瞬变电磁技术在矿井超前地质探测中的应用
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摘要
我国矿井水文地质条件大多比较复杂，是矿井特别是煤矿井水害多发的国家，透水所造成的直接经济损失一直排在各类矿井灾害的首位，其给国家和人民带来的经济损失和人身伤亡都极为惨重。为了解决矿井和隧道的透水漏水现象有必要在矿井迎头（掌子面）进行超前地质探测，预测含水地质体的位置及规模，以便使矿井工作更好、更合理的开展，减少不必要的损失。
瞬变电磁技术(Transient Electromagnetic Method,简称TEM)是近年发展较快并得到广泛应用的一种勘探方法。由于其观测的是二次场，可在近区观测，对低阻含水体反应灵敏，而且体积效应小、纵横向分辨率高，施工也很方便、快捷，所以效率很高。鉴于矿井TEM的上述各种优点，它在矿井超前地质预报中有着很高的使用价值，也被认为是矿井超前地质预报中最有前景的一种地球物理勘探方法。由于TEM的定向性（方向性）好，它可以应用于到井下全方位的探测（既可用于矿井巷道掘进面迎头前方，也可以用于矿井巷道的左右侧帮以及矿井巷道的顶板与底板的探测），另外瞬变电磁技术具有探测距离一般比较大、分辨率也比较高等一系列突出的优点，所以开展矿井TEM的各项研究很有必要。
野外采集的TEM数据受到各种噪声和干扰的影响，噪声的存在对信号处理的后续工作造成了不利的影响，且这些噪声信号将掩盖有用信号，因此在对信号处理前必须先对实测TEM数据进行去噪处理，以便消除噪声信号，有效地提取信号中的有用信息，然后才能更好的利用瞬变电磁数据成图以及解释地质状况。
由于矿井TEM是全空间的，而且全空间TEM的运用也不同于半空间的情况，因此有必要对全空间情况进行单独研究，确定全空间下瞬变电磁技术时间-深度转换的理论模型，更好的确定异常体的位置极其规模，从而为矿井的生产提供合理的有参考性的意见，用来指导矿井的生产工作。
本课题主要由野外获得的TEM数据，对全空间TEM场的分布规律和典型导水构造TEM响应特征进行分析，经数字滤波、剔除干扰因素等一系列数学手段，利用全空间视电阻率计算公式及时深转换模型进行反演，得到探测前方围岩的物性信息，确定异常体及围岩的视电阻率值，然后绘制视电阻率等值线图及三维异常图等，通过绘制的图件圈定异常体及可能的低阻异常带，来指导井下工作。
Hydro-geological conditions in Mines in China which has lots of water-disastersof mine especially coal mine are mostly complex. And the direct economic lossescaused by the flooding have been ranked at the top of the various mine disasters,which have brought economic loss and personal injury to the country and thepeople extremely heavy. In order to solve the flooding and water leakage of mines andtunnels, it is necessary to probe ahead of the mine head (working face) to predict thelocation and size of geological bodies which contain water, which make mine workbetter and more reasonable and reduce unnecessary losses.
Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) is a prospecting method which hasdeveloped rapidly and been widely used in recent years. The method which isresponsive to the low resistivity, observes the secondary field in the near zone. Whatis more its volume effect is small with high vertical and horizontal resolution and it isconvenient, fast, high efficiency. As a result of this it has great value in the minegeological exploration and is considered as one of the most promising geophysicalexploration methods in the mine geological exploration. Because of its good directionit is can be used to probe in the hole mine of every direction. And it is essential tocarry out mine transient electromagnetic method as its outstanding advantages of alarge detection range and high resolution.
It is affected by the all kinds of noise when we collected the data of the transientelectromagnetic field. It is the noise that has an adverse impact on the follow-upsignal processing and masks useful signal. Therefore, removing noise must be done tomeasured transient electromagnetic data before the signal processing, so as toeliminate the noise signal and extract the useful information in the signal. Then, it canbe well used to draw diagram and explain the geological conditions.
Mine transient electromagnetic technology has the character of full space whichis different from half space. So it is important to research the full space individual todetermine the theoretical model of time-depth conversion of full space. Through thetheoretical model, it can locate the abnormal body. Due to this, it provides thereasonable reference for guiding the work of the mine.
This subject analyzes the regular patterns of the distribution of the transientelectromagnetic field in full space and the transient electromagnetic response of thetypical aquifer structure by the transient electromagnetic data from the field. Then, a series of mathematical means such as digital filtering, excluding confounding factorsand so on has to be done. At last, we got the material information of the surroundingrocks and the apparent resistivity values of the geological bodies and surroundingrocks by formula of apparent resistivity and two-dimensional inversion of time-depthconversion model. Only then the apparent resistivity contour map andthree-dimensional anomaly map by which we delineate abnormal bodies and lowresistivity anomaly zone to guide underground drilling can be drawn.
