儿童入学准备运动技能发展量表的编制
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摘要
为适应我国儿童入学准备研究的需要,对儿童入学准备运动技能发展量表进行编制。通过儿童有关运动技能发展状况的大量调查和访谈及参考国内外同类的和相关的量表的项目等方式编写测验的维度和项目。在长春市两所幼儿园中选取5～6岁学前儿童127名,采用个别测试的方法进行测量。
结果表明:1.量表包括大运动技能、精细运动技能、感觉运动技能、口语运动技能五个维度,共12个项目,采用记数和记时的3点记分,适用于我国5～6岁学龄前儿童的入学准备的运动技能发展水平测评。2.量表具有理想的区分度、较好的信效度,结构比较稳定,说明儿童入学准备运动技能发展量表具有令人满意的心理测量学特征,是一种较实用的测量儿童入学准备运动技能发展水平的工具。3.年龄和性别因素均对儿童的运动技能发展水平有影响。儿童运动技能发展存在明显的年龄发展趋势,随着儿童年龄的增长,其运动能力增强,出现了年龄作用的成熟效应。女童的运动技能发展成绩明显的好于男童。说明儿童运动技能发展存在明显的年龄作用的成熟效应和性别效应。4.根据两个年龄阶段,不同性别组,量表划分为优秀、良好、正常、不足、落后五等级评定标准,测验结果的等级划分标准及测验分数对未来学校适应状况的预测能力还需要得到进一步的检验。
The objective of this study is to produce a Test on Motor Skills of Children's School Readiness for study of Children's School Readiness in China. Through plentiful investigation and interviews of and references of the test dimensions and items according to the same and similar norms at home and abroad, 127 children aged from 5 to 6 in two kindergartens of Changchun are tested individually.
The Results demonstrate: 1.The test is made up gross motor skills, fine motor skills, sensorimotor skills, oral motor skills, functional performance. It includes 12 items, adopts 3 point score for the test, and applies to measure the development of children's motor skill, children aged from 5 to 6 of School Readiness in China.2. The test's reliability, validity and discriminate ability are acceptable, and can be used to measure readiness of motor development in Chinese children. 3. Along with the increase of age, the motor skills of Children's grew continually, the motor skills of the girls knock spots off the boy's, maturation effect and sex effect exist in the Motor development of Children’s.4. According to two ages, sex of the children, the test is divided into five degrees, excellent, fine, normal, deficiency, and fall behind. The predictive ability of five degrees is examined for school adjustment in the future.
结果表明:1.量表包括大运动技能、精细运动技能、感觉运动技能、口语运动技能五个维度,共12个项目,采用记数和记时的3点记分,适用于我国5～6岁学龄前儿童的入学准备的运动技能发展水平测评。2.量表具有理想的区分度、较好的信效度,结构比较稳定,说明儿童入学准备运动技能发展量表具有令人满意的心理测量学特征,是一种较实用的测量儿童入学准备运动技能发展水平的工具。3.年龄和性别因素均对儿童的运动技能发展水平有影响。儿童运动技能发展存在明显的年龄发展趋势,随着儿童年龄的增长,其运动能力增强,出现了年龄作用的成熟效应。女童的运动技能发展成绩明显的好于男童。说明儿童运动技能发展存在明显的年龄作用的成熟效应和性别效应。4.根据两个年龄阶段,不同性别组,量表划分为优秀、良好、正常、不足、落后五等级评定标准,测验结果的等级划分标准及测验分数对未来学校适应状况的预测能力还需要得到进一步的检验。
The objective of this study is to produce a Test on Motor Skills of Children's School Readiness for study of Children's School Readiness in China. Through plentiful investigation and interviews of and references of the test dimensions and items according to the same and similar norms at home and abroad, 127 children aged from 5 to 6 in two kindergartens of Changchun are tested individually.
The Results demonstrate: 1.The test is made up gross motor skills, fine motor skills, sensorimotor skills, oral motor skills, functional performance. It includes 12 items, adopts 3 point score for the test, and applies to measure the development of children's motor skill, children aged from 5 to 6 of School Readiness in China.2. The test's reliability, validity and discriminate ability are acceptable, and can be used to measure readiness of motor development in Chinese children. 3. Along with the increase of age, the motor skills of Children's grew continually, the motor skills of the girls knock spots off the boy's, maturation effect and sex effect exist in the Motor development of Children’s.4. According to two ages, sex of the children, the test is divided into five degrees, excellent, fine, normal, deficiency, and fall behind. The predictive ability of five degrees is examined for school adjustment in the future.
