柴达木盆地红柳泉地区岩性油藏成藏规律研究
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摘要
红柳泉地区位于柴达木盆地西部南区，经过近60年的勘探开发，已进入高成熟勘探阶段，岩性油藏一直是其主要的勘探目标。论文以高分辨率层序地层学理论和方法为指导，以隐蔽油气藏勘探理论为基础，综合利用地震、钻井、测井和分析化验等资料，开展了以三级层序格架及其相应体系域为研究单元、以沉积相和沉积体系为主要内容的研究工作，建立了红柳泉地区下干柴沟组下段高分辨率等时地层格架，阐明了砂体的类型及其展布规律，并构建了相应的沉积充填模式。在此基础上，系统分析了油气成藏条件，明确了油气成藏主控因素，阐明了油气分布及富集规律，建立了岩性油藏运聚成藏模式，指出了岩性油藏有利的勘探方向和目标。
红柳泉地区下干柴沟组下段主要位于T4、T5同相轴之间，为长期基准面持续上升背景下的一个三级层序的部分沉积，可划分为6个中期基准面旋回，其中MSC1～MSC4由低位域组成，MSC5～MSC6由湖进域组成，初次湖泛面位于MSC5中期旋回中下部。论文以三级层序为单元，建立了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架，分析了层序格架内地层的发育特征。
研究结果表明，下干柴沟组下段为辫状河三角洲-滨浅湖沉积，主要发育辫状河道、水下辫状河道、河口坝/远砂坝、水下辫状河道间、浅湖砂坝等砂砾岩体，受构造背景、基准面持续上升、物源、阿拉尔分支水系的多重控制，砂砾岩体主要呈北东方向展布，且自下而上发育强度依次减弱。砂体的展布受层序格架和沉积相带的双重控制。
红柳泉地区具备形成岩性油藏的良好条件。油源主要来自于红狮凹陷下干柴沟组烃源岩，紧邻油源区，具良好的油源供给条件；储层砂体主要为辫状河道和水下辫状河道砂体，属低孔低渗储层，储集性能较差；下干柴沟组上段沉积的厚层泥岩为其提供了良好的区域盖层，沉积微相变化引起的砂岩上倾尖灭及物性、岩性的变化形成侧向封堵层，可形成各种岩性圈闭；砂体在MSC1中期旋回具良好的连通性，尤其是靠近红柳泉断层和七个泉断层附近的砂体，且单层厚度≥0.3m、孔隙度≥2%、渗透率>0.0210~(-3)um~2的泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、细砂岩可成为油气运移的有效输导体；断层现今具良好的封闭性，能够对油气起封堵作用，而在地史时期，断层具良好的垂向输导性，可作为油气运移的通道；不整合对油气的运聚作用十分有限。因此，红柳泉地区主要发育了3种油气输导体系，即从七个泉断层到红地107井区的输导体系、从红柳泉断层到红参2井区的输导体系以及红30井区的复合输导体系，其主要的输导体系空间配置关系为砂体-断裂型。
通过对典型岩性油藏的精细解剖，系统分析了红柳泉地区油气分布规律、成藏主控因素等。认为红柳泉地区以发育岩性油藏为主，包括砂岩上倾尖灭岩性油藏、物性封闭岩性油藏、受断层影响的砂岩透镜体油藏3种类型；平面上，油气主要分布在红24井以南、红104井以北、红21井以西、红22井以东围限的研究区中部，集中分布于红地107井区和红参2井区；垂向上，油气主要分布在Ⅱ油组和Ⅲ油组。构造和沉积作用通过控制砂体的展布、富集及形态来控制岩性圈闭的形成；沉积微相控制砂体的物性特征，是岩性油藏成藏的基础；断层是否输导油气是岩性圈闭能否成藏的关键。简言之，构造与沉积的有机结合是油气成藏的前提和基础、输导体系的有效性是油气成藏的关键。结合油源特征、圈闭类型、输导体系等研究成果，建立了5种岩性油藏运聚成藏模式，即断鼻翼部单斜自源直排砂岩透镜体圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源砂岩上倾尖灭圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源断层输导物性圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源断层输导砂岩透镜体圈闭成藏模式以及断鼻轴部它源构造-岩性圈闭成藏模式。在此基础上，对岩性圈闭有利区带进行了潜力评价，指出了有利勘探方向和目标。
The history of hydrocarbon exploration and development in Hongliuquan of Qaidambasin, a over-mature exploration area in the Southwestern Qaidam Basin, has been nearly60years, so lithologic reservoir has been the significant target in its recently strategicplanning. According to advanced theory and methodology of high resolution sequencestratigraphy and subtle reservoir exploration, integrated with seismic, drilling, logging andanalytical data, this study established an isochronous framework of high resolutionsequence stratigraphy in the lower member of lower Ganchaigou formation inHongliuquan, elaborated the types and distribution of sand bodies, and formulated itssedimentary models. All of these researches concentrated on sedimentary facies andsystems and viewed the level3of sequence and its related system tracts as a basic analysisunit. And then we analyzed the conditions and dominated factors for hydrocarbonaccumulation, clarified the regulations of petroleum distribution and enrichment,established hydrocarbon migration/accumulation model, and pointed out the potential playsfor lithologic reservoir exploration.
