D-T中子发生器中子产额、能谱、角分布及中子伽玛混合场的模拟研究
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摘要
本文首先给出一种氚钛厚靶D-T反应加速器中子源的中子产额、能谱和角分布的计算方法,并开发了相应的计算模拟程序,用自行开发的计算程序计算了入射氘束流能量低于1.0 MeV理想条件下D-T中子源的中子产额、能谱和角分布;其次,根据理想条件下得到的能谱和角分布数据,建立了氚钛厚靶D-T中子源中子发射模型,应用MCNP程序对兰州大学3.3×10~(12)n/s强流D-T中子发生器的中子能谱、角分布及n-γ比进行了MonteCarlo模拟,并将模拟结果与实验数据进行了比较,Monte Carlo模拟结果和实验结果能够较好的符合;另外,结合兰州大学新建中子实验大厅建筑结构、材料及实验大厅布局,对实验大厅周围的辐射剂量进行了模拟计算和初步评价。
In this paper, firstly, a mathematical method and a computer program were developed to calculate the yield, energy spectrum and angular distribution of neutrons from the T(d,n)~4He reaction in a thick tritium-titanium (TiT_x) target for all incident deuteron beam energies lower than 1.0MeV. Secondly, the neutron emission model of T(d,n)~4He reaction neutron source was established based on the data of the neutron energy spectrum and angular distribution, which were get under ideal conditions and mentioned above. The neutron emission model was applied to simulate the neutron energy spectrum, angular distribution and n/γratio of Lanzhou University 3.3×l0~(12)n/s intense neutron generator using MCNP code. The M-C simulation results can meet with experimental results well by comparison. Moreover, the radiation dose of neutron andγoutside the neutron experimental hall of Lanzhou University was simulated and evaluated using MCNP code by considering the structure, materials and the layout of the experimental hall.
In this paper, firstly, a mathematical method and a computer program were developed to calculate the yield, energy spectrum and angular distribution of neutrons from the T(d,n)~4He reaction in a thick tritium-titanium (TiT_x) target for all incident deuteron beam energies lower than 1.0MeV. Secondly, the neutron emission model of T(d,n)~4He reaction neutron source was established based on the data of the neutron energy spectrum and angular distribution, which were get under ideal conditions and mentioned above. The neutron emission model was applied to simulate the neutron energy spectrum, angular distribution and n/γratio of Lanzhou University 3.3×l0~(12)n/s intense neutron generator using MCNP code. The M-C simulation results can meet with experimental results well by comparison. Moreover, the radiation dose of neutron andγoutside the neutron experimental hall of Lanzhou University was simulated and evaluated using MCNP code by considering the structure, materials and the layout of the experimental hall.
引文
[1]丁大钊,叶春堂,赵志祥等.中子物理——原理、方法与应用,北京:原子能出版社,2001.7:Ⅵ.
[2]卢希庭,原子核物理,北京:原子能出版社,2000.10:296.
[3]赵志祥,丁大钊.21世纪的中子科学及其应用的发展趋势,中国基础科学·前沿科学.2001,9:9-17.
[4]张杰,中国散裂中子源(CSNS)—多学科应用的大科学平台,中国科学院院刊,2006年,第21卷,第五期:415—417.
[5]苏桐龄.强流中子发生器及其应用[J].核技术,1989,12(8-9):553-556.
[6]A.Aksoy,M.Ahmed.14MeV neutron activation analysis of gold jewellery,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.Vol.256,No.2(2003):369-371.
[7]M.Belgaid,M.Asghar,S.Beddek.Activation cross sections for some isotopes of Ti and Mo with 14.7 MeV neutrons,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.Vol.240.No.3(1999)991-992.
[8]P.ILA.determination of total oxygen in standard rocks by cyclic activation analysis using a 14 MeV neutron generator,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,Articles,Vol.148,No,2(1991):415-422.
