潜艇大开孔补强结构研究
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摘要
圆柱壳由于实际应用的要求常常需要开设各种大开孔,超出了常规设计方法的范围。由于几何尺寸、制造工艺和载荷形式的差别,理论计算圆柱壳大开孔结构的应力和应变比较困难,因此,对该结构进行系统、全面分析成为一个重要的课题。针对圆柱壳大开孔的补强计算方法、压力面积法、ASME法、有限元法以及潜艇结构设计计算方法等,分析了各种方法的异同,考证了各种方法的理论依据及由来,通过对实例大开孔结构进行计算比较,显示了其间的差异。
本文针对均匀外压作用下圆柱壳大开孔,分别以围壁补强结构、围壁与加厚板组合补强结构为研究对象,采用三维有限元数值分析手段,得到了一些明确而有价值的结论。即随着开孔率的增加,开孔补强部位产生很高的应力。沿孔口边缘的弯曲应力值增加很快,并且超过了周向中面应力的10%,这时弯曲应力不应忽略不计,而应该进行单独校核。
对外压作用下围壁补强结构进行三维有限元极限分析,获得结构关键部位的应变值和位移值,通过绘制载荷-位移曲线来研究开孔率和围壁与壳体厚度比对极限载荷的影响。通过研究发现:在相同加强条件下,极限载荷随着开孔率得增加而减小。孔口围壁加强对提高孔周局部极限载荷有明显效果。
Due to the requirements of techniques and structure, Pressure Vessels often need to include large cutouts of various types which goes beyond the application of Design by Rules. But because of the changes of the geometry parameters, methods of manufacture and types of loads, it is difficult to calculate the stress and strain in the cylindrical shell structures with large cutouts in theory. Therefore, it is an important subject to analyze the structure systematically and roundly.
Among the pressure area method, ASME method, finite element method and methods of design and calculation of submarine structure, the reinforcement calculation method of cylindrical shell with large cutouts was analyzed and compared. The similarities and difference were given. The principle of the calculation formulas of the methods was deduced. The difference was demonstrated by means of this four reinforcement design methods that a cylindrical shell with large cutout was calculated.
The shows distribution of the area near by the junction of the coaming and the shell of large coaming-to-cylinder diameter ratio structure are studied. Two kinds of structures namely are studied and compared to each other. The finite element method and the strain-gauging method are applied in this work to investigate the distributions at reinforced area. Some new and valuable conclusions are achieved. The bigger the cutout rate of large cylindrical cutout is, the higher stress that the area of cutout produces. The bending stress at cutout edge is creasing very fast, in excess of 10% of the hoop membrane stress. Therefore, the bending stress should not be ignored but be checked solely.
A study of limit loads was carried through three-dimensional nolinear finite element analysis on a coaming on cylinder shell structures subjected to uniform pressure. Models were studied by three-dimension nonlinear finite element method to gain the load-displacement and load-strain curves. By these curves, limit loads was carried out. The value of the limit load reduced with the cutout rate increase. The coaming has a favorable effect on the limit load.
本文针对均匀外压作用下圆柱壳大开孔,分别以围壁补强结构、围壁与加厚板组合补强结构为研究对象,采用三维有限元数值分析手段,得到了一些明确而有价值的结论。即随着开孔率的增加,开孔补强部位产生很高的应力。沿孔口边缘的弯曲应力值增加很快,并且超过了周向中面应力的10%,这时弯曲应力不应忽略不计,而应该进行单独校核。
对外压作用下围壁补强结构进行三维有限元极限分析,获得结构关键部位的应变值和位移值,通过绘制载荷-位移曲线来研究开孔率和围壁与壳体厚度比对极限载荷的影响。通过研究发现:在相同加强条件下,极限载荷随着开孔率得增加而减小。孔口围壁加强对提高孔周局部极限载荷有明显效果。
Due to the requirements of techniques and structure, Pressure Vessels often need to include large cutouts of various types which goes beyond the application of Design by Rules. But because of the changes of the geometry parameters, methods of manufacture and types of loads, it is difficult to calculate the stress and strain in the cylindrical shell structures with large cutouts in theory. Therefore, it is an important subject to analyze the structure systematically and roundly.
