超高压变质过程中的元素地球化学行为
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摘要
中国大陆科学钻探主孔位于江苏东海县,苏鲁超高压变质带的南部。该钻孔0～2050m井段的岩石主要是超高压变质的榴辉岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩、超基性岩,以及少量的石英岩和片岩。这些岩石是大陆板块深俯冲到地幔极端条件下,经历超高压变质,而后快速折返至地表的产物,为研究大陆深俯冲过程的元素地球化学行为提供了非常好的样品。本文在CCSD主孔0～2050m岩心段榴辉岩、石榴辉石岩和高压脉体的岩石学和岩石化学研究基础上,通过系统的原位微区化学分析,对这些岩石中的全部矿物,包括主要矿物、次要矿物、副矿物,继承矿物和退变质矿物,进行了深入的微量元素化学研究,揭示出超高压变质岩的微量元素赋存特征、分配规律、受控因素,探讨了大陆深俯冲过程中的微量元素地球化学行为。所获得的主要认识如下:
(1)CCSD主孔超高压榴辉岩具有不同的矿物组成和岩石化学成分特征,可分成高Al型、高Si型、高Mg型、高Ti型、Fe-Ti型和正常榴辉岩6种类型,它们的原岩为基性-超基性层状侵入体和变质表壳岩。超高压岩石中的的石榴石成分变化大,包括镁铝、铁铝、钙铝、锰铝组分,榴辉岩中的单斜辉石成分绝大多数绿辉石,石榴辉石岩中的为普通辉石,超高压变质岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石主元素成分受全岩成分的明显控制。榴辉岩中的多硅白云母高Si。高压脉体中石榴石和单斜辉石的成分与其围岩榴辉岩中的一致,这表明脉体石榴石来源于其围岩榴辉岩。
(2)矿物微量元素研究表明,在超高压岩石中,除了HREE和Y富集在石榴石中,过渡族元素V、Sc、Co和Ni等多赋存于石榴石和单斜辉石中外,其它微量元素大都赋存于次要矿物和副矿物中。超高压岩石中次要矿物和副矿物的存在与否、含量多少及其稳定性对全岩微量元素的影响和贡献程度不容忽视。
(3)超高压变质岩石中,矿物的微量元素含量及其在矿物间的分配,不仅受全岩成分和矿物组合的影响,也明显受矿物主元素分配的控制。石榴石-单斜辉石间微量元素的分配表明超高压变质矿物间微量元素分配达到了化学平衡,而且,石榴石-单斜辉石间微量元素与Ca的分配系数相关性拟合线与地幔榴辉岩矿物间的相应元素分配系数一致,表明超高压榴辉岩的峰期变质温度很可能与地幔榴辉岩一样的温度900～1000℃。
(4)在增温的超高压变质过程中,部分榴辉岩中的石榴石和绿辉石中发育微量元素生长环带,仅有个别颗粒保留有主量元素成分环带,这表明矿物微量元素对超高压变质岩形成条件的变化更灵敏。
(5)在超临界流体的作用下,榴辉岩与高压-超高压脉体中金红石的Nb、Ta发生了明显的分异,导致其榴辉岩中金红石的Nb/Ta比值增大,脉体金红石的Nb/Ta比值降低,由此推测俯冲到地幔深处的巨量榴辉岩是地球内部高Nb/Ta比值的物质源区。超高压岩石折返退变早期由多硅白云母脱水熔融或分解产生的富LILE的熔/流体,参与了水-岩相互作用和退变矿物的生长,使得榴辉岩和高压脉体中绿辉石大斑晶局部LILE急剧升高,退变质矿物角闪石的LILE比其被继承矿物的高。
(6)在对CCSD主孔榴辉岩锆石显微观察、阴极发光及激光拉曼研究基础上,进行了LA-ICPMS和SHRIMP定年,并选取一部分锆石进行了LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,结果表明榴辉岩中有岩浆结晶锆石和变质增生锆石两种成因,岩浆结晶锆石年龄(~(206)pb/~(238)U的年龄)变化很大,为294～781Ma,表明原岩继承锆石来源的复杂性,以及部分继承性锆石在超高压变质过程中发生不完全重结晶,导致年龄变新,含超高压变质矿物的变质增生锆石记录的超高压变质年龄(~(206)pb/~(238)U的年龄)为206～237Ma,加权平均年龄220Ma代表超高压变质峰期年龄。在微量元素成分上,岩浆结晶锆石具丰富可变的REE、Y、Th、U含量和高的Th/U比值,REE配分模式呈LREE强烈亏损,HREE显著富集,Ce高度正异常和不同程度的Eu负异常。与岩浆锆石相比,变质增生锆石的Y、REE、Th、Nb含量和Th/U比值的显著降低,Hf含量增高。其REE配分模式表现为LREE强烈亏损,HREE富集程度明显低于岩浆锆石的。变质锆石形成在超高压变质条件,并与金红石和石英达到了化学平衡,因此锆石Ti温度计算结果(671～882℃)可能更接近榴辉岩的峰期变质条件。
The main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project(CCSD) is located at Donghai,The 0～2050 m recovered cores in CCSD-MH are mainly comprised of eclogite, orthogneiss(granitic gneiss),paragneiss and ultramafic rock,and cumulate thickness of eclogite is about 1200 m.This UHP terrane were subducted to mantle and experienced ultral-high pressure metamorphism simultaneously,finally these UHP rocks were exhumed to the crust,These typical UHP rocks can provide critical information for element chemical behavior during the continental deep subduction.The eclogite form the