瞬变电磁技术(Transient Electromagnetic Method,简称TEM)是近年发展较快并得到广泛应用的一种勘探方法。由于其观测的是二次场，可在近区观测，对低阻含水体反应灵敏，而且体积效应小、纵横向分辨率高，施工也很方便、快捷，所以效率很高。鉴于矿井TEM的上述各种优点，它在矿井超前地质预报中有着很高的使用价值，也被认为是矿井超前地质预报中最有前景的一种地球物理勘探方法。由于TEM的定向性（方向性）好，它可以应用于到井下全方位的探测（既可用于矿井巷道掘进面迎头前方，也可以用于矿井巷道的左右侧帮以及矿井巷道的顶板与底板的探测），另外瞬变电磁技术具有探测距离一般比较大、分辨率也比较高等一系列突出的优点，所以开展矿井TEM的各项研究很有必要。
野外采集的TEM数据受到各种噪声和干扰的影响，噪声的存在对信号处理的后续工作造成了不利的影响，且这些噪声信号将掩盖有用信号，因此在对信号处理前必须先对实测TEM数据进行去噪处理，以便消除噪声信号，有效地提取信号中的有用信息，然后才能更好的利用瞬变电磁数据成图以及解释地质状况。
由于矿井TEM是全空间的，而且全空间TEM的运用也不同于半空间的情况，因此有必要对全空间情况进行单独研究，确定全空间下瞬变电磁技术时间-深度转换的理论模型，更好的确定异常体的位置极其规模，从而为矿井的生产提供合理的有参考性的意见，用来指导矿井的生产工作。
本课题主要由野外获得的TEM数据，对全空间TEM场的分布规律和典型导水构造TEM响应特征进行分析，经数字滤波、剔除干扰因素等一系列数学手段，利用全空间视电阻率计算公式及时深转换模型进行反演，得到探测前方围岩的物性信息，确定异常体及围岩的视电阻率值，然后绘制视电阻率等值线图及三维异常图等，通过绘制的图件圈定异常体及可能的低阻异常带，来指导井下工作。
Hydro-geological conditions in Mines in China which has lots of water-disastersof mine especially coal mine are mostly complex. And the direct economic lossescaused by the flooding have been ranked at the top of the various mine disasters,which have brought economic loss and personal injury to the country and thepeople extremely heavy. In order to solve the flooding and water leakage of mines andtunnels, it is necessary to probe ahead of the mine head (working face) to predict thelocation and size of geological bodies which contain water, which make mine workbetter and more reasonable and reduce unnecessary losses.
Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) is a prospecting method which hasdeveloped rapidly and been widely used in recent years. The method which isresponsive to the low resistivity, observes the secondary field in the near zone. Whatis more its volume effect is small with high vertical and horizontal resolution and it isconvenient, fast, high efficiency. As a result of this it has great value in the minegeological exploration and is considered as one of the most promising geophysicalexploration methods in the mine geological exploration. Because of its good directionit is can be used to probe in the hole mine of every direction. And it is essential tocarry out mine transient electromagnetic method as its outstanding advantages of alarge detection range and high resolution.
It is affected by the all kinds of noise when we collected the data of the transientelectromagnetic field. It is the noise that has an adverse impact on the follow-upsignal processing and masks useful signal. Therefore, removing noise must be done tomeasured transient electromagnetic data before the signal processing, so as toeliminate the noise signal and extract the useful information in the signal. Then, it canbe well used to draw diagram and explain the geological conditions.
Mine transient electromagnetic technology has the character of full space whichis different from half space. So it is important to research the full space individual todetermine the theoretical model of time-depth conversion of full space. Through thetheoretical model, it can locate the abnormal body. Due to this, it provides thereasonable reference for guiding the work of the mine.
This subject analyzes the regular patterns of the distribution of the transientelectromagnetic field in full space and the transient electromagnetic response of thetypical aquifer structure by the transient electromagnetic data from the field. Then, a series of mathematical means such as digital filtering, excluding confounding factorsand so on has to be done. At last, we got the material information of the surroundingrocks and the apparent resistivity values of the geological bodies and surroundingrocks by formula of apparent resistivity and two-dimensional inversion of time-depthconversion model. Only then the apparent resistivity contour map andthree-dimensional anomaly map by which we delineate abnormal bodies and lowresistivity anomaly zone to guide underground drilling can be drawn.
引文
Balasubramaniam Shanker et al. Analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from closedsurfaces using a combined field integral equation.IEEE Trans.2000,Vol.48:1064-1074.