Among the pressure area method, ASME method, finite element method and methods of design and calculation of submarine structure, the reinforcement calculation method of cylindrical shell with large cutouts was analyzed and compared. The similarities and difference were given. The principle of the calculation formulas of the methods was deduced. The difference was demonstrated by means of this four reinforcement design methods that a cylindrical shell with large cutout was calculated.
The shows distribution of the area near by the junction of the coaming and the shell of large coaming-to-cylinder diameter ratio structure are studied. Two kinds of structures namely are studied and compared to each other. The finite element method and the strain-gauging method are applied in this work to investigate the distributions at reinforced area. Some new and valuable conclusions are achieved. The bigger the cutout rate of large cylindrical cutout is, the higher stress that the area of cutout produces. The bending stress at cutout edge is creasing very fast, in excess of 10% of the hoop membrane stress. Therefore, the bending stress should not be ignored but be checked solely.
A study of limit loads was carried through three-dimensional nolinear finite element analysis on a coaming on cylinder shell structures subjected to uniform pressure. Models were studied by three-dimension nonlinear finite element method to gain the load-displacement and load-strain curves. By these curves, limit loads was carried out. The value of the limit load reduced with the cutout rate increase. The coaming has a favorable effect on the limit load.
引文
[1]张万波.潜艇集体逃生舱技术综述[J].船海工程,2002(5):56-58.
[2] GJB/Z21A-2001.潜艇结构设计计算方法[S].国防工业出版社,2001.
[3] Lure A I. Concentration of stresses in the vicinity of an aperture in the surface of a circular cylinder. Prik.Mat.i.Mekh.,1946,10:397-401:(English transl. By N. Byunswick, New York University,Inst.of Math. Sci ,1960).
[4] Shevliakov J A,Zigel F S.Torsion of a cylinder with a hole in the lateral surface (in Ukrainian).Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainsjkoi S .S .R.,1954 :41-43.
[5] Withum D. The cylindrical shell with a circular hole under torsionIngenieur-Archiv,1958 ,26:435-437.
[6] Naghdi A K, Eringen A C. An approximate expression for stress concentration in a cylindrical shell with a circular cutout.General Technical Corporation Report3-5,1964.
[7] Naghdi A K, Eringen A C.Stress distribution in a circular cylindrical shell with a circular cutout. Ing-Archiv.,1965,XXXIV:161-164.
[8] Eringen A C,Naghdi A K, Thiel C C.State of stress in a circular cylindrical shell with a circular hole .WRC Bulletin,1965,10(2) :36-38.
[9] Van Dyke P. Stresses about a circular hole in a cylindrical shell.AIAA,1965,3 (9) :25-28.
[10] Van Dyke P. Stresses in a cylindrical shell with a rigical inclusion.AIAA,1967,5(1):66-68.
[11] Lekkerkerker J G.The determination of elastic stresses near cylinder-to-cylinder intersections , Nuclear Eng .and Design,1972,20: 57-59.
[12] .Lekkerkerker J G.Stress concentration around circular holes in cylindrical shells. The XI Int .Congr .of Appl .Mech.,Munich (Germary),1964.
[13]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊,1965,3-4.
[14]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一双圆孔及排圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊,1965,3-4.
[15]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单椭圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊.1965,3-4.
[16]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单圆孔用弹性垫板或环板加强[J].大连工学院学刊.1965,3-4.
[17] Yamamato Y.Stress distribution around a circular cutout of a cylindricalshell .J .of the Faculty of Eng.,University of Tokyo (B),1968,29(3)73-77.
[18] Sanders J L .Coutouts in shallow shells.Transactions of ASME .June 1970.
