论我国宗教立法的不足及完善
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摘要
我国现有的宗教法律、法规是由行政法规、地方性法规、地方政府规章、部门规章组成的。近些年来,我国在宗教立法方面又进行了有益的探索和尝试,先后出台了《宗教场所管理办法》、《宗教事务条例》,我国的宗教立法从绝对数量看并不少,但从立法的系统性和科学性看,总的来看仍然存在许多不足之处。在我国的法制建设全局中处于滞后状态。由于宗教立法未得到足够重视,同时已出台的行政法规、地方法规,由于法律位阶低,已不适应宗教工作的需要,宗教界和广大信教群众的需要。因此,制定一部全国性的综合性的宗教基本法,已是当务之急。
本文通过探寻中国宗教立法的不完善的历史原因和现实不足,并试图通过对这一问题的研究,找出完善宗教立法的有效途径。即更新宗教立法观念,确立宗教立法的基本原则,完善宗教立法具体措施,推进宗教立法的顺利进行,使我国的宗教工作有法可依,有章可循。
After revolution, professional regulations related to religion began to be made in our country, which can ensure the freedom of religion of citizens by law and definite the connotation of the freedom of religion. The regulation offers operable guidance for religious activities, management of religious social groups, annual check for the place of religious activities and the employment of foreign nationality professionals and effective legal ground to stop or attack illegal religious activities; the regulation plays an important role in maintaining the freedom of religion of citizens, standardizing communion and religious activities and protecting religious culture. But from the angle of legislation and science, the regulation should be strengthened which is still at the hysteretic state in the legal construction of our country, which can’t meet only the needs of religious work but also the needs of believers. Besides, some extrusive problems exist in the current laws which are embodied on the following aspects: Firstly, position in the law is low, that’s to say, a national integrated basic religious law is needed. Secondly, legislation skills are not mature, which is embodied in the content of structure, conception and wording. On the aspect of content, some is too simple, even lacking in important chapters and important clauses, for example, legal obligation which should be the important part in religious legislation. As long as make the legal obligation clear, relief can be done for breaking the rules, infringement, damaging and committing crimes in the fields of religion and religious work. The content is not mentioned or seldom mentioned in part of local regulation and governmental rules, which places emphasis on the punishment for illegal behavior of believers, but neglect the punishment for the staff of state organs in treating religious affairs.
The meaning of religious legislation is illuminated in Part-1. In broad sense, the meaning of religious legislation points to three kinds of different legislations or three aspects of religious legislation; in narrow sense, religious legislation points to the activities, regulation or laws made by national legislative bodies related to religious affairs. The topic of the article is religious legislation which points to the religious legislation in narrow sense. And then the necessity of religious legislation is discussed. Improving religious legislation is the necessary choice of the development of the era. Improving religious legislation is necessary for the strengthening the building of legal system. Improving religious legislation is the basic guarantee for building socialist spiritual civilization. Improving religious legislation meets the needs of ensuring the freedom of religion of citizens. Improving religious legislation meets the needs of maintaining the harmony of religion and the society.
The current state of religious legislation in our country is discussed in Part-2. After revolution, legislation exploration and practice in religion began to be carried out in our country. Religious professional laws and regulation were made in our country, to ensure the freedom of religion of citizens by way of laws and define the connotation of the freedom of religion so as to offer operable guidance for religious activities, management of religious social groups, annual check for the place of religious activities and the employment of foreign nationality professionals and effective legal ground to stop or attack illegal religious activities; the regulation plays an important role in maintaining the freedom of religion of citizens, standardizing communion and religious activities and protecting religious culture. But from the angle of legislation and science, the regulation should be strengthened which is still at the hysteretic state in the legal construction of our country, which can’t meet only the needs of religious work but also the needs of believers. Besides, some extrusive problems exist in the current laws which are embodied on the following aspects: First, lag behind in legislation concept which takes the place of perfect legislation with the prominent administrative regulation. Second, some problems can’t be solved depending on relative laws and blind area exists in religious legislation. Third, the regulation of legislation is rough which lacks in procedural rules and maneuverability. The reasons for not improvement are embodied on the following factors: First, it is influenced by big background of law building, and religious legislation started late. Second, it lacks a religious team of leaders with steady and high personality, which limits the improvement of religious legislation. Third, different opinions exist in the problems of religious legislation.