[9]Horia R.Radulescu,Naeem M.Abdurrahman,Ayman I.Hawari,et al.Pulsed Neutron Generator Facility for Slowing Down Time Spectrometry,Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium(ANRCP).October 1999.
[10]KOIVUNORO H,LOUT P,REIJONEN J,et al.A compact neutron generator based on D-D or D-T fusion reaction for BNCT[C],Proceeding of lOth International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy.Essen,Germany:2002:313-318.
[11]Koivunoro H,Bleuel D L,Nastasi U,et al.BNCT dose distribution in liver with epithermal D-D and D-T fusion-based neutron beams[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2004,61:853-859.
[12] D.L.Chichester, J.D.Simpson, M. Lemchak. Advanced compact accelerator neutron interrogation field work, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 271, No. 3(2007): 629-637.
[13] Su Tongling, Sun Biehe, Yang Baotai, et. al. An intense 14 MeV neutron source[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods, 1990, A287: 452-454.
[14] Yao Zeen, Su Tongling, Cheng Shangwen et al. Design status of an intense 14 MeV neutron source for cancer therapy[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods, 2002, A490: 566-572.
[15] 苟全补,王学智. 3×10~(12) n/s 强流中子发生器中子能谱测量[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 1991, 27 (2): 185-187.
[16] Andreas Zimbal, horst Klein, Marcel Reginatto, et al. High resolution neutron Spectrometry with liquid scintillation detectors for fusion applications, POS (FNDA2006)035.
[17] J.M. Verbeke, K. N. Leung, J. Vujic. Development of a sealed-accelerator-tube neutron generator, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 53(2000):801-809.
[18] D. J. Malbrough, D. K. Brice, D. F. Cowgill, et al. Deuteron stopping cross sections in transition metal hydrides, Nuclear Instruments and Method in Physics Research B 28.
[19] L. M. Jones, D. M. Makswiecki, and S. A. Steward, Development of high-quality titanium-tritide targets for the rotating-target neutron source, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17(5), 1980:1225-1232
[20] G. D. Kim_, T. K. Yang, J. K. Kim, Y. S. Kim, W. Hong, H. W. Choi and H. J. Woo, J. H. Chang, Characteristic Analysis for a TiT Target Using Nuclear Reactions, Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, April 2001, pp. 299_304.
[21] J. C. Davis and J. D. Anderson, Tritium depth profiling by neutron time-of-flight, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. /Feb. 1975
[22] Horst Liskien, Arno Paulsen. Neutron production cross section and energies for the reactions T(p,n)3He, D(d,n)3He and T(d,n)4He. Nuclear Data tables 11, 569-619(1973).
[23] http://home.earthlink.net/~jimlux/nuc/sigma.htm, revised 6 January 2000, by Jim Lux.
[24] D. K. Mcdaniels,M. Drosg, J. C.Hopkins, J. D. Seagrave. Angular distributions and absolute cross-sections for the T(p, n)3He and the T(d, n)4He neutron-source. Table XIV of Nucle. scieng. 67(1978) 190.
[25] ICRU Report 73, Stopping of Ions Heavier Than Helium, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,J.ICRU 5(1),2005.
[26]MALBROUGH D J,BRICE D K,COWGILL D F,et al.Deuteron stopping cross sections in transition metal hydrides[J].Nucl.Instrum Methods in Physics Research,1987,B28:459-469.
[27]JAMSE F Z.SRIM-2003[J].Nucl Instrum Methods,2004,B219-220:1 027-1 036.
[28]J.F.Ziegler,J.Biersack,U.Littmark.The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter[M].USA:Pergamon Press,1985.
[29]J.F.Ziegler,J.M.Manoyan.The Stopping of Ions in Compounds,Nucl.Inst.Methods,B35,215-228(1988).
[30]H.H.Andersen,J.F.Ziegler.Hydrogen-Stopping Powers and Ranges in All Elements,Pergamon Press,USA,1977 Vol.3
[31]NASA Technical paper 3644,October 1997.