The lower member of the lower Ganchaigou formation in Hongliuquan, restrictedbetween T4and T5lineups, is sedimentation of level3of sequence. It can be divided intosix mid-term base-level cycles. MSC1～MSC4are LSTs and MSC5～MSC6are LTSTs.The first flood surface of lacustrine lies in the lower part of MSC5. Viewing the level3ofsequence as basic unit, this study established a local frame of high resolution sequencestratigraphy and analyzed the stratigraphy characteristics.
The results indicate that the lower member of lower Ganchaigou formation depositedin the braided delta-lacustrine environment. Sandy conglomeratic bodies are common inenvironments of braided rivers, submarine braided rivers, mouth bar/distal bar, submarinebraided interchannel and shallow lacustrine sand bar. Under the multi-controlling oftectonic background, continued rising of base level, sediment source and Alaer branchingrivers, the major trending of sandy conglomeratic bodies is NE. The percentage of sandand conglomerate in rocks decreases from the lower to the upper of the formation. Thedistribution of sand bodies is characterized with stratabound in vertical profile andfacies-controlling in plane for the dual function of sequence frame and sedimentary facies.
Hongliuquan area has excellent conditions for forming lithologic reservoirs (1) thelower Ganchaigou formation in Hongshi depression, closed to Hongliuquan, developshydrocarbon source rocks;(2) the reservoir sand bodies of braided rovers and submarinebraided rivers have low porosity and permeability;(3) the thick mudstone of the upper member of lower Ganchaigou formation is ideal cap rock as well as the updip pinch-out ofsandstone and the variations of physical property and lithology create excellent side seal,which indicate very good conditions for forming lithologic traps;(4) the connectivity ofsand bodies in MSC1is pretty high, especially sand bodies around Hongliuquan fault andQigequan fault as well as argillaceous siltstone, siltstone and sandstone with more than0.3m of thickness,2%of porosity and0.0210~(-3)um~2of permeability can form a validhydrocarbon migration network;(5) faults migrated hydrocarbons in the accumulationperiod and sealed hydrocarbons today while unconformity play limited role in hydrocarbonmigration and accumulation. Consequently, there are three types of migration networks inHongliuquan area (1) the first network between Qigequan fault and Hongdi107well area;(2) the second network among Hongliuquan fault and Hongcan2well area, and (3) thecompound migration network in Hong30well area. The preferential spatial relation ofmigration network is the type of sand-fault.
Based on detailed characterization of typical Lithologic reservoirs this studysummarized the distribution regulation and controlling factors of hydrocarbonaccumulation in Hongliuquan. The results show that lithologic reservoirs are preferential inthis area. It includes three types: updip pinch-out of sandstone reservoir, physical propertysealing reservoir and fault-related sand lens reservoirs. In the plane, oil and gas distributein the central of area and enrich between Hongdi107well area and Hongcan2well area.In the vertical profile, hydrocarbons are enriched in the Ⅱ and Ⅲ reservoir groups.Tectonic and sedimentation dominated the formation of lithologic traps by controlling thedistribution and geometry of sand bodies. Sedimentary microfacies controlled the porosityand permeability of sandstone, which is the foundation for the accumulation of lithologicreservoirs. The conduit role of fault is also significant for hydrocarbon accumulation. In aword, the integration of tectonic and sedimentation is the premise and foundation while thevalidity of migration networks is key part for hydrocarbon accumulation. In considerationof oil source, trap types and migration networks, we summarized five models ofhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in this area (1) monocline self-source and directmigration model for sand lens reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(2) monocline distal sourcemigration model for updip pinch-out sandstone reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(3)monocline distal source and fault migration model for low porosity and permeabilityreservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(4) monocline distal source and fault migration model forsand lens reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart and (5) distal source migration and accumulationmode for structural-lithologic reservoirs in central fault nose. Finally, we evaluated thepotential of Lithologic reservoirs in preferential areas and pointed out the prior play andtarget for further hydrocarbon exploration.