Foreign religious legislation is discussed in Part-3. American, British and Japan’s religious legislation are introduced mainly in the part. American religious legislation is mainly two famous sentences: establishment and freely practice sentences. The connotation of that is separation of religion from politics and religions liberty. In America based on Jesus as the traditional belief, separation of religion from politics and religions liberty is emphasized, and the substance isn’t only to protect the basic rights of citizens, but also to maintain social public benefits and national benefits. American government adopts the attitude of nonintervention and hands-off, and follows close to the line of separation of religion from politics and religions liberty rules in the amendments to the Constitution, which offer base for free development and free competition of various of religions, multi-sects in America so as to ensure the brisk and flourish of American religion market. Till now Britain is one of the few countries that own official Christian church. Compared with the treating methods of America, the problem of religious legislation of Britain lacks the right two pieces of rules and the consequence is that official Christian church combined with national bureaucracy effectively during the long development in history, turning into part of superstructure of the country. When the Christian church benefited from worldly regime, the mode of irrespective of politics and religions brought Christian church unexpected substantive damage. Japan is one of the countries that carry out the mode of irrespective of politics and religions. The religious legislation of Japan is embodies in Religious Corporate Law, that’s to say, the Religious Corporate Law of Japan shows the new features of religious legislation under the new historical background. First, it solved the law position of religious groups. Second, religious property is under the jurisdiction. Third, the property of religious corporation can get relief after suffering from aggrieve.
Measures to improve religious legislation of our country are discussed in Part-4. Religious legislation is the objective requirement for the development of socialist legal system, also the real needs of religious work. Compared with other fields of our country, religious legislation starts late, and lags behind relatively, with urgency. Because religion involves in civil rights, economy, politics, cultures and many other social fields, what’s more, religious legislation is a complex project, we should combine with the realistic state of our country to establish the basic rules of religious legislation, using foreign religious legislation as a source of reference so as to improve religious legislation. We should absorb international relative experience on legislation, which accords with the need of unification so as to ensure the science, systematicness, suitability and stability of religious legislation, paying attention to the connection of laws and policy. Religious legislation should show epochal character and maneuverability. Religion must be carried out within the scope that laws permits to strengthen the quality of legislation by studying and broadcasting basic laws of religion to improve relative system of religious legislation.
本文通过探寻中国宗教立法的不完善的历史原因和现实不足,并试图通过对这一问题的研究,找出完善宗教立法的有效途径。即更新宗教立法观念,确立宗教立法的基本原则,完善宗教立法具体措施,推进宗教立法的顺利进行,使我国的宗教工作有法可依,有章可循。
After revolution, professional regulations related to religion began to be made in our country, which can ensure the freedom of religion of citizens by law and definite the connotation of the freedom of religion. The regulation offers operable guidance for religious activities, management of religious social groups, annual check for the place of religious activities and the employment of foreign nationality professionals and effective legal ground to stop or attack illegal religious activities; the regulation plays an important role in maintaining the freedom of religion of citizens, standardizing communion and religious activities and protecting religious culture. But from the angle of legislation and science, the regulation should be strengthened which is still at the hysteretic state in the legal construction of our country, which can’t meet only the needs of religious work but also the needs of believers. Besides, some extrusive problems exist in the current laws which are embodied on the following aspects: Firstly, position in the law is low, that’s to say, a national integrated basic religious law is needed. Secondly, legislation skills are not mature, which is embodied in the content of structure, conception and wording. On the aspect of content, some is too simple, even lacking in important chapters and important clauses, for example, legal obligation which should be the important part in religious legislation. As long as make the legal obligation clear, relief can be done for breaking the rules, infringement, damaging and committing crimes in the fields of religion and religious work. The content is not mentioned or seldom mentioned in part of local regulation and governmental rules, which places emphasis on the punishment for illegal behavior of believers, but neglect the punishment for the staff of state organs in treating religious affairs.