hole have a very wide variation of major and trace element abundances,and have been classified into high-Si,high-Al,high-Ti,high Fe-Ti,high-Mg and normal types.On the basic of petrology,in this study,we collected these eclogite and garnet pyroxene,trace element compositions of UHP minerals in the eclogites and garnet pyroxenites are carefully analyzed by in situ LA-ICP-MS.Using these data together with whole-rock compositions of UHP rocks and major element compositions of UHP minerals,the authors discussed the distribution and partitioning of trace elements in various minerals,and the UHP metamorphic P-T conditions and the fluid-rocks interaction.The results show that LREE and Sr are mainly concentrated in apatite,epidote and omphacite,HREE are mainly concentrated in garnet,LILE such as Ba and Rb are strongly partitioned in phengite,HFSE in rutile and ilmenite, V,Sc,Co and Ni in garnet and omphacite,while Zr and Hf in zircon.The study indicate that the trace element contents and their distribution pattern in UHP minerals are controlled by the whole rock compositions,the mineral assemblages and contents of the host rocks.In addition,the following conclusions are reached,the distributions of trace elements among UHP minerals are of mutual equilibrium,and the partition coefficients are very similar to those in mantle eclogites, and probably indicating that the peak-stage UHP metamorphic temperatures of eclogites were higher than 900～1000℃.some garnets from the high-Ti eclogite,high-Si eclogite and high Fe-Ti eclogite show obvious growth compositional zoning both in major and trace elements,suggesting that the host UHP rocks were very rapidly uplifted.Zr contents in eclogitic rutiles are not only controlled by the metamorphic temperature but also by other factors such as the Zr contents in the whole rocks and the compositional diffusion during the retrograde metamorphism,so the Zr-in-rutile geothermometer is not always credible.During the UHP metamorphism,supercritical silicate-rich aqueous fluids have resulted in major fractionation between Nb and Ta in rutiles,so that the eclogitic rutiles have superchondrite Nb/Ta value.Therefore,voluminous eclogites that had been subducted to the mantle depth provide probably a hidden reservoir with higher than chondrite Nb/Ta ratio in the Earth.The fluids in the various stages of retrogression of UHP eclogites are different in origin,composition and flow scale.The melts or fluids came from the phengite can interact with rocks and other minerals,so have been recorded by them.