[19] Adams N J I.Stress concentration in a cylindrical shell containing a circular hole. ASME J.of Eng .for Industry,1971:953-956.
[20] Mniorn H, et al .Stress concentration of a cylindrical shell with one ortwo circular holes .Bulletin of the JSME,1972,15(86): 907-909 .
[21]龙驭球,包世华.扁壳圆孔附近的应力集中[J].固体力学学报,1983,4:35-38.
[22] Steel C R,et al.An efficient computational approach for large opening in a cylindrical vessel .ASME,J Pres Ves Tech,1986,108:436-438.
[23]薛明德等.圆柱壳大开孔的薄壳理论解[J].力学学报,1995,27 (4):482-483.
[24]薛明德.国外关于圆柱壳开孔围壁问题的研究概况[J].压力容器,1991,8 (2):9-11.
[25]宋天舒.圆柱壳大开孔问题的研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学博士学位论文,1997.
[26] Taylor C E, Lind N C. Photo elastic Study of Stresses Near Openings in Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin, 113 ,1966.
[27] Leven M M. Photo Elastic Determination of Stresses in Reinforced Openings in Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin 113, 1966
[28] Fessler H, Lewin B H. Stresses in Branched Pipes Under Internal Pressure [J]. Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1962, 176(29): 771-778.
[29] Cranch E T. An Experimental Investigation of Stresses in the Neighborhood of Attachments to a Cylindrical Shell [J]. WRC Bulletin 60, 1960.
[30] Mershon J L. PVRC Research Reinforcement of Openings in Pressure Vessels [J]. WRC Bulletin 67, 1962.
[31] Hardenbergh D E, Zamrik S Y, Edmondson A J. Experimental Investigation of Stresses in Nozzles and Cylindrical Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin 89, 1963.
[32] Beaney E M, Procter E. Thick Walled Cylinder to Cylinder Intersections, Part 1:Elastic Pressure Stress Investigations Report, C. E. G B. Report, RD/B/N2883, January 1974.
[33] Conum J M.Theoretical and Experimental Stress Analysis of ORNL Thin-Shell Cylinder-to-Cylinder Model No. 1,ERDA Report ORNL-4553, Oct. 1972.
[34] Gwaltney R C. Theoretical and Experimental Stress Analysis of Thin-Shell Cylinder-to-Cylinder Model 2, ERDA Report ORNL-5021,Oct. 1975.
[35] Houghton D S.Stress concentration around cutouts in a cylinder. J.of the Royal Aeronautical Society,1961, 65: 201-203.
[36] Durelli A J,et al .Stresses in a perforated ribbed cylinder subjected to internal pressure .Int .J .of Solids& Structures,1969, 5:573-576.
[37] Durelli A J,et al .Stresses in a pressurized ribbed cylindrical shell with a reinforced circular hole interrupting a rib.Trans. ASME J .for Industry 1971:879-881.
[38] Durelli A J , et al .Stresses in pressurized circular shells with discontinuities,with or without stiffeners. J .of Ship Research,1972, 16(2):140-142.
[39]徐秉汉,裴俊厚,朱邦俊.壳体开孔的理论与实验[M].国防工业出版社,1987.
[40] Clough R W, Tocher J L. Finite Element Stiffness Matrices for the Analysis of plate Bending. Proceedings of Conference on Matrix Methods in StructuralMechanics[R], Report No ADDDL-TR-66-80, 1966.
[41] Johnson C P, Smith. P C. A Computer Program for the Analysis of Thin Shells[R]. Dept of Civil Eng, University of California, Berkeley, 1967, 69-75.
[42] Gwaltney R C. Experimental Stress Analysis of Cylinder to Cylinder Shell Models and Comparisons with Theoretical Predictions[J]. ASME Paper No.76-PVP-10.1976.
[43] Bryson J W, Johnson W q et al. Stresses in Reinforced Nozzle-Cylinder Attachments under External Loadings Analyzed by Finite Element Method-A Parameter study [J]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report No. ORNL NVREG/CR-0506, 1979.