The meaning of religious legislation is illuminated in Part-1. In broad sense, the meaning of religious legislation points to three kinds of different legislations or three aspects of religious legislation; in narrow sense, religious legislation points to the activities, regulation or laws made by national legislative bodies related to religious affairs. The topic of the article is religious legislation which points to the religious legislation in narrow sense. And then the necessity of religious legislation is discussed. Improving religious legislation is the necessary choice of the development of the era. Improving religious legislation is necessary for the strengthening the building of legal system. Improving religious legislation is the basic guarantee for building socialist spiritual civilization. Improving religious legislation meets the needs of ensuring the freedom of religion of citizens. Improving religious legislation meets the needs of maintaining the harmony of religion and the society.
The current state of religious legislation in our country is discussed in Part-2. After revolution, legislation exploration and practice in religion began to be carried out in our country. Religious professional laws and regulation were made in our country, to ensure the freedom of religion of citizens by way of laws and define the connotation of the freedom of religion so as to offer operable guidance for religious activities, management of religious social groups, annual check for the place of religious activities and the employment of foreign nationality professionals and effective legal ground to stop or attack illegal religious activities; the regulation plays an important role in maintaining the freedom of religion of citizens, standardizing communion and religious activities and protecting religious culture. But from the angle of legislation and science, the regulation should be strengthened which is still at the hysteretic state in the legal construction of our country, which can’t meet only the needs of religious work but also the needs of believers. Besides, some extrusive problems exist in the current laws which are embodied on the following aspects: First, lag behind in legislation concept which takes the place of perfect legislation with the prominent administrative regulation. Second, some problems can’t be solved depending on relative laws and blind area exists in religious legislation. Third, the regulation of legislation is rough which lacks in procedural rules and maneuverability. The reasons for not improvement are embodied on the following factors: First, it is influenced by big background of law building, and religious legislation started late. Second, it lacks a religious team of leaders with steady and high personality, which limits the improvement of religious legislation. Third, different opinions exist in the problems of religious legislation.
Foreign religious legislation is discussed in Part-3. American, British and Japan’s religious legislation are introduced mainly in the part. American religious legislation is mainly two famous sentences: establishment and freely practice sentences. The connotation of that is separation of religion from politics and religions liberty. In America based on Jesus as the traditional belief, separation of religion from politics and religions liberty is emphasized, and the substance isn’t only to protect the basic rights of citizens, but also to maintain social public benefits and national benefits. American government adopts the attitude of nonintervention and hands-off, and follows close to the line of separation of religion from politics and religions liberty rules in the amendments to the Constitution, which offer base for free development and free competition of various of religions, multi-sects in America so as to ensure the brisk and flourish of American religion market. Till now Britain is one of the few countries that own official Christian church. Compared with the treating methods of America, the problem of religious legislation of Britain lacks the right two pieces of rules and the consequence is that official Christian church combined with national bureaucracy effectively during the long development in history, turning into part of superstructure of the country. When the Christian church benefited from worldly regime, the mode of irrespective of politics and religions brought Christian church unexpected substantive damage. Japan is one of the countries that carry out the mode of irrespective of politics and religions. The religious legislation of Japan is embodies in Religious Corporate Law, that’s to say, the Religious Corporate Law of Japan shows the new features of religious legislation under the new historical background. First, it solved the law position of religious groups. Second, religious property is under the jurisdiction. Third, the property of religious corporation can get relief after suffering from aggrieve.
Measures to improve religious legislation of our country are discussed in Part-4. Religious legislation is the objective requirement for the development of socialist legal system, also the real needs of religious work. Compared with other fields of our country, religious legislation starts late, and lags behind relatively, with urgency. Because religion involves in civil rights, economy, politics, cultures and many other social fields, what’s more, religious legislation is a complex project, we should combine with the realistic state of our country to establish the basic rules of religious legislation, using foreign religious legislation as a source of reference so as to improve religious legislation. We should absorb international relative experience on legislation, which accords with the need of unification so as to ensure the science, systematicness, suitability and stability of religious legislation, paying attention to the connection of laws and policy. Religious legislation should show epochal character and maneuverability. Religion must be carried out within the scope that laws permits to strengthen the quality of legislation by studying and broadcasting basic laws of religion to improve relative system of religious legislation.
