基于任务模型构建用户界面的研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的不断发展,计算机应用的深度和广度正在不断增加,用户界面作为用户交互行为在应用系统中的最终展现变得越来越重要,特别是随着越来越多的交互设备的不断涌现,对于用户界面的跨平台实现的要求越来越高,各种关于用户界面开发的方法不断涌现,基于模型的用户界面的设计方法是其中很重要的一种。
软件工程技术在其发展和成熟过程中,为解决复杂业务处理提出了基于模型构建的思想。它把过去的软件系统代码设计转化为软件系统的模型设计,强调根据用户需求的描述逐步建立软件的模型,模型的组成与结构充分利用原有设计的处理模式,最终的软件代码更多的由软件模型本身通过各种转换规则自动产生。这样的构建方式对于软件系统的设计模式可以更好的体现和应用,为丰富一个组织内部软件开发的经验和提高问题处理的能力,更迅速准确的反映用户需求的变化提供了更切实的途径。特别由于建模都是利用已经过分析的解决方法,因此这样产生的软件质量有很好的保证,整个软件开发的过程和成本也可以被相对准确的估计和度量。
本文主要研究针对基于模型的用户界面开发中遇到的各种问题,选取了两种典型的模型:任务模型和对话模型来构建用户界面。以任务模型为中心,对用户界面进行建模,用并发任务树来表示用户界面的需求功能,同时用对话模型来定义用户交互活动的序列。为保持模型的一致性,通过从任务描述中提取活动链的方法得到对话模型,其中用并发任务树(CTT)来描述任务模型,用状态转换图(STN)表示对话模型。本文提出了一种通过解析并发任务树倒序产生状态转换图的算法,在现在比较成熟的环境TESRESA中进行了验证。同时针对在多设备交互的智能环境中用户界面的情况,对所生成的状态转换图所需要的合并和拆分的原则进行了相关的研究。
With the development of information technology,the application of the computer is becoming more and more comprehensive.The final show of the user interactive behavior of the application is the user interface,which becomes more and more important,In recent years,in the development of user interface,especially along with the appearance of increasing diversity of all kinds of devices,the ability to migrate executing user interface to another platform has to be improved.A lot of methods for the development of uers interface appeared.Model_based user interface design is an important one.
The MOBI-D is carried out to solve complex business processes along with the mature of software engineering.Dislike with traditional software coding,MOBI-D is a procedure of modeling.it emphasizes that get the model through the description of user requirements,and the model mostly makes up with the exist designs and pattern. At last the code is generated from the models with a set of transform regulations automaticly.Such a development methord can be much better to reflect the application of design pattern,and enrich the experience of development team,and also good for the team to response the change of user requirement more quickly and exactly.Especially because most of software designs are transform from exist solutions,the quality and costs of the product can be easily controlled.
In this paper,we explore the questions of Model_Based User Interfaces Design.We choose two typical model:the task model and dialog model.We focus on the task model and describe the funcation of user interface with the Concur Task Trees(CTT).At the same time,we use the dialog model to define a sequence of user interactions.We formalize the activity chain as a State Transition Network(STN)and in addition this chain can be partically extracted out of the task specification.We benefit of this approach since the task and dialog model are consistent.We get an algorithm to derive a STN from a CTT according to reverse order and validate ir in a mature environment:TERESA.The task model is formalized as a CTT and the activity chain is formalized as a STN.We also do some research for the combination and split of the STN derived from the algorithm in the multi-device environment.