[44] R.Natarajan,G.E.O.Widera and P.Afshari.A finite element model to analyze cylinder-cylinder intersections[J].ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 1987.
[45] Afshan.P,G.E.O.Widera.Analysis of shell intersections [J].International Conference of Pressure Vessel Technology,1991.
[46] Moffat D.G. Effective stress factors for piping branch junctions due to internal pressure and external moment loads[J]. Journal of Strain Analysis,1991.
[47]经国栋,王允昌.开孔率大于0.5的容器围壁区有限元分析设计[J].压力容器,1991,24(3):33-35.
[48]金志江.压力容器围壁区大应变分析[J].工程设计,1999,16(3):14-16.
[49]张卫义,俞建荣,陈罕.内压柱壳大开孔率平齐式围壁应力分布研究[J].压力容器,2000,13(3):45-46.
[50]张卫义.内压圆柱形压力容器大开孔率开孔补强结构及其应力集中系数规律的研究[D].北京化工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2000.
[51] J.Schroeder. Analysis of test data on branch connection exposed to internalpressure and/or external couples[J]. WRC bulletin No.200, 1974.
[52] F.Ellyin. An experimential study of elastic-plastic response of branch-pipe tee connection subjected to internal pressure,external couples and combined loading[J].WRC Bulletin No.230,1977.
[53] J.C.Gerdeen,A critical evaluation plastic behavior data and a united definition of plastic loads for pressure components[J]. Welding Research Council Bullition No.254,1976.
[54] E.C.Rodabaugh.Interpretive report on limit analysis and plastic behavior of piping products[R].Welding Research Council Bullition No.254, l 976.
[55] WJ.O.Donnell.Interpretive report on limit analysis of flat circular plates[R]. Welding Research Council Bullition No.254,1976.
[56] Arturs Kalnins.Guidelines for size of vessels by limit analysis[J].WRC Bulletin 464,2002.
[57]谢一环,王助成.球壳围壁的弹性有限元分析[Jl.压力容器,1985,2(4):33-34.
[58]邹南棠,王保军,王建一等.压力容器与围壁邻近处的弹塑性应力分析[J].压力容器1991,8(3):42-44.
[59]杨新岐,霍立兴,张玉风.压力容器围壁区应力集中弹塑性有限元分析[J].压力容器,1997,14(3):7-9.
[60]蔡洪能,张国栋,王雅生.厚壁压力容器围壁的三维有限元分析[J].焊管,1999,22(5):27-29.
[61]王磊.压力容器大开孔围壁有限元分析及强度设计的研究[D].南京理工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006.
[62]德国AD规范[S].2000.
[63]美国ASMEⅧ-1[S].2001.
[2] GJB/Z21A-2001.潜艇结构设计计算方法[S].国防工业出版社,2001.
[3] Lure A I. Concentration of stresses in the vicinity of an aperture in the surface of a circular cylinder. Prik.Mat.i.Mekh.,1946,10:397-401:(English transl. By N. Byunswick, New York University,Inst.of Math. Sci ,1960).
[4] Shevliakov J A,Zigel F S.Torsion of a cylinder with a hole in the lateral surface (in Ukrainian).Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrainsjkoi S .S .R.,1954 :41-43.
[5] Withum D. The cylindrical shell with a circular hole under torsionIngenieur-Archiv,1958 ,26:435-437.
[6] Naghdi A K, Eringen A C. An approximate expression for stress concentration in a cylindrical shell with a circular cutout.General Technical Corporation Report3-5,1964.
[7] Naghdi A K, Eringen A C.Stress distribution in a circular cylindrical shell with a circular cutout. Ing-Archiv.,1965,XXXIV:161-164.
[8] Eringen A C,Naghdi A K, Thiel C C.State of stress in a circular cylindrical shell with a circular hole .WRC Bulletin,1965,10(2) :36-38.