引文
[1]参见戴康生、彭耀主编:《宗教社会学》,社会科学文献出版社2007年版,第29页。
[2]参见戴康生、彭耀主编:《宗教社会学》,社会科学文献出版社2007年版,第30页。
[3]参见《马克思恩格斯选集》(第3卷),人民出版社1995年版,第666-667页。
[4]参见周旺生:《立法学》,法律出版社1998年版,第4页。
[5]参见钱振勤、钱湘泓主编:《宗教与文化》,国防工业出版社2005年版,第47页。
[6]参见桑杰:《我国宗教立法论要》,载《攀登》双月刊2007年第1期,第151页。
[7]参见朱晓明主编:《宗教若干理论问题研究》,民族出版社2006年版,第153页。
[8]参见吴孟庆:《确立“大宗教工作”概念》,载《东来紫气》,文汇出版社2004年版,第273页。
[9]参见刘澎主编:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第37页。
[10]参见刘澎主编:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第38页。
[11]参见何虎生:《中国化马克思主义宗教观研究》,华文出版社2007年版,第325页。
[12]参见国家宗教局政法司:《宗教工作普法读本》,北京宗教文化出版社1997年版,第56页。
[13]参见江泽民:《论宗教问题》,载《江泽民文选》(第三卷),人民出版社2006年版,第385页。
[14]参见钟娟:《关于宗教立法问题的思考》,载《安徽电气工程职业技术学院学报》2005年第6期,第10页。
1.张文显主编:《法理学》,高等教育出版社1999年版。
2.王作安主编:《中国的宗教问题和宗教政策》,北京宗教文化出版社2002年版。
3.陈麟书、陈及主编:《宗教学原理》,北京宗教文化出版社1999年版。
4.刘澎:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版。
5.董云虎:《世界人权公约法总览》,四川人民出版社1991年版。
6.国家宗教局政策法规司编:《宗教工作普法读本》,北京宗教文化出版社2000年版。
7. [美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼著:《法律与宗教》,梁治平译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版。
8.高鸿钧著:《现代法治的出路》,清华大学出版社2003年版。
9.国家宗教事务局宗教研究中心编《:国外宗教法规汇编》,宗教文化出版社2002年版。
10.张志刚:《宗教研究指要》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
11.张训谋:《欧美政教关系研究》,宗教文化出版社2002年版。
12.赵匡为:《世界各主要国家的政教关系》,宗教文化出版社1998年版。
13.龚学增:《宗教问题概论》,四川人民出版社1998年版。
14.张中秋:《中西法律文化比较研究》,南京大学出版社1991年版。
15.戴康生、彭耀:《宗教社会学》,社会科学文献出版社2002年版。
16.刘澎:《当代美国宗教》,北京社会科学文献出版社2001年版。
17.牟钟鉴、张践:《中国宗教通史》,北京社会科学文献出版社2000年版。
18.董小川:《20世纪美国宗教与政治》,人民出版社2000年版。
1.马劲:《我国地方宗教立法的实践》,载《中国宗教》2002年第6期。
2.刘培峰:《西部开发过程中的民族宗教立法》,载《新疆社会科学》2002年第2期。
3.杜钧宝:《加强宗教事务管理的法律思考》,载《中国宗教》2002年第2期。
4.王培英:《加强宗教立法是依法治国的必然要求》,载《中国宗教》1998年第l期。
5.国家宗教局政法司:《时代的要求实践的呼唤——我国宗教法制建设综述》,载《中国宗教》2003年第12期。
6.李霞:《宗教立法问题三论》,载《山东大学学报》2000年第5期。
7.蔡高强:《论我国对宗教信仰自由的法律保护——从国际人权公约看我国的宗教立法》,载《湘潭大学社会科学学报》2002年第5期。
8.王希恩:《西部大开发中的民族问题的趋向分析》,载《宁夏社会科学》2001年第1期。
9.黄文伟:《国外宗教立法种种》,载《宗教》2003年第2期。
10.李寒颖:《中国宗教立法的现状未来与挑战》,载《中国宗教》2004年第12期。
