论我国违约责任中的合理预见规则
摘要
合理预见规则是我国合同法中一项新的制度，它对
违约损害赔偿范围的确定不仅有理论价值，也有实践意
义。
从理论上，合理预见规则以预见性作为限制违约损
害赔偿范围的判断标准，它解决的是可得利益损失的赔
偿范围问题，是违约损害赔偿制度之下的一个技术性制
度。原则上因违约造成的一切损害都应该予以赔偿，但
是，由于损害的复杂性和不确定性，当事人仅对可能预见
到的损害进行赔偿，否则，不予赔偿。这就是合理预见规
则制度的核心。如果追溯合理预见规则的价值基础，我
们可以说可预见性来源于民事主体的预见能力或认识能
力，该能力是民事主体从事民事活动最基本的要求。可
预见性体现了民法公平、正义的价值，从实践上，运用该
理论，使损害赔偿范围的确定，具有可操作性，本文包括
四大部分：
第一部分：引言，简要说明设立合理预见规则制度的
目的及法律价值。
第二邻分：考察合理预见规则的渊源，该规则起源于
法国，被英美法系国家发扬光大，此规则成为英美法系和
大陆法系廷立的共同限制赔偿的规则，但二者在具体运
用上存在差异，通过比较可以使我yi对二大法系的规定
作进一步了解。从而有利于我们的借鉴。
第三部分·分析了合理预见规则与相关制度的关系，
分别对过失、法律因果关系和信赖利益进行考察。认为可
预见性是判断过失．法律因果关系和信赖利益的重要标
准，进一步认识到可预见’性在民法理论中的体现s以及在
相关民事制度上所起的作用。
第四部分·分析了我国合理预见规则的理论框架 即
预见的主体、预见的内容、预见的时间、预见性的判断标
准及可得利益损失的确定，以之来解决司法实践中的具
体运用问题。
本文力图通过对合理预见规则的立法比较及相关制
度的分析，探寻我国合理预见规则的法律价值，并试图寻
求司法实践中便于运用的可操作性方法。
Reasonable foreseeability rule, ivhich is a new system in our cont-
ract law, is of theoretical value and practical significance to the deternu-
nation of the extent of compensation for losses caused by breach of cont-
ract.
Theorefically, reasonable foreseeability rule, in which foreseeability
is the criterion to judge the limitation to the extent of conpensation for
losses caused by breach of contract, deals with that of the obtainable in-
terests, and it is a technical system ander the system of compensation for
losses cassied by breach of contract. In principle, all losses resulting from
breach of contract shall be recoverable. Considering their complexity and
uncertainty, however, the litigants only compensate the losses that are
foreseeable, not other wise. This is the very center of the reasonable fore-
seeability system. Looking into its value basis, we may say that foresee-
ability originated from the foresight of the civil subject or his ability of
recognition, which is the most essential condition for any civil activity.
Foreseeab lity reflects flue value of justice and equity in the civil Law, if
it is applied to practice, if will be operable to determine the extent of
compensation for losses . This articee consists of four parts.
Part One (Introduction) briefly illustrates the goal and legal value
of establishing the system of the reasonable foresight regulation.
Part Two inspects the source of the reasonable foresight regulation.
The regulation origined from France, and was carried forward by some
countries of the Einglish & American Law System, it has become a mutu-
al qualificatory compensations rule between the England & America Law
Faltion and the Continient Law Faction, but the two factions have some
distinguishes during concrete operations.
Part Three analyses the ralationship between the reasonable fore-
sight regulation and its related systems, respectively studies neyligence,
legal causality, and reliance interest as well . So the author thinks predict-
ability is an important criterion of judging negligence, legal causality and
reliance interest.
To solve the operational problems in concrete administration of sus-
tice , Part Four analyses the theory frame of the reasonable foresight regu-
lation, that is, the subject of foresight, object of foresight, time of fore-
sight, foreseeable judgernent criterion and loss of probable interest.
违约损害赔偿范围的确定不仅有理论价值，也有实践意
义。
从理论上，合理预见规则以预见性作为限制违约损
害赔偿范围的判断标准，它解决的是可得利益损失的赔
偿范围问题，是违约损害赔偿制度之下的一个技术性制
度。原则上因违约造成的一切损害都应该予以赔偿，但
是，由于损害的复杂性和不确定性，当事人仅对可能预见
到的损害进行赔偿，否则，不予赔偿。这就是合理预见规
则制度的核心。如果追溯合理预见规则的价值基础，我
们可以说可预见性来源于民事主体的预见能力或认识能
力，该能力是民事主体从事民事活动最基本的要求。可
预见性体现了民法公平、正义的价值，从实践上，运用该
理论，使损害赔偿范围的确定，具有可操作性，本文包括
四大部分：
第一部分：引言，简要说明设立合理预见规则制度的
目的及法律价值。
第二邻分：考察合理预见规则的渊源，该规则起源于
法国，被英美法系国家发扬光大，此规则成为英美法系和
大陆法系廷立的共同限制赔偿的规则，但二者在具体运
用上存在差异，通过比较可以使我yi对二大法系的规定
作进一步了解。从而有利于我们的借鉴。
第三部分·分析了合理预见规则与相关制度的关系，
分别对过失、法律因果关系和信赖利益进行考察。认为可
预见性是判断过失．法律因果关系和信赖利益的重要标
准，进一步认识到可预见’性在民法理论中的体现s以及在
相关民事制度上所起的作用。
第四部分·分析了我国合理预见规则的理论框架 即
预见的主体、预见的内容、预见的时间、预见性的判断标
准及可得利益损失的确定，以之来解决司法实践中的具
体运用问题。
本文力图通过对合理预见规则的立法比较及相关制
度的分析，探寻我国合理预见规则的法律价值，并试图寻
求司法实践中便于运用的可操作性方法。
Reasonable foreseeability rule, ivhich is a new system in our cont-
ract law, is of theoretical value and practical significance to the deternu-
nation of the extent of compensation for losses caused by breach of cont-
ract.
