硫族铅化合物量子点的水相合成及其光学性质表征
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摘要
量子点以其优越的光学性能，近年来成为人们关注的热点。与传统的有机荧光染料相比，量子点的发射光谱窄而且对称，发射波长可以通过控制其粒径大小来调节。量子点的荧光强度及稳定性是普通荧光染料的1~2个数量级，并且生物相容性好，有望成为荧光探针的首选。传统的有机金属化学法合成量子点具有反应条件苛刻，成本高、毒性大、产物不溶于水等一系列缺点。本论文以巯基化合物为包裹剂，在水溶液中快速合成硫族铅化合物量子点，合成方法简单，制得的量子点具有良好的光学性能。本文主要包含以下实验工作：
(1)二氢硫辛酸包裹的PbSe量子点（QDs）的合成及生物相容性的研究
选取双巯基分子二氢硫辛酸（DHLA）作为包裹剂直接在水相中制备了PbSeQDs。考察了一系列反应条件，包括：包裹剂用量，pH值，反应时间，储存时间等对制备PbSe QDs光学性质的影响。通过研究发现，以DHLA包裹的PbSeQDs有着良好的稳定性，这是由于DHLA的两个巯基能同时与PbSe QDs颗粒表面结合，从而更好的保护量子点。而后，我们将合成的PbSe QDs进行了生物相容性的实验，体外溶血实验证实浓度为0.05mmol/L PbSe QDs的溶血率<5%，达到了生物医用材料的要求。
(2)高质量L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbS QDs的水相合成
选取L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂直接在水相中制备了PbS QDs。通过探讨包裹剂用量，pH值，反应时间等对产品的质量进行优化，获得最佳的反应条件。此外，我们还讨论了加入不同硫源（硫化钠、硫代乙酰胺和硫脲）对PbS QDs光学性质的影响。对得到的PbS QDs进行了紫外—可见光谱（UV-vis）、荧光发射光谱（PL）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等表征，结果表明样品荧光强度高，尺寸分布窄，合成的量子点为立方晶体结构。
(3) L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbS QDs的水相合成及作为荧光探针探测重金属离子汞的研究
我们将制得的PbS QDs作为荧光探针，基于淬灭原理，完成了在一定线性范围内对微量Hg2+离子的定量检测。对实验条件优化后，我们将此法推广到应用于环境中实际水样中的Hg2+离子的检测，并与原子吸收法（AAS）检测Hg2+离子的标准方法进行了比较，证明上述两种方法并没有显著差异，在线性范围内也可以实现量子点检测Hg2+离子。
(4)不同包裹剂对水相合成PbS QDs的光学性质的影响
利用L-半胱氨酸为包裹剂在水相中合成单分散的PbS QDs。在此基础上，我们研究了不同的包裹剂，包括巯基乙酸（TGA）和巯基丙酸（MPA）与L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂合成的PbS QDs进行比较，研究了不同包裹剂对PbS QDs的生长过程，光学性质及稳定性的影响。实验结果表明，受包裹剂自身官能团性质和空间位阻的影响，用TGA、MPA、L-半胱氨酸得到的PbS QDs的发射波长和强度不同。用TGA包裹剂，PbS QDs生长最快，产物粒径最大，从而在最快时间生长出大尺寸粒子；用L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂，PbS QDs生长最慢，但得到的PbS QDs的荧光强度最强。研究表明包裹剂中除了巯基对量子点表面有钝化作用外，包裹剂中其它的官能团也会控制量子点的生长从而影响量子点的尺寸和光学性质。
(5)高质量L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbTe QDs的水相合成
采用简单的水相合成方法成功的合成了单分散的PbTe QDs。实验方法简单且可控性强。考察不同的合成条件例如反应前驱物的浓度、包裹剂用量、反应时间、pH值等对PbTe QDs的光学性质的影响，并对合成的PbTe QDs进行了UV-vis、PL、TEM、XRD和EDX的表征，并且在此基础上对获得的PbTe QDs进行了化学稳定性的实验，结果表明PbTe QDs在H2O2氧化下有较高的稳定性。
Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention due to their unique opticalperformance. Compared with traditional organic fluorescent dyes, they have broadexcitation spectra, narrow emission bandwidths and tunable size-dependent emission.About the stability, quantum dots express1~2orders of magnitude as that of commonfluorescent dyes. Furthermore, they are hopeful to become the first candidate asfluorescent probe due to their good biocompatibility. In this thesis, series of QDs inaqueous solution was synthesized by the using of thiols as the capping agent. Theachieved results are stated as following:
(1) Synthesis and luminescence characteristics of DHLA-capped PbSe quantumdots with biocompatibility.
