感、象征等价值急速增大。同时,借助于(工具)理性化进程中“量”对“质”的侵蚀,人们的主观期望也随之提升了。期望拥有更多的时间,或者对时间更充分地‘‘开发和利用”,以此来换取更多的价值,构成了人们对于社会时间的“现代性体验”。这样的体验,在增加时间价值的同时,也飞速提升了人们的主观期望,从而形成现代社会普遍的时间焦虑感。
在中国社会的现代化进程中,同样也伴随着时间焦虑感的出现与变化。本研究通过比较中国社会的不同历史时期,时间焦虑感程度和性质的不同,发现除了社会时间的“现代性体验”之外,社会变迁的速度与国家合法性资源的多寡,也对时间焦虑感有重要影响。只有当社会变迁速率较快时,时间焦虑感才有可能出现。而在较快的社会变迁中,如果国家的合法性资源较为丰富,人们的时间焦虑感通常具有积极性质。相反,如果合法性资源不够丰富,人们的时间焦虑感通常具有消极性质。
当下中国社会变迁的规模之大、范围之广、幅度之深、速度之快,都是史无前例的。由于“质”、“量”互换的(工具)理性主义思想,和国家持续加强绩效合法性资源积累而产生的波动,使得人们期望通过占有更多的财富,迅速进入精英阶层,从而避免在社会急速的变迁中被淘汰。
更充分地利用时间,更快、更多地积累财富,更早地进入精英阶层,是当下中国社会时间焦虑感的直接来源。正是中国剧烈的社会变迁,给时间焦虑感这一“现代性体验”赋予了特定的含义,从而演化出的一种独特的“中国体验”。
Time is a finite resource; time can exchange for money; time is a commodity of value. These are the three most important metaphors for time in people's experience of modernity.
As an important and finite resource, time can be used to conduct various activities with the help of modern and advanced technology. This explains "Choice cost" of time. Also, time can be used to exchange for money or other values and experiences. This is called "Direct cost" of time."Choice cost" and "Direct cost" constitute time's "Opportunity cost." Therefore, the higher value time has, the less likely people are to waste their time. Consequently, they will feel higher pressure and anxiety.
In this study, experiments, show that, when value of time is lower than what people expect, it has negative effect on people's time urgency due to the influence of "Opportunity cost of time." Namely, the higher value time has, the less urgency people will feel. On the contrary, when time value exceeds what people expect, value of time will be positively associated with the experience of time urgency. Therefore, it's safe to conclude that time value and individual's subjective expectation for time value work together to influence people's sense of time urgency. Additionally, this study conducts investigation on time urgency of different social groups and confirms the above conclusion at the macro level of the groups.
At the macro level, value of social time and people's subjective expectation are changing in the context of modernity. These changes are closely related to the exchange between time and money as well as the commodification of time. In modern society, with the innovation and spread of technology, there is dramatic rise in time's value, such as economic value, information value, emotional value, symbolic value and so on. Meanwhile, as "quantity" is gradually invading "quality" in the process of instrumental rationalization, people's expectations accordingly increase. They expect to have more time, or thoroughly explore and make full use of time, in order to exchange for more value. All the above make up people's "modern experience" of social time. Such experiences not only raise time's value, but also considerably increase people's expectation, and consequently result in the common time urgency in modern society.
The process of modernization in China is accompanied by the occurrence and changes of time urgency. By comparing the levels and features of time urgency in different history periods of China, this study discovers that in addition to the factor of "modern experience" of social time, the speed of social changes and the amount of nation's legitimate resources also exert important effects on people's time urgency. Only when society changes in a fast speed will time urgency possibly occurs. Among these fast social changes, if the legitimate resources of nation is rich, people's time urgency will work positively. Oppositely, if there is lack of legitimate resources, time urgency will play a negative role.
China society is changing with unprecedented scale, scope, range as well as speed. With the instrumental rationalism about exchange between "quality" and "quantity" as well as the social fluctuation resulting from the nation's continuous reinforcement on accumulating legitimacy resources of performance, people expect to possess more wealth and to be classified as elite class so as to avoid being eliminated in the dramatic social changes.
To make full use of time, to gather more wealth more quickly and to become elite class earlier have become the direct reason of time urgency in present China society. In the context of China's dramatic social change, time urgency not only is people's "modern experience" of social time, but also develops into a social experience with Chinese characteristic.
引文
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