红柳泉地区下干柴沟组下段主要位于T4、T5同相轴之间，为长期基准面持续上升背景下的一个三级层序的部分沉积，可划分为6个中期基准面旋回，其中MSC1～MSC4由低位域组成，MSC5～MSC6由湖进域组成，初次湖泛面位于MSC5中期旋回中下部。论文以三级层序为单元，建立了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架，分析了层序格架内地层的发育特征。
研究结果表明，下干柴沟组下段为辫状河三角洲-滨浅湖沉积，主要发育辫状河道、水下辫状河道、河口坝/远砂坝、水下辫状河道间、浅湖砂坝等砂砾岩体，受构造背景、基准面持续上升、物源、阿拉尔分支水系的多重控制，砂砾岩体主要呈北东方向展布，且自下而上发育强度依次减弱。砂体的展布受层序格架和沉积相带的双重控制。
红柳泉地区具备形成岩性油藏的良好条件。油源主要来自于红狮凹陷下干柴沟组烃源岩，紧邻油源区，具良好的油源供给条件；储层砂体主要为辫状河道和水下辫状河道砂体，属低孔低渗储层，储集性能较差；下干柴沟组上段沉积的厚层泥岩为其提供了良好的区域盖层，沉积微相变化引起的砂岩上倾尖灭及物性、岩性的变化形成侧向封堵层，可形成各种岩性圈闭；砂体在MSC1中期旋回具良好的连通性，尤其是靠近红柳泉断层和七个泉断层附近的砂体，且单层厚度≥0.3m、孔隙度≥2%、渗透率>0.0210~(-3)um~2的泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、细砂岩可成为油气运移的有效输导体；断层现今具良好的封闭性，能够对油气起封堵作用，而在地史时期，断层具良好的垂向输导性，可作为油气运移的通道；不整合对油气的运聚作用十分有限。因此，红柳泉地区主要发育了3种油气输导体系，即从七个泉断层到红地107井区的输导体系、从红柳泉断层到红参2井区的输导体系以及红30井区的复合输导体系，其主要的输导体系空间配置关系为砂体-断裂型。
通过对典型岩性油藏的精细解剖，系统分析了红柳泉地区油气分布规律、成藏主控因素等。认为红柳泉地区以发育岩性油藏为主，包括砂岩上倾尖灭岩性油藏、物性封闭岩性油藏、受断层影响的砂岩透镜体油藏3种类型；平面上，油气主要分布在红24井以南、红104井以北、红21井以西、红22井以东围限的研究区中部，集中分布于红地107井区和红参2井区；垂向上，油气主要分布在Ⅱ油组和Ⅲ油组。构造和沉积作用通过控制砂体的展布、富集及形态来控制岩性圈闭的形成；沉积微相控制砂体的物性特征，是岩性油藏成藏的基础；断层是否输导油气是岩性圈闭能否成藏的关键。简言之，构造与沉积的有机结合是油气成藏的前提和基础、输导体系的有效性是油气成藏的关键。结合油源特征、圈闭类型、输导体系等研究成果，建立了5种岩性油藏运聚成藏模式，即断鼻翼部单斜自源直排砂岩透镜体圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源砂岩上倾尖灭圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源断层输导物性圈闭成藏模式、断鼻翼部单斜它源断层输导砂岩透镜体圈闭成藏模式以及断鼻轴部它源构造-岩性圈闭成藏模式。在此基础上，对岩性圈闭有利区带进行了潜力评价，指出了有利勘探方向和目标。
The history of hydrocarbon exploration and development in Hongliuquan of Qaidambasin, a over-mature exploration area in the Southwestern Qaidam Basin, has been nearly60years, so lithologic reservoir has been the significant target in its recently strategicplanning. According to advanced theory and methodology of high resolution sequencestratigraphy and subtle reservoir exploration, integrated with seismic, drilling, logging andanalytical data, this study established an isochronous framework of high resolutionsequence stratigraphy in the lower member of lower Ganchaigou formation inHongliuquan, elaborated the types and distribution of sand bodies, and formulated itssedimentary models. All of these researches concentrated on sedimentary facies andsystems and viewed the level3of sequence and its related system tracts as a basic analysisunit. And then we analyzed the conditions and dominated factors for hydrocarbonaccumulation, clarified the regulations of petroleum distribution and enrichment,established hydrocarbon migration/accumulation model, and pointed out the potential playsfor lithologic reservoir exploration.