[9] Van Dyke P. Stresses about a circular hole in a cylindrical shell.AIAA,1965,3 (9) :25-28.
[10] Van Dyke P. Stresses in a cylindrical shell with a rigical inclusion.AIAA,1967,5(1):66-68.
[11] Lekkerkerker J G.The determination of elastic stresses near cylinder-to-cylinder intersections , Nuclear Eng .and Design,1972,20: 57-59.
[12] .Lekkerkerker J G.Stress concentration around circular holes in cylindrical shells. The XI Int .Congr .of Appl .Mech.,Munich (Germary),1964.
[13]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊,1965,3-4.
[14]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一双圆孔及排圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊,1965,3-4.
[15]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单椭圆孔基本解[J].大连工学院学刊.1965,3-4.
[16]钱令希.圆柱壳开孔问题一单圆孔用弹性垫板或环板加强[J].大连工学院学刊.1965,3-4.
[17] Yamamato Y.Stress distribution around a circular cutout of a cylindricalshell .J .of the Faculty of Eng.,University of Tokyo (B),1968,29(3)73-77.
[18] Sanders J L .Coutouts in shallow shells.Transactions of ASME .June 1970.
[19] Adams N J I.Stress concentration in a cylindrical shell containing a circular hole. ASME J.of Eng .for Industry,1971:953-956.
[20] Mniorn H, et al .Stress concentration of a cylindrical shell with one ortwo circular holes .Bulletin of the JSME,1972,15(86): 907-909 .
[21]龙驭球,包世华.扁壳圆孔附近的应力集中[J].固体力学学报,1983,4:35-38.
[22] Steel C R,et al.An efficient computational approach for large opening in a cylindrical vessel .ASME,J Pres Ves Tech,1986,108:436-438.
[23]薛明德等.圆柱壳大开孔的薄壳理论解[J].力学学报,1995,27 (4):482-483.
[24]薛明德.国外关于圆柱壳开孔围壁问题的研究概况[J].压力容器,1991,8 (2):9-11.
[25]宋天舒.圆柱壳大开孔问题的研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学博士学位论文,1997.
[26] Taylor C E, Lind N C. Photo elastic Study of Stresses Near Openings in Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin, 113 ,1966.
[27] Leven M M. Photo Elastic Determination of Stresses in Reinforced Openings in Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin 113, 1966
[28] Fessler H, Lewin B H. Stresses in Branched Pipes Under Internal Pressure [J]. Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1962, 176(29): 771-778.
[29] Cranch E T. An Experimental Investigation of Stresses in the Neighborhood of Attachments to a Cylindrical Shell [J]. WRC Bulletin 60, 1960.
[30] Mershon J L. PVRC Research Reinforcement of Openings in Pressure Vessels [J]. WRC Bulletin 67, 1962.
[31] Hardenbergh D E, Zamrik S Y, Edmondson A J. Experimental Investigation of Stresses in Nozzles and Cylindrical Pressure Vessels[R]. WRC Bulletin 89, 1963.
[32] Beaney E M, Procter E. Thick Walled Cylinder to Cylinder Intersections, Part 1:Elastic Pressure Stress Investigations Report, C. E. G B. Report, RD/B/N2883, January 1974.
[33] Conum J M.Theoretical and Experimental Stress Analysis of ORNL Thin-Shell Cylinder-to-Cylinder Model No. 1,ERDA Report ORNL-4553, Oct. 1972.
[34] Gwaltney R C. Theoretical and Experimental Stress Analysis of Thin-Shell Cylinder-to-Cylinder Model 2, ERDA Report ORNL-5021,Oct. 1975.
[35] Houghton D S.Stress concentration around cutouts in a cylinder. J.of the Royal Aeronautical Society,1961, 65: 201-203.
[36] Durelli A J,et al .Stresses in a perforated ribbed cylinder subjected to internal pressure .Int .J .of Solids& Structures,1969, 5:573-576.