We report a facile aqueous route to prepare PbSe QDs with strongphotoluminescent and near-infrared (NIR) emission using dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)as the capping ligands. It was found that the synthesis parameters including the molarratio of DHLA/Pb, the pH value and the reaction time have considerable influence onphotoluminescent intensity (PL) of the PbSe QDs. In addition, the biocompatibility ofthese QDs was measured by hemolytic test, which indicated that DHLA-stabilizedQDs are biocompatible.
(2) One-pot aqueous synthesis of high quality near infrared emitting PbS QDs.
We report the synthesis of PbS QDs using an aqueous route with L-Cysteine(L-Cys) as the capping ligands. Various synthesis parameters affecting on thephotoluminescent (PL) properties of the PbS QDs were discussed in detail. Theseparameters include the reaction time, the molar ratio of L-Cys/Pb or S/Pb, pH valueand different sulfur source compounds.
(3) One-pot aqueous synthesis PbS QDs and their Hg2+sensitive properties.
The L-Cys capped PbS QDs were used as ions fluorescence probe to develop anew method for the determination of trace Hg2+ions based on the selective responsebetween QDs and Hg2+ions. Under optimal experimental conditions, The response ofQDs fluorescence probes was linearly proportional to the concentration of Hg2+ionsranging from1.2×10-8to1.5×10-6mol·L-1with a limit of detection of2×10-9mol·L-1.
(4) Effect of ligands on the photoluminescence properties of wate r-soluble PbSQDs.
In this study, we report the synthesis of PbS QDs using an aqueous route withthree different ligands: thioglycolic acid (TGA),3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA),L-Cys as the capping molecule. PbS QDs capped with different stabilizers exhibitdistinct PL emission wavelength and intensity. It is due to the different functionalgroups and stereo-hindrance effect.
(5) Facile synthesis of lead telluride quantum dots by aqueous route and itsoptical characterization.
In this study, we report a new facile approach to synthesize PbTe QDs using anaqueous route with L-Cys as the capping ligands. Here, we investigated varioussynthesis parameters affecting on the PL properties of the PbTe QDs. Theseparameters include the molar ratio of L-Cys/Pb and S/Pb, pH value of the initialsolution and the reaction time.
(1)二氢硫辛酸包裹的PbSe量子点（QDs）的合成及生物相容性的研究
选取双巯基分子二氢硫辛酸（DHLA）作为包裹剂直接在水相中制备了PbSeQDs。考察了一系列反应条件，包括：包裹剂用量，pH值，反应时间，储存时间等对制备PbSe QDs光学性质的影响。通过研究发现，以DHLA包裹的PbSeQDs有着良好的稳定性，这是由于DHLA的两个巯基能同时与PbSe QDs颗粒表面结合，从而更好的保护量子点。而后，我们将合成的PbSe QDs进行了生物相容性的实验，体外溶血实验证实浓度为0.05mmol/L PbSe QDs的溶血率<5%，达到了生物医用材料的要求。
(2)高质量L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbS QDs的水相合成
选取L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂直接在水相中制备了PbS QDs。通过探讨包裹剂用量，pH值，反应时间等对产品的质量进行优化，获得最佳的反应条件。此外，我们还讨论了加入不同硫源（硫化钠、硫代乙酰胺和硫脲）对PbS QDs光学性质的影响。对得到的PbS QDs进行了紫外—可见光谱（UV-vis）、荧光发射光谱（PL）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等表征，结果表明样品荧光强度高，尺寸分布窄，合成的量子点为立方晶体结构。
(3) L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbS QDs的水相合成及作为荧光探针探测重金属离子汞的研究
我们将制得的PbS QDs作为荧光探针，基于淬灭原理，完成了在一定线性范围内对微量Hg2+离子的定量检测。对实验条件优化后，我们将此法推广到应用于环境中实际水样中的Hg2+离子的检测，并与原子吸收法（AAS）检测Hg2+离子的标准方法进行了比较，证明上述两种方法并没有显著差异，在线性范围内也可以实现量子点检测Hg2+离子。