引文
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[9]盖笑松,张向葵.儿童入学准备状态的理论模型与干预途径[J]. 心理科学进展, 2005,13(5):614-622.
[10]Gilliam W S,Zigler E F.ACritical Meta-analysis of All Evaluations of State-Funded Preschool From 1977 to 1998:Implications for Policy,Servive Delivery and Program Evaluation[J].early Childhood Research Quarterly,2000,15(4):441-473.
[11] 张向葵,孙 蕾,李大维等.教师关于儿童入学准备的观念[J].心理发展与教育,2005,21(4):73-78.
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[13]Brown, R. Exercise and mental health in the pediatric population[J]. Clinics inSports Medicine, 1982,1:515-527.
[14]Poest C A, Williams J R, Witt D D & Atwood, M. E. Challenge me to move: Large muscle development in young children[J]. Young Children, 1990,45:4-10.
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[16]李蓓蕾,林磊,董奇,Cales von Hofsten.儿童精细动作能力的发展及与其学业成绩的关系[J].心理学报,2002,34(5):494-499.
[17]Slark R L. The Early Identification Program in Reading[J]. Obio. Pbi Oelia Kappan.2001.82(9):681-682.
[18]Buabnell E W. Boudreau J P. Motor development and the mind: The potential role of motor abilities as determinants of aspects of perceptual development[J]. Child development.1993.64(4):1005-1021.
[19]Woods C S. “Back to basics” for the Monlessonan: the practical life foundation. [J]Monlesson life.2000.12(1):38-41.
[20]海 涛.运动技能学习和掌握的心理过程分析[J].内蒙古电大学刊. 2002, 52(6):33-34. [21]Comer J P, Poussaint A F. Raising black children[J]. New York: Plume. 1992.
[22]Tittnich E, Bloom L A, Schomburg R & Szekeres, S (Eds). Facilitating children's language: Handbook for child-related professionals[J]. New York: Haworth Press. 1990.
[23]Epenschade A, Eckert H. Motor development. In Johnson W R & Buskirk E R Science and medicine of exercise and sport[J]. New York: Harper and Row. 1974.
[24]董奇,陶沙,曾琦等.论动作在个体早期心理发展中的作用[J].北京师范大学学报,1997,(4):48-55.
[25]O’Brien C.Movement and the Young Child[J].Queesland:V.R.Ward,Government Printer,1991.1-3.
[26]Payne V G,Isaacs L D. Human Motor Development: A Life Span Approach.3rded.Mountain View[J].Mayfield Publishing Company,1995.12-15.
[27]许景行,黄春雨.儿童早期工具行为发展的研究[J].心理学报,1992,24(2):165-172.
[28]许崇高,严波涛.儿童动作协调能力发展问题研究的理论进展[J]. 西安体育学院学报,1999,16(1):31-34.
[29]庞丽娟,李辉.婴儿心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1993.102-108.
[30]顾明远.教育大辞典(1)[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1990.155.
[31]朱智贤.心理学大词典[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1989.909.
[32]马启伟.体育心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1996.132.
[33]邵瑞珍.教育心理学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1997.154.
[34]中国体育科学学会编.体育科学词典[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.400.
[35]孟祥芝,谢利苹.幼儿动作发展与动作抑制研究[J].心理发展与教育,2004,3:6-10.
[36]孟祥芝,周晓林.发展性协调障碍与书写困难个案研究[J].心理学报,2003,35:604-609.
[37]马启伟.体育心理学[M].高等教育出版社. 1995.134-135.
[38] 全 国 体 育 学 院 教 材 委 员 会 . 运 动 心 理 学 [M] . 北 京 : 人 民 体 育 出 版社.1998.111-114.
[39]王健.运动技能本体论及其对中小学体育与健康课程的教学启示[J].天津体育学院学报,2004(12):1-4.
[40]陈敏.选择生成性运动技能的信息加工层次与认知编码策略的研究[M].博士生论文,1995.11-19.
[41]杨锡让.实用运动技能学[M].高等教育出版社,2004.32-39.
[42]董奇,陶沙.动作与心理发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004.3.
[43]董文梅, 毛振明.对运动技能进行分类的新视角及“运动技能会能度”的调查. 广州体育学院学报. 2006,7(4): 5-8.
[44]李惠桐.三岁前儿童的动作发展.教育研究,1979,(1):88-92.
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