The lower member of the lower Ganchaigou formation in Hongliuquan, restrictedbetween T4and T5lineups, is sedimentation of level3of sequence. It can be divided intosix mid-term base-level cycles. MSC1～MSC4are LSTs and MSC5～MSC6are LTSTs.The first flood surface of lacustrine lies in the lower part of MSC5. Viewing the level3ofsequence as basic unit, this study established a local frame of high resolution sequencestratigraphy and analyzed the stratigraphy characteristics.
The results indicate that the lower member of lower Ganchaigou formation depositedin the braided delta-lacustrine environment. Sandy conglomeratic bodies are common inenvironments of braided rivers, submarine braided rivers, mouth bar/distal bar, submarinebraided interchannel and shallow lacustrine sand bar. Under the multi-controlling oftectonic background, continued rising of base level, sediment source and Alaer branchingrivers, the major trending of sandy conglomeratic bodies is NE. The percentage of sandand conglomerate in rocks decreases from the lower to the upper of the formation. Thedistribution of sand bodies is characterized with stratabound in vertical profile andfacies-controlling in plane for the dual function of sequence frame and sedimentary facies.
Hongliuquan area has excellent conditions for forming lithologic reservoirs (1) thelower Ganchaigou formation in Hongshi depression, closed to Hongliuquan, developshydrocarbon source rocks;(2) the reservoir sand bodies of braided rovers and submarinebraided rivers have low porosity and permeability;(3) the thick mudstone of the upper member of lower Ganchaigou formation is ideal cap rock as well as the updip pinch-out ofsandstone and the variations of physical property and lithology create excellent side seal,which indicate very good conditions for forming lithologic traps;(4) the connectivity ofsand bodies in MSC1is pretty high, especially sand bodies around Hongliuquan fault andQigequan fault as well as argillaceous siltstone, siltstone and sandstone with more than0.3m of thickness,2%of porosity and0.0210~(-3)um~2of permeability can form a validhydrocarbon migration network;(5) faults migrated hydrocarbons in the accumulationperiod and sealed hydrocarbons today while unconformity play limited role in hydrocarbonmigration and accumulation. Consequently, there are three types of migration networks inHongliuquan area (1) the first network between Qigequan fault and Hongdi107well area;(2) the second network among Hongliuquan fault and Hongcan2well area, and (3) thecompound migration network in Hong30well area. The preferential spatial relation ofmigration network is the type of sand-fault.
Based on detailed characterization of typical Lithologic reservoirs this studysummarized the distribution regulation and controlling factors of hydrocarbonaccumulation in Hongliuquan. The results show that lithologic reservoirs are preferential inthis area. It includes three types: updip pinch-out of sandstone reservoir, physical propertysealing reservoir and fault-related sand lens reservoirs. In the plane, oil and gas distributein the central of area and enrich between Hongdi107well area and Hongcan2well area.In the vertical profile, hydrocarbons are enriched in the Ⅱ and Ⅲ reservoir groups.Tectonic and sedimentation dominated the formation of lithologic traps by controlling thedistribution and geometry of sand bodies. Sedimentary microfacies controlled the porosityand permeability of sandstone, which is the foundation for the accumulation of lithologicreservoirs. The conduit role of fault is also significant for hydrocarbon accumulation. In aword, the integration of tectonic and sedimentation is the premise and foundation while thevalidity of migration networks is key part for hydrocarbon accumulation. In considerationof oil source, trap types and migration networks, we summarized five models ofhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in this area (1) monocline self-source and directmigration model for sand lens reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(2) monocline distal sourcemigration model for updip pinch-out sandstone reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(3)monocline distal source and fault migration model for low porosity and permeabilityreservoirs in fault-nose alarpart;(4) monocline distal source and fault migration model forsand lens reservoirs in fault-nose alarpart and (5) distal source migration and accumulationmode for structural-lithologic reservoirs in central fault nose. Finally, we evaluated thepotential of Lithologic reservoirs in preferential areas and pointed out the prior play andtarget for further hydrocarbon exploration.
引文
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