Combined study of Laser Raman spectroscopy,cathodoluminescene(CL) images and SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating reveals that zircons separated from the eclogite in the main drill hole CCSD-MH retain magmatic core with inherited ages(~(206)pb/~(238)U) of 294～781Ma, indicating that the magmatic zircons of the protolith have a variety of sources,and partial loss of Pb from some zircons in the protolith.UHP mineral-bearing domains of zircons recorded 206～237Ma(~(206)pb/~(238)U) for the UHP metamorphic condition,with an weighted mean age of 220Ma.Magmatic zircons are characterized by high heavy rare earth element(HREE),Y,Th,U content,and high Th/U ratio,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE strongly riched,with a minus Eu anomalies.Compared with the magmatic zircon,the UHP zircon domains are characterized by lower HREE,Y,Th,Nb composition,and lower Th/U ratio,and high Hf content,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE gentle riched.
(1)CCSD主孔超高压榴辉岩具有不同的矿物组成和岩石化学成分特征,可分成高Al型、高Si型、高Mg型、高Ti型、Fe-Ti型和正常榴辉岩6种类型,它们的原岩为基性-超基性层状侵入体和变质表壳岩。超高压岩石中的的石榴石成分变化大,包括镁铝、铁铝、钙铝、锰铝组分,榴辉岩中的单斜辉石成分绝大多数绿辉石,石榴辉石岩中的为普通辉石,超高压变质岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石主元素成分受全岩成分的明显控制。榴辉岩中的多硅白云母高Si。高压脉体中石榴石和单斜辉石的成分与其围岩榴辉岩中的一致,这表明脉体石榴石来源于其围岩榴辉岩。
(2)矿物微量元素研究表明,在超高压岩石中,除了HREE和Y富集在石榴石中,过渡族元素V、Sc、Co和Ni等多赋存于石榴石和单斜辉石中外,其它微量元素大都赋存于次要矿物和副矿物中。超高压岩石中次要矿物和副矿物的存在与否、含量多少及其稳定性对全岩微量元素的影响和贡献程度不容忽视。
(3)超高压变质岩石中,矿物的微量元素含量及其在矿物间的分配,不仅受全岩成分和矿物组合的影响,也明显受矿物主元素分配的控制。石榴石-单斜辉石间微量元素的分配表明超高压变质矿物间微量元素分配达到了化学平衡,而且,石榴石-单斜辉石间微量元素与Ca的分配系数相关性拟合线与地幔榴辉岩矿物间的相应元素分配系数一致,表明超高压榴辉岩的峰期变质温度很可能与地幔榴辉岩一样的温度900～1000℃。
(4)在增温的超高压变质过程中,部分榴辉岩中的石榴石和绿辉石中发育微量元素生长环带,仅有个别颗粒保留有主量元素成分环带,这表明矿物微量元素对超高压变质岩形成条件的变化更灵敏。
(5)在超临界流体的作用下,榴辉岩与高压-超高压脉体中金红石的Nb、Ta发生了明显的分异,导致其榴辉岩中金红石的Nb/Ta比值增大,脉体金红石的Nb/Ta比值降低,由此推测俯冲到地幔深处的巨量榴辉岩是地球内部高Nb/Ta比值的物质源区。超高压岩石折返退变早期由多硅白云母脱水熔融或分解产生的富LILE的熔/流体,参与了水-岩相互作用和退变矿物的生长,使得榴辉岩和高压脉体中绿辉石大斑晶局部LILE急剧升高,退变质矿物角闪石的LILE比其被继承矿物的高。
(6)在对CCSD主孔榴辉岩锆石显微观察、阴极发光及激光拉曼研究基础上,进行了LA-ICPMS和SHRIMP定年,并选取一部分锆石进行了LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,结果表明榴辉岩中有岩浆结晶锆石和变质增生锆石两种成因,岩浆结晶锆石年龄(~(206)pb/~(238)U的年龄)变化很大,为294～781Ma,表明原岩继承锆石来源的复杂性,以及部分继承性锆石在超高压变质过程中发生不完全重结晶,导致年龄变新,含超高压变质矿物的变质增生锆石记录的超高压变质年龄(~(206)pb/~(238)U的年龄)为206～237Ma,加权平均年龄220Ma代表超高压变质峰期年龄。在微量元素成分上,岩浆结晶锆石具丰富可变的REE、Y、Th、U含量和高的Th/U比值,REE配分模式呈LREE强烈亏损,HREE显著富集,Ce高度正异常和不同程度的Eu负异常。与岩浆锆石相比,变质增生锆石的Y、REE、Th、Nb含量和Th/U比值的显著降低,Hf含量增高。其REE配分模式表现为LREE强烈亏损,HREE富集程度明显低于岩浆锆石的。变质锆石形成在超高压变质条件,并与金红石和石英达到了化学平衡,因此锆石Ti温度计算结果(671～882℃)可能更接近榴辉岩的峰期变质条件。
The main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project(CCSD) is located at Donghai,The 0～2050 m recovered cores in CCSD-MH are mainly comprised of eclogite, orthogneiss(granitic gneiss),paragneiss and ultramafic rock,and cumulate thickness of eclogite is about 1200 m.This UHP terrane were subducted to mantle and experienced ultral-high pressure metamorphism simultaneously,finally these UHP rocks were exhumed to the crust,These typical UHP rocks can provide critical information for element chemical behavior during the continental deep subduction.The eclogite form the hole have a very wide variation of major and trace element abundances,and have been classified into high-Si,high-Al,high-Ti,high Fe-Ti,high-Mg and normal types.On the basic of petrology,in this study,we collected these eclogite and garnet pyroxene,trace