YU Jing-cun,LIU Zhi-xin,TANG Jin-yun. Research on Full Space Transient ElectromagnetismTechnique for Detecting Aqueous Structures in Coal Mines[J]. Journal of china university ofmining and technology,2007,17(1):58-62.
Morrison H F, Phillips R J,O’bien D P. Quantitative interpretation of transient electromagneticfields over a layered half-space[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1969, Vol.17:82-101.
Raiche A P and Spies B R. Coincident loop transient electromagnetic master curves forinterpretation of two-layer earth[J]. Geophysics,1981,Vol．46:53-64.
San Filipo W A, Eaton P A and Hohmann G W.The transient EM response conductivehalf-space[C].54th Annual International SEG Meeting,1984,64-67.
Leppin M. Electromagnetic modeling of3-D sources over2-D inhomogenetices in the timedomain[J]．Geophysics,1992,Vol.57:994-1003.
M J White et al. Development of a multigrid FDTD code for three-dimensional applications. IEEETrans.1997,Vol.45:1512-1517.
Balasubramaniam Shanker et al. Analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from closedsurfaces using a combined field integral equation. IEEE Trans.2000,Vol.48:1064-1074.
F L Teixeira and W C Chew. Finite-Difference computation of transient electromagnetic waves forcylindrical Geometries in complex media. IEEE Trans.2000,Vol.38:1530-1543.
Rob F and Peter M. Modified Lanczos algorithm for the computation of transient electromagneticwavefields. IEEE Trans.1997,Vol.45:2139-2149.
Newman G A and Hohmann G W. Time-domain EM response of a three-dimensional body in alayered earth[C].54th Annual International SEG Meeting,1986,67-69.
Raiche A P et al. The joint use of coincient loop transient EM and schlunmberger sounding torelove layered structures[J]. Geophysics,1985,Vol.50:1618-1627.
mith R S, Balchz S J. Robust estimation of the band-limited inductive limit response from impulseresponse TEM measurements taken during the transmitter switch-off and the transmitteroff-time[J].GeoPhysies,2001,65(2):476一481.
Raiche A P and Spies B R. Coincident loop transient electromagnetic master curves forinterpretation of two-layer earth. Geophysics,1981, Vol.46.
MitsuhataYJ.2-D electromagnetic modeling by finite-element method with a dipole source andtopography.Geophysics,2000,65:465-475.
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Morrison H F, Phillips R J,O’bien D P. Quantitative interpretation of transient electromagneticfields over a layered half-space[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1969, Vol.17:82-101.
Raiche A P and Spies B R. Coincident loop transient electromagnetic master curves forinterpretation of two-layer earth[J]. Geophysics,1981,Vol．46:53-64.
San Filipo W A, Eaton P A and Hohmann G W.The transient EM response conductivehalf-space[C].54th Annual International SEG Meeting,1984,64-67.
Leppin M. Electromagnetic modeling of3-D sources over2-D inhomogenetices in the timedomain[J]．Geophysics,1992,Vol.57:994-1003.
M J White et al. Development of a multigrid FDTD code for three-dimensional applications. IEEETrans.1997,Vol.45:1512-1517.
Balasubramaniam Shanker et al. Analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from closedsurfaces using a combined field integral equation. IEEE Trans.2000,Vol.48:1064-1074.
F L Teixeira and W C Chew. Finite-Difference computation of transient electromagnetic waves forcylindrical Geometries in complex media. IEEE Trans.2000,Vol.38:1530-1543.
Rob F and Peter M. Modified Lanczos algorithm for the computation of transient electromagneticwavefields. IEEE Trans.1997,Vol.45:2139-2149.
Newman G A and Hohmann G W. Time-domain EM response of a three-dimensional body in alayered earth[C].54th Annual International SEG Meeting,1986,67-69.
Raiche A P et al. The joint use of coincient loop transient EM and schlunmberger sounding torelove layered structures[J]. Geophysics,1985,Vol.50:1618-1627.
mith R S, Balchz S J. Robust estimation of the band-limited inductive limit response from impulseresponse TEM measurements taken during the transmitter switch-off and the transmitteroff-time[J].GeoPhysies,2001,65(2):476一481.
Raiche A P and Spies B R. Coincident loop transient electromagnetic master curves forinterpretation of two-layer earth. Geophysics,1981, Vol.46.
MitsuhataYJ.2-D electromagnetic modeling by finite-element method with a dipole source andtopography.Geophysics,2000,65:465-475.
于景邨,矿井瞬变电磁法理论与应用技术研究,徐州,中国矿业大学,1999.
杨阳,党瑞荣,井中瞬变电磁法理论研究,石油仪器,第23卷第3期,2009年.
王启军,林向东,矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测研究,吉林地质,第2期,2009年6月.
蒋帮远,瞬变电磁法勘探[M],北京,地质出版社,1998年.
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