[32]Los Alamos National Laboratory.MCNP4C—Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System[R].Los Alamos,New Mexico:Los Alamos National Laboratory,2000.
[33]MCNP~(TM)-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code,Judith F.Briesmeister,Los Alamos National Laboritory,2000
[34]王学智,杨化中,苟全补等.强流中子发生器n-γ辐射场参数的测量,兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):116-120.
[35]R.J.Howerton,Calculated Neutron Kerma Factors Based on LLNL ENDL Files,Lawrence Livermore Nationl Laboratory,UCRL-S0400 Vol.27,january 1986
[36]J.H.Hubbell,Photon Mass Attenuation and Energy-absorption Cofficients from 1 key to 20MeV,Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isot.Vol.33:1269-1290,1982
[37]徐小桦,陈晶.蒙克卡罗模拟法在辐射剂量计算上的应用,辐射防护,Vol.15,No.1,1995:9-16.
[38]蒋礼晋.14MeV中子吸收剂量测量.核技术,1986,7:25-29.
[39]钟兆鹏,施工,胡永明.用MCNP程序计算水平辐照孔道屏蔽,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,Vol 41,No.12:16-18.Issued:30,December 1998.
[40]ICRU Report 60,Fundamental Quantities and units for Ionizig Radiation,International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,Issued:30,December 1998.
[2]卢希庭,原子核物理,北京:原子能出版社,2000.10:296.
[3]赵志祥,丁大钊.21世纪的中子科学及其应用的发展趋势,中国基础科学·前沿科学.2001,9:9-17.
[4]张杰,中国散裂中子源(CSNS)—多学科应用的大科学平台,中国科学院院刊,2006年,第21卷,第五期:415—417.
[5]苏桐龄.强流中子发生器及其应用[J].核技术,1989,12(8-9):553-556.
[6]A.Aksoy,M.Ahmed.14MeV neutron activation analysis of gold jewellery,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.Vol.256,No.2(2003):369-371.
[7]M.Belgaid,M.Asghar,S.Beddek.Activation cross sections for some isotopes of Ti and Mo with 14.7 MeV neutrons,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.Vol.240.No.3(1999)991-992.
[8]P.ILA.determination of total oxygen in standard rocks by cyclic activation analysis using a 14 MeV neutron generator,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,Articles,Vol.148,No,2(1991):415-422.
[9]Horia R.Radulescu,Naeem M.Abdurrahman,Ayman I.Hawari,et al.Pulsed Neutron Generator Facility for Slowing Down Time Spectrometry,Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium(ANRCP).October 1999.
[10]KOIVUNORO H,LOUT P,REIJONEN J,et al.A compact neutron generator based on D-D or D-T fusion reaction for BNCT[C],Proceeding of lOth International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy.Essen,Germany:2002:313-318.
[11]Koivunoro H,Bleuel D L,Nastasi U,et al.BNCT dose distribution in liver with epithermal D-D and D-T fusion-based neutron beams[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2004,61:853-859.
[12] D.L.Chichester, J.D.Simpson, M. Lemchak. Advanced compact accelerator neutron interrogation field work, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 271, No. 3(2007): 629-637.
[13] Su Tongling, Sun Biehe, Yang Baotai, et. al. An intense 14 MeV neutron source[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods, 1990, A287: 452-454.
[14] Yao Zeen, Su Tongling, Cheng Shangwen et al. Design status of an intense 14 MeV neutron source for cancer therapy[J]. Nucl Instrum Methods, 2002, A490: 566-572.
[15] 苟全补,王学智. 3×10~(12) n/s 强流中子发生器中子能谱测量[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 1991, 27 (2): 185-187.
[16] Andreas Zimbal, horst Klein, Marcel Reginatto, et al. High resolution neutron Spectrometry with liquid scintillation detectors for fusion applications, POS (FNDA2006)035.