软件工程技术在其发展和成熟过程中,为解决复杂业务处理提出了基于模型构建的思想。它把过去的软件系统代码设计转化为软件系统的模型设计,强调根据用户需求的描述逐步建立软件的模型,模型的组成与结构充分利用原有设计的处理模式,最终的软件代码更多的由软件模型本身通过各种转换规则自动产生。这样的构建方式对于软件系统的设计模式可以更好的体现和应用,为丰富一个组织内部软件开发的经验和提高问题处理的能力,更迅速准确的反映用户需求的变化提供了更切实的途径。特别由于建模都是利用已经过分析的解决方法,因此这样产生的软件质量有很好的保证,整个软件开发的过程和成本也可以被相对准确的估计和度量。
本文主要研究针对基于模型的用户界面开发中遇到的各种问题,选取了两种典型的模型:任务模型和对话模型来构建用户界面。以任务模型为中心,对用户界面进行建模,用并发任务树来表示用户界面的需求功能,同时用对话模型来定义用户交互活动的序列。为保持模型的一致性,通过从任务描述中提取活动链的方法得到对话模型,其中用并发任务树(CTT)来描述任务模型,用状态转换图(STN)表示对话模型。本文提出了一种通过解析并发任务树倒序产生状态转换图的算法,在现在比较成熟的环境TESRESA中进行了验证。同时针对在多设备交互的智能环境中用户界面的情况,对所生成的状态转换图所需要的合并和拆分的原则进行了相关的研究。
With the development of information technology,the application of the computer is becoming more and more comprehensive.The final show of the user interactive behavior of the application is the user interface,which becomes more and more important,In recent years,in the development of user interface,especially along with the appearance of increasing diversity of all kinds of devices,the ability to migrate executing user interface to another platform has to be improved.A lot of methods for the development of uers interface appeared.Model_based user interface design is an important one.
The MOBI-D is carried out to solve complex business processes along with the mature of software engineering.Dislike with traditional software coding,MOBI-D is a procedure of modeling.it emphasizes that get the model through the description of user requirements,and the model mostly makes up with the exist designs and pattern. At last the code is generated from the models with a set of transform regulations automaticly.Such a development methord can be much better to reflect the application of design pattern,and enrich the experience of development team,and also good for the team to response the change of user requirement more quickly and exactly.Especially because most of software designs are transform from exist solutions,the quality and costs of the product can be easily controlled.
In this paper,we explore the questions of Model_Based User Interfaces Design.We choose two typical model:the task model and dialog model.We focus on the task model and describe the funcation of user interface with the Concur Task Trees(CTT).At the same time,we use the dialog model to define a sequence of user interactions.We formalize the activity chain as a State Transition Network(STN)and in addition this chain can be partically extracted out of the task specification.We benefit of this approach since the task and dialog model are consistent.We get an algorithm to derive a STN from a CTT according to reverse order and validate ir in a mature environment:TERESA.The task model is formalized as a CTT and the activity chain is formalized as a STN.We also do some research for the combination and split of the STN derived from the algorithm in the multi-device environment.
引文
[1]Frank Lonczewskilnstitute. .Providing User Support for Interactive Applications with FUSE .ACM Press.Germany. 1997
[2]Szekely, P. Sukaviriya, P. Castells, P. Muhtkumarasamy, J. Salcher. Declara tive Interface Models For User Interface Construction Tools: The MASTERMIND Approach. In Engineering For Human-Computer Interaction. 1996
[3] T. Elwert, E. Schlungbaum. Modeling and Generation of Graphical User Interfaces in the TADEUS Approach. In Designing, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems. Springer. Vienna. 1995:193-208
[4]Jens Coldewey. User Interface Software. Coldewey Consulting. Munchen. Germany. 1998
[5 ]Anger R . Puerta. A Model-Based Interface Development Environment. IEEE Software. Stanford University 14 (4) .1997:41-47
[6] OMG Unified Modeling Language SpecificatiorLversion2. 0. http :// www. omg. org/uml. 2003
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[8]Kevin A. Schneider, James R Cordy. Abstract User Interfaces: A Model and Notation to Support Plasticity in Interactive Systems. Proc. DSVIS 2001-6~(th) Intematmational Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. Glasgow. June 2001:40-59
[9]Sinnig D., Gafar A., Reichart D., Forbrig P, Sefah A.. Patems in Model-based Engineering. In Pre-proceedings of CADUI 2004.Funchal, Protugal. Jan., 2004:197-210
[10]http://www.omg.org/mda
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[13]Mori,G.,Paterno,F.,Santoro,C.,"Tool Support for Designing Nomadic Applications",Proceedings ACM IUI'03,Miami,pp.141-148,ACM Press.http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/teresa/pdf/iui03.pdf
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[17]栗阳.笔式用户界面研究一理论、方法和实现.博士论文.2002.