element compositions of UHP minerals in the eclogites and garnet pyroxenites are carefully analyzed by in situ LA-ICP-MS.Using these data together with whole-rock compositions of UHP rocks and major element compositions of UHP minerals,the authors discussed the distribution and partitioning of trace elements in various minerals,and the UHP metamorphic P-T conditions and the fluid-rocks interaction.The results show that LREE and Sr are mainly concentrated in apatite,epidote and omphacite,HREE are mainly concentrated in garnet,LILE such as Ba and Rb are strongly partitioned in phengite,HFSE in rutile and ilmenite, V,Sc,Co and Ni in garnet and omphacite,while Zr and Hf in zircon.The study indicate that the trace element contents and their distribution pattern in UHP minerals are controlled by the whole rock compositions,the mineral assemblages and contents of the host rocks.In addition,the following conclusions are reached,the distributions of trace elements among UHP minerals are of mutual equilibrium,and the partition coefficients are very similar to those in mantle eclogites, and probably indicating that the peak-stage UHP metamorphic temperatures of eclogites were higher than 900～1000℃.some garnets from the high-Ti eclogite,high-Si eclogite and high Fe-Ti eclogite show obvious growth compositional zoning both in major and trace elements,suggesting that the host UHP rocks were very rapidly uplifted.Zr contents in eclogitic rutiles are not only controlled by the metamorphic temperature but also by other factors such as the Zr contents in the whole rocks and the compositional diffusion during the retrograde metamorphism,so the Zr-in-rutile geothermometer is not always credible.During the UHP metamorphism,supercritical silicate-rich aqueous fluids have resulted in major fractionation between Nb and Ta in rutiles,so that the eclogitic rutiles have superchondrite Nb/Ta value.Therefore,voluminous eclogites that had been subducted to the mantle depth provide probably a hidden reservoir with higher than chondrite Nb/Ta ratio in the Earth.The fluids in the various stages of retrogression of UHP eclogites are different in origin,composition and flow scale.The melts or fluids came from the phengite can interact with rocks and other minerals,so have been recorded by them.
Combined study of Laser Raman spectroscopy,cathodoluminescene(CL) images and SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating reveals that zircons separated from the eclogite in the main drill hole CCSD-MH retain magmatic core with inherited ages(~(206)pb/~(238)U) of 294～781Ma, indicating that the magmatic zircons of the protolith have a variety of sources,and partial loss of Pb from some zircons in the protolith.UHP mineral-bearing domains of zircons recorded 206～237Ma(~(206)pb/~(238)U) for the UHP metamorphic condition,with an weighted mean age of 220Ma.Magmatic zircons are characterized by high heavy rare earth element(HREE),Y,Th,U content,and high Th/U ratio,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE strongly riched,with a minus Eu anomalies.Compared with the magmatic zircon,the UHP zircon domains are characterized by lower HREE,Y,Th,Nb composition,and lower Th/U ratio,and high Hf content,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE gentle riched.
引文
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