[2]参见戴康生、彭耀主编:《宗教社会学》,社会科学文献出版社2007年版,第30页。
[3]参见《马克思恩格斯选集》(第3卷),人民出版社1995年版,第666-667页。
[4]参见周旺生:《立法学》,法律出版社1998年版,第4页。
[5]参见钱振勤、钱湘泓主编:《宗教与文化》,国防工业出版社2005年版,第47页。
[6]参见桑杰:《我国宗教立法论要》,载《攀登》双月刊2007年第1期,第151页。
[7]参见朱晓明主编:《宗教若干理论问题研究》,民族出版社2006年版,第153页。
[8]参见吴孟庆:《确立“大宗教工作”概念》,载《东来紫气》,文汇出版社2004年版,第273页。
[9]参见刘澎主编:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第37页。
[10]参见刘澎主编:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第38页。
[11]参见何虎生:《中国化马克思主义宗教观研究》,华文出版社2007年版,第325页。
[12]参见国家宗教局政法司:《宗教工作普法读本》,北京宗教文化出版社1997年版,第56页。
[13]参见江泽民:《论宗教问题》,载《江泽民文选》(第三卷),人民出版社2006年版,第385页。
[14]参见钟娟:《关于宗教立法问题的思考》,载《安徽电气工程职业技术学院学报》2005年第6期,第10页。
1.张文显主编:《法理学》,高等教育出版社1999年版。
2.王作安主编:《中国的宗教问题和宗教政策》,北京宗教文化出版社2002年版。
3.陈麟书、陈及主编:《宗教学原理》,北京宗教文化出版社1999年版。
4.刘澎:《国家·宗教·法律》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版。
5.董云虎:《世界人权公约法总览》,四川人民出版社1991年版。
6.国家宗教局政策法规司编:《宗教工作普法读本》,北京宗教文化出版社2000年版。
7. [美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼著:《法律与宗教》,梁治平译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版。
8.高鸿钧著:《现代法治的出路》,清华大学出版社2003年版。
9.国家宗教事务局宗教研究中心编《:国外宗教法规汇编》,宗教文化出版社2002年版。
10.张志刚:《宗教研究指要》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
11.张训谋:《欧美政教关系研究》,宗教文化出版社2002年版。
12.赵匡为:《世界各主要国家的政教关系》,宗教文化出版社1998年版。
13.龚学增:《宗教问题概论》,四川人民出版社1998年版。
14.张中秋:《中西法律文化比较研究》,南京大学出版社1991年版。
15.戴康生、彭耀:《宗教社会学》,社会科学文献出版社2002年版。
16.刘澎:《当代美国宗教》,北京社会科学文献出版社2001年版。
17.牟钟鉴、张践:《中国宗教通史》,北京社会科学文献出版社2000年版。
18.董小川:《20世纪美国宗教与政治》,人民出版社2000年版。
1.马劲:《我国地方宗教立法的实践》,载《中国宗教》2002年第6期。
2.刘培峰:《西部开发过程中的民族宗教立法》,载《新疆社会科学》2002年第2期。
3.杜钧宝:《加强宗教事务管理的法律思考》,载《中国宗教》2002年第2期。
4.王培英:《加强宗教立法是依法治国的必然要求》,载《中国宗教》1998年第l期。
5.国家宗教局政法司:《时代的要求实践的呼唤——我国宗教法制建设综述》,载《中国宗教》2003年第12期。
6.李霞:《宗教立法问题三论》,载《山东大学学报》2000年第5期。
7.蔡高强:《论我国对宗教信仰自由的法律保护——从国际人权公约看我国的宗教立法》,载《湘潭大学社会科学学报》2002年第5期。
8.王希恩:《西部大开发中的民族问题的趋向分析》,载《宁夏社会科学》2001年第1期。
9.黄文伟:《国外宗教立法种种》,载《宗教》2003年第2期。
10.李寒颖:《中国宗教立法的现状未来与挑战》,载《中国宗教》2004年第12期。