[18]栗阳,关志伟,戴国忠.笔式用户界面开发工具研究.软件学报,202,(28).
[19]Paul Pinheiro da Silva,Tony Griffiths,Norman W.paton.Generating user interface code in a model based user interface development environment.AVI2000,Palermo,Italy.
[20]P.Hayes,P.Szekely,and R.Lerner.Design Alternatives for User Interface.Management Systems Based on Experience with COUSIN.In Proceedings of SIGCHI' 85, pages 169-175.Addison-Wesley, April 1985.
[21] P. Szekely. Template-Based Mapping of Application Data to Interactive Displays. In Proceedings of UIST' 90, pages 1-9. ACM Press, October 1990.
[22] D. olsen.A Programming Language Basis for User Interface Management. In Proceedings of SIGCHI' 89, pages 171-176, May 1989.
[23] W. Kim and J. Foley. Don:User Interface Presention Design Assistant. In ProceddingsofUIST' 90, pages 10-20. ACM Press, October 1990.
[24] G. Singh and M. Green. A hign-level user interface management system. In Proceddings of SIGCHI' 89,pages 133-138,May 1989.
[25] P. Markopoulos, J. Pycock, S.Wilson, and P. Johnson. Adept-A task based design environment. In Proceedings of the 25~(th) Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pages 587-596. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992.
[26] C.Martin. Software Life Cycle Automation for Interactive Applications: The AME Design Environment. IN Computer-Aided Design of User Interface, pages 57-74, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[27] J. Tarby and M. Barthet. The DIANE+Method. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interface, pages 95-119, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[28] F. Lonczewski and S.Schreiber.The FUSE-System:an Integrated User Interface Design Environment. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces, pages 37-56, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[29] P. Szekely,P.Sukaviriya, P. Castells, J. Muthukumarasamy, and E. Salcher.Declarative Interface Models for User interface Construction Tools:the MASTERMIND Approach. In Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, pages 120-150, London, UK, 1996. Chapman&Hall.
[30] A. Puerta.The Mecano Project:Comprehensive and Integrated Support for Model-Based Interface Development. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces, pages 19-36, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[31] A. Puerta and D. Maulsby. Management of Interface Design Knowledge with MOBI-D. In Proceedings of IUT'97, pages 249-252, Orlando, FL, January 1997.
[32]T.Elwert and E.Schlungbaum.Modelling and Generation of Graphical User Interfaces in the TADEUS Approach.In Designing,Specification and Verfication of Interative Systems,pages 193-208,Vienna,1995.Springer.
[33]F.Bodart,A.hennebert,J.Leheureux,I.Provot,and J.Vanderdonckt.A Model-Based Approach to Presention:A Continuum from Task Analysis to Prototype.In Proceedings of DSVIS'94,pages 25-39,Bocca di Magra,June 1994.
[34]Egbert Schlungbaum and Thomas Elwert.Dialogue Graphs-a formal and visual specification technique for dialogue modelling.In Formal Aspects of the Human Computer Interface,1996.
[35]Efrem Mbaki and Jean Vanderdonckt.Window Transitions:A Graphical Notation for Specifying Mid-level Dialogue.In First International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design TAMODIA2002,pages 55-63,July 18-19 2002.
[36]Christian Janssen,Anetee Weisbecker,and J¨urgen Ziegler.Generating User Interfaces from Data Models and Dialog Net Specifications.In ACM Conf.on Human Aspects in Computing Systems InterCHI' 93,pages 418-423,Amsterdam,April 24-28 1993.Addison-Wesley.