[37] Durelli A J,et al .Stresses in a pressurized ribbed cylindrical shell with a reinforced circular hole interrupting a rib.Trans. ASME J .for Industry 1971:879-881.
[38] Durelli A J , et al .Stresses in pressurized circular shells with discontinuities,with or without stiffeners. J .of Ship Research,1972, 16(2):140-142.
[39]徐秉汉,裴俊厚,朱邦俊.壳体开孔的理论与实验[M].国防工业出版社,1987.
[40] Clough R W, Tocher J L. Finite Element Stiffness Matrices for the Analysis of plate Bending. Proceedings of Conference on Matrix Methods in StructuralMechanics[R], Report No ADDDL-TR-66-80, 1966.
[41] Johnson C P, Smith. P C. A Computer Program for the Analysis of Thin Shells[R]. Dept of Civil Eng, University of California, Berkeley, 1967, 69-75.
[42] Gwaltney R C. Experimental Stress Analysis of Cylinder to Cylinder Shell Models and Comparisons with Theoretical Predictions[J]. ASME Paper No.76-PVP-10.1976.
[43] Bryson J W, Johnson W q et al. Stresses in Reinforced Nozzle-Cylinder Attachments under External Loadings Analyzed by Finite Element Method-A Parameter study [J]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report No. ORNL NVREG/CR-0506, 1979.
[44] R.Natarajan,G.E.O.Widera and P.Afshari.A finite element model to analyze cylinder-cylinder intersections[J].ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 1987.
[45] Afshan.P,G.E.O.Widera.Analysis of shell intersections [J].International Conference of Pressure Vessel Technology,1991.
[46] Moffat D.G. Effective stress factors for piping branch junctions due to internal pressure and external moment loads[J]. Journal of Strain Analysis,1991.
[47]经国栋,王允昌.开孔率大于0.5的容器围壁区有限元分析设计[J].压力容器,1991,24(3):33-35.
[48]金志江.压力容器围壁区大应变分析[J].工程设计,1999,16(3):14-16.
[49]张卫义,俞建荣,陈罕.内压柱壳大开孔率平齐式围壁应力分布研究[J].压力容器,2000,13(3):45-46.
[50]张卫义.内压圆柱形压力容器大开孔率开孔补强结构及其应力集中系数规律的研究[D].北京化工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2000.
[51] J.Schroeder. Analysis of test data on branch connection exposed to internalpressure and/or external couples[J]. WRC bulletin No.200, 1974.
[52] F.Ellyin. An experimential study of elastic-plastic response of branch-pipe tee connection subjected to internal pressure,external couples and combined loading[J].WRC Bulletin No.230,1977.
[53] J.C.Gerdeen,A critical evaluation plastic behavior data and a united definition of plastic loads for pressure components[J]. Welding Research Council Bullition No.254,1976.
[54] E.C.Rodabaugh.Interpretive report on limit analysis and plastic behavior of piping products[R].Welding Research Council Bullition No.254, l 976.
[55] WJ.O.Donnell.Interpretive report on limit analysis of flat circular plates[R]. Welding Research Council Bullition No.254,1976.
[56] Arturs Kalnins.Guidelines for size of vessels by limit analysis[J].WRC Bulletin 464,2002.
[57]谢一环,王助成.球壳围壁的弹性有限元分析[Jl.压力容器,1985,2(4):33-34.
[58]邹南棠,王保军,王建一等.压力容器与围壁邻近处的弹塑性应力分析[J].压力容器1991,8(3):42-44.
[59]杨新岐,霍立兴,张玉风.压力容器围壁区应力集中弹塑性有限元分析[J].压力容器,1997,14(3):7-9.
[60]蔡洪能,张国栋,王雅生.厚壁压力容器围壁的三维有限元分析[J].焊管,1999,22(5):27-29.
[61]王磊.压力容器大开孔围壁有限元分析及强度设计的研究[D].南京理工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006.
[62]德国AD规范[S].2000.
[63]美国ASMEⅧ-1[S].2001.