Theorefically, reasonable foreseeability rule, in which foreseeability
is the criterion to judge the limitation to the extent of conpensation for
losses caused by breach of contract, deals with that of the obtainable in-
terests, and it is a technical system ander the system of compensation for
losses cassied by breach of contract. In principle, all losses resulting from
breach of contract shall be recoverable. Considering their complexity and
uncertainty, however, the litigants only compensate the losses that are
foreseeable, not other wise. This is the very center of the reasonable fore-
seeability system. Looking into its value basis, we may say that foresee-
ability originated from the foresight of the civil subject or his ability of
recognition, which is the most essential condition for any civil activity.
Foreseeab lity reflects flue value of justice and equity in the civil Law, if
it is applied to practice, if will be operable to determine the extent of
compensation for losses . This articee consists of four parts.
Part One (Introduction) briefly illustrates the goal and legal value
of establishing the system of the reasonable foresight regulation.
Part Two inspects the source of the reasonable foresight regulation.
The regulation origined from France, and was carried forward by some
countries of the Einglish & American Law System, it has become a mutu-
al qualificatory compensations rule between the England & America Law
Faltion and the Continient Law Faction, but the two factions have some
distinguishes during concrete operations.
Part Three analyses the ralationship between the reasonable fore-
sight regulation and its related systems, respectively studies neyligence,
legal causality, and reliance interest as well . So the author thinks predict-
ability is an important criterion of judging negligence, legal causality and
reliance interest.
To solve the operational problems in concrete administration of sus-
tice , Part Four analyses the theory frame of the reasonable foresight regu-
lation, that is, the subject of foresight, object of foresight, time of fore-
sight, foreseeable judgernent criterion and loss of probable interest.
引文
1．王利明著《违约责任论》中国政法大学出版社，1996年版
2．杨桢著《英美契约法论》北京大学出版社，1997年版
3．曾世雄著《损害赔偿法原理》三民书局，1996年版
4．李由义著《民法学》北京大学出版社，1998年版
5．韩世远《论合同责任成立上的因果关系》法律科学，1998．6
6．王利明、杨立新著《侵权行为法》法律出版社，1996年版
7．王利明著《侵权行为法归责原则研究》中国政法大学出版社，1992年版
8．刘歧山主编《民法问题新探》中国人民公安大学出版社，1990年版
9．韩世远著《违约损害赔偿研究》法律出版社，1999年版
10．郭明瑞、房绍坤《新合同法原理》
11．崔建远《违约损害赔偿研究》
12．人民法字案例总第第7、11辑，人民法院出版社91、94年版
13．崔建远《合同法》
14．程德均主编《涉外仲裁与法律》中国人民大学出版社，1993年版
15．张新宝《名誉权的法律保护》中国政法大学出版社，1997年版
16．周林彬《比较合同法》兰州大学出版社，1989年版
17．叶林著《违约责任比较研究》中国人民大学出版社，1997年版
18．崔建远《合同责任研究》吉林大学出版社1991年版
2．杨桢著《英美契约法论》北京大学出版社，1997年版
3．曾世雄著《损害赔偿法原理》三民书局，1996年版
4．李由义著《民法学》北京大学出版社，1998年版
5．韩世远《论合同责任成立上的因果关系》法律科学，1998．6
6．王利明、杨立新著《侵权行为法》法律出版社，1996年版
7．王利明著《侵权行为法归责原则研究》中国政法大学出版社，1992年版
8．刘歧山主编《民法问题新探》中国人民公安大学出版社，1990年版
9．韩世远著《违约损害赔偿研究》法律出版社，1999年版
10．郭明瑞、房绍坤《新合同法原理》
11．崔建远《违约损害赔偿研究》
12．人民法字案例总第第7、11辑，人民法院出版社91、94年版
13．崔建远《合同法》
14．程德均主编《涉外仲裁与法律》中国人民大学出版社，1993年版
15．张新宝《名誉权的法律保护》中国政法大学出版社，1997年版
16．周林彬《比较合同法》兰州大学出版社，1989年版
17．叶林著《违约责任比较研究》中国人民大学出版社，1997年版
18．崔建远《合同责任研究》吉林大学出版社1991年版