[37]Kris Luyten.Dynamic User Interface Generation for Mobile and Embedded Systems with Model-Based User Interface Development Proefschrift voorgelegd tot her behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen,richting Informaticaaan de transnationale Universiteit Limburg te verdedigen door
[38]云红艳(新疆石油学院计算机科学与技术系),“图形用户界面及用户界面模型”,新疆石油学院学报,No.2 1998。
[39]华庆一(西北大学计算机科学系),“用户界面模型与形式规格说明研究”,西北大学学报(自然科学版),Oct.1997 Vol.27 No.5。
[40]朱军,张高,华庆一,戴国忠(中国科学院软件研究所计算机科学开放研究实验室),“交互式用户界面的形式化描述与性质验证”,软件学报,Vol.10No.11 Nov.1999。
[41]Crystal Reports Ⅺ Technical Reference Guide http://www.businessobjects.com/support
[42]孙彬(山东大学计算机科学与技术学院),“支持用户界面自动生成的FMP 模型”,2002.11.15。
[43]吕娜,万建成(山东大学计算机科学与技术学院),“界面逻辑构成的交互模型及其形成描述”,电子学报,1999,02。
[44]侯金奎,万建成,张玉艳(山东大学计算机科学与技术学院济南,潍坊学院公共计算机教学部),“一种支持MDA的PIM建模方法”,计算机工程,Vol.33No.8。
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[51]Noi Sukaviriya,Santhosh Kumaran,Prabir Nandi,Terry Heath, "Integrate Model-driven UI with Business Transformations:Shifting Focus of Model-driven UI",IBM W.J.Watson Research Center.
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[2]Szekely, P. Sukaviriya, P. Castells, P. Muhtkumarasamy, J. Salcher. Declara tive Interface Models For User Interface Construction Tools: The MASTERMIND Approach. In Engineering For Human-Computer Interaction. 1996
[3] T. Elwert, E. Schlungbaum. Modeling and Generation of Graphical User Interfaces in the TADEUS Approach. In Designing, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems. Springer. Vienna. 1995:193-208
[4]Jens Coldewey. User Interface Software. Coldewey Consulting. Munchen. Germany. 1998
[5 ]Anger R . Puerta. A Model-Based Interface Development Environment. IEEE Software. Stanford University 14 (4) .1997:41-47
[6] OMG Unified Modeling Language SpecificatiorLversion2. 0. http :// www. omg. org/uml. 2003
[7]P. Pinheiro da Silva, N. Paton.UMLi: The Unified Modeling Language for Interactive Applications. ln Proceedings- of UML2000. volume 1939 of LNCS. York, UKSpringer. October 2000:117-132
[8]Kevin A. Schneider, James R Cordy. Abstract User Interfaces: A Model and Notation to Support Plasticity in Interactive Systems. Proc. DSVIS 2001-6~(th) Intematmational Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. Glasgow. June 2001:40-59
[9]Sinnig D., Gafar A., Reichart D., Forbrig P, Sefah A.. Patems in Model-based Engineering. In Pre-proceedings of CADUI 2004.Funchal, Protugal. Jan., 2004:197-210
[10]http://www.omg.org/mda
[11]Calvary,G.,Coutaz,J.,Thevenin,D.,"A Unifying Reference Framework for the Development of Plastic User Interfaces",Proceedings Engineering Human-Computer Interaction,pp.173-192,2001.
[12]Calvary,G.Coutaz,J.Thevenin,D.Limbourg,Q.Bouillon,L.Vanderdonckt,J.,"A unifying reference framework for multi-target user interfaces",Interacting with Computers Vol.15/3,Pages 289-308,Elsevier.
[13]Mori,G.,Paterno,F.,Santoro,C.,"Tool Support for Designing Nomadic Applications",Proceedings ACM IUI'03,Miami,pp.141-148,ACM Press.http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/teresa/pdf/iui03.pdf
[14]Jean Vanderdonckt,Pierre Berquin.Towards a Very Large Model-Based Approach for User Interface Development.UIDIS 1999;76-85.
[15]Jason I.Hong,James A.Landay.Damask:A Tool for Early-Stage Design and Prototyping of Multi-Device User Interfaces.In Proceedings of The 8~(th)International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems(2002International Workshop on Visual Computing),San Francisco,CA,September 26-28,2002,pp.573-580.
[16]Jason I.Hong,James A.Landay.SATIN-A Toolkit for Informal Ink-based Applications.UIST'00.San Diego,CA USA.
[17]栗阳.笔式用户界面研究一理论、方法和实现.博士论文.2002.
[18]栗阳,关志伟,戴国忠.笔式用户界面开发工具研究.软件学报,202,(28).
[19]Paul Pinheiro da Silva,Tony Griffiths,Norman W.paton.Generating user interface code in a model based user interface development environment.AVI2000,Palermo,Italy.