[17] J.M. Verbeke, K. N. Leung, J. Vujic. Development of a sealed-accelerator-tube neutron generator, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 53(2000):801-809.
[18] D. J. Malbrough, D. K. Brice, D. F. Cowgill, et al. Deuteron stopping cross sections in transition metal hydrides, Nuclear Instruments and Method in Physics Research B 28.
[19] L. M. Jones, D. M. Makswiecki, and S. A. Steward, Development of high-quality titanium-tritide targets for the rotating-target neutron source, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17(5), 1980:1225-1232
[20] G. D. Kim_, T. K. Yang, J. K. Kim, Y. S. Kim, W. Hong, H. W. Choi and H. J. Woo, J. H. Chang, Characteristic Analysis for a TiT Target Using Nuclear Reactions, Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, April 2001, pp. 299_304.
[21] J. C. Davis and J. D. Anderson, Tritium depth profiling by neutron time-of-flight, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. /Feb. 1975
[22] Horst Liskien, Arno Paulsen. Neutron production cross section and energies for the reactions T(p,n)3He, D(d,n)3He and T(d,n)4He. Nuclear Data tables 11, 569-619(1973).
[23] http://home.earthlink.net/~jimlux/nuc/sigma.htm, revised 6 January 2000, by Jim Lux.
[24] D. K. Mcdaniels,M. Drosg, J. C.Hopkins, J. D. Seagrave. Angular distributions and absolute cross-sections for the T(p, n)3He and the T(d, n)4He neutron-source. Table XIV of Nucle. scieng. 67(1978) 190.
[25] ICRU Report 73, Stopping of Ions Heavier Than Helium, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,J.ICRU 5(1),2005.
[26]MALBROUGH D J,BRICE D K,COWGILL D F,et al.Deuteron stopping cross sections in transition metal hydrides[J].Nucl.Instrum Methods in Physics Research,1987,B28:459-469.
[27]JAMSE F Z.SRIM-2003[J].Nucl Instrum Methods,2004,B219-220:1 027-1 036.
[28]J.F.Ziegler,J.Biersack,U.Littmark.The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter[M].USA:Pergamon Press,1985.
[29]J.F.Ziegler,J.M.Manoyan.The Stopping of Ions in Compounds,Nucl.Inst.Methods,B35,215-228(1988).
[30]H.H.Andersen,J.F.Ziegler.Hydrogen-Stopping Powers and Ranges in All Elements,Pergamon Press,USA,1977 Vol.3
[31]NASA Technical paper 3644,October 1997.
[32]Los Alamos National Laboratory.MCNP4C—Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System[R].Los Alamos,New Mexico:Los Alamos National Laboratory,2000.
[33]MCNP~(TM)-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code,Judith F.Briesmeister,Los Alamos National Laboritory,2000
[34]王学智,杨化中,苟全补等.强流中子发生器n-γ辐射场参数的测量,兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(4):116-120.
[35]R.J.Howerton,Calculated Neutron Kerma Factors Based on LLNL ENDL Files,Lawrence Livermore Nationl Laboratory,UCRL-S0400 Vol.27,january 1986
[36]J.H.Hubbell,Photon Mass Attenuation and Energy-absorption Cofficients from 1 key to 20MeV,Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isot.Vol.33:1269-1290,1982
[37]徐小桦,陈晶.蒙克卡罗模拟法在辐射剂量计算上的应用,辐射防护,Vol.15,No.1,1995:9-16.
[38]蒋礼晋.14MeV中子吸收剂量测量.核技术,1986,7:25-29.
[39]钟兆鹏,施工,胡永明.用MCNP程序计算水平辐照孔道屏蔽,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,Vol 41,No.12:16-18.Issued:30,December 1998.
[40]ICRU Report 60,Fundamental Quantities and units for Ionizig Radiation,International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,Issued:30,December 1998.