[20]P.Hayes,P.Szekely,and R.Lerner.Design Alternatives for User Interface.Management Systems Based on Experience with COUSIN.In Proceedings of SIGCHI' 85, pages 169-175.Addison-Wesley, April 1985.
[21] P. Szekely. Template-Based Mapping of Application Data to Interactive Displays. In Proceedings of UIST' 90, pages 1-9. ACM Press, October 1990.
[22] D. olsen.A Programming Language Basis for User Interface Management. In Proceedings of SIGCHI' 89, pages 171-176, May 1989.
[23] W. Kim and J. Foley. Don:User Interface Presention Design Assistant. In ProceddingsofUIST' 90, pages 10-20. ACM Press, October 1990.
[24] G. Singh and M. Green. A hign-level user interface management system. In Proceddings of SIGCHI' 89,pages 133-138,May 1989.
[25] P. Markopoulos, J. Pycock, S.Wilson, and P. Johnson. Adept-A task based design environment. In Proceedings of the 25~(th) Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pages 587-596. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992.
[26] C.Martin. Software Life Cycle Automation for Interactive Applications: The AME Design Environment. IN Computer-Aided Design of User Interface, pages 57-74, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[27] J. Tarby and M. Barthet. The DIANE+Method. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interface, pages 95-119, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[28] F. Lonczewski and S.Schreiber.The FUSE-System:an Integrated User Interface Design Environment. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces, pages 37-56, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[29] P. Szekely,P.Sukaviriya, P. Castells, J. Muthukumarasamy, and E. Salcher.Declarative Interface Models for User interface Construction Tools:the MASTERMIND Approach. In Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, pages 120-150, London, UK, 1996. Chapman&Hall.
[30] A. Puerta.The Mecano Project:Comprehensive and Integrated Support for Model-Based Interface Development. In Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces, pages 19-36, Namur, Belgium, 1996. Namur University Press.
[31] A. Puerta and D. Maulsby. Management of Interface Design Knowledge with MOBI-D. In Proceedings of IUT'97, pages 249-252, Orlando, FL, January 1997.
[32]T.Elwert and E.Schlungbaum.Modelling and Generation of Graphical User Interfaces in the TADEUS Approach.In Designing,Specification and Verfication of Interative Systems,pages 193-208,Vienna,1995.Springer.
[33]F.Bodart,A.hennebert,J.Leheureux,I.Provot,and J.Vanderdonckt.A Model-Based Approach to Presention:A Continuum from Task Analysis to Prototype.In Proceedings of DSVIS'94,pages 25-39,Bocca di Magra,June 1994.
[34]Egbert Schlungbaum and Thomas Elwert.Dialogue Graphs-a formal and visual specification technique for dialogue modelling.In Formal Aspects of the Human Computer Interface,1996.
[35]Efrem Mbaki and Jean Vanderdonckt.Window Transitions:A Graphical Notation for Specifying Mid-level Dialogue.In First International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design TAMODIA2002,pages 55-63,July 18-19 2002.
[36]Christian Janssen,Anetee Weisbecker,and J¨urgen Ziegler.Generating User Interfaces from Data Models and Dialog Net Specifications.In ACM Conf.on Human Aspects in Computing Systems InterCHI' 93,pages 418-423,Amsterdam,April 24-28 1993.Addison-Wesley.
[37]Kris Luyten.Dynamic User Interface Generation for Mobile and Embedded Systems with Model-Based User Interface Development Proefschrift voorgelegd tot her behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen,richting Informaticaaan de transnationale Universiteit Limburg te verdedigen door
[38]云红艳(新疆石油学院计算机科学与技术系),“图形用户界面及用户界面模型”,新疆石油学院学报,No.2 1998。
[39]华庆一(西北大学计算机科学系),“用户界面模型与形式规格说明研究”,西北大学学报(自然科学版),Oct.1997 Vol.27 No.5。
[40]朱军,张高,华庆一,戴国忠(中国科学院软件研究所计算机科学开放研究实验室),“交互式用户界面的形式化描述与性质验证”,软件学报,Vol.10No.11 Nov.1999。
[41]Crystal Reports Ⅺ Technical Reference Guide http://www.businessobjects.com/support
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