(4)不同包裹剂对水相合成PbS QDs的光学性质的影响
利用L-半胱氨酸为包裹剂在水相中合成单分散的PbS QDs。在此基础上，我们研究了不同的包裹剂，包括巯基乙酸（TGA）和巯基丙酸（MPA）与L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂合成的PbS QDs进行比较，研究了不同包裹剂对PbS QDs的生长过程，光学性质及稳定性的影响。实验结果表明，受包裹剂自身官能团性质和空间位阻的影响，用TGA、MPA、L-半胱氨酸得到的PbS QDs的发射波长和强度不同。用TGA包裹剂，PbS QDs生长最快，产物粒径最大，从而在最快时间生长出大尺寸粒子；用L-半胱氨酸作为包裹剂，PbS QDs生长最慢，但得到的PbS QDs的荧光强度最强。研究表明包裹剂中除了巯基对量子点表面有钝化作用外，包裹剂中其它的官能团也会控制量子点的生长从而影响量子点的尺寸和光学性质。
(5)高质量L-半胱氨酸包裹的PbTe QDs的水相合成
采用简单的水相合成方法成功的合成了单分散的PbTe QDs。实验方法简单且可控性强。考察不同的合成条件例如反应前驱物的浓度、包裹剂用量、反应时间、pH值等对PbTe QDs的光学性质的影响，并对合成的PbTe QDs进行了UV-vis、PL、TEM、XRD和EDX的表征，并且在此基础上对获得的PbTe QDs进行了化学稳定性的实验，结果表明PbTe QDs在H2O2氧化下有较高的稳定性。
Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention due to their unique opticalperformance. Compared with traditional organic fluorescent dyes, they have broadexcitation spectra, narrow emission bandwidths and tunable size-dependent emission.About the stability, quantum dots express1~2orders of magnitude as that of commonfluorescent dyes. Furthermore, they are hopeful to become the first candidate asfluorescent probe due to their good biocompatibility. In this thesis, series of QDs inaqueous solution was synthesized by the using of thiols as the capping agent. Theachieved results are stated as following:
(1) Synthesis and luminescence characteristics of DHLA-capped PbSe quantumdots with biocompatibility.
We report a facile aqueous route to prepare PbSe QDs with strongphotoluminescent and near-infrared (NIR) emission using dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)as the capping ligands. It was found that the synthesis parameters including the molarratio of DHLA/Pb, the pH value and the reaction time have considerable influence onphotoluminescent intensity (PL) of the PbSe QDs. In addition, the biocompatibility ofthese QDs was measured by hemolytic test, which indicated that DHLA-stabilizedQDs are biocompatible.
(2) One-pot aqueous synthesis of high quality near infrared emitting PbS QDs.
We report the synthesis of PbS QDs using an aqueous route with L-Cysteine(L-Cys) as the capping ligands. Various synthesis parameters affecting on thephotoluminescent (PL) properties of the PbS QDs were discussed in detail. Theseparameters include the reaction time, the molar ratio of L-Cys/Pb or S/Pb, pH valueand different sulfur source compounds.
(3) One-pot aqueous synthesis PbS QDs and their Hg2+sensitive properties.
The L-Cys capped PbS QDs were used as ions fluorescence probe to develop anew method for the determination of trace Hg2+ions based on the selective responsebetween QDs and Hg2+ions. Under optimal experimental conditions, The response ofQDs fluorescence probes was linearly proportional to the concentration of Hg2+ionsranging from1.2×10-8to1.5×10-6mol·L-1with a limit of detection of2×10-9mol·L-1.
(4) Effect of ligands on the photoluminescence properties of wate r-soluble PbSQDs.
In this study, we report the synthesis of PbS QDs using an aqueous route withthree different ligands: thioglycolic acid (TGA),3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA),L-Cys as the capping molecule. PbS QDs capped with different stabilizers exhibitdistinct PL emission wavelength and intensity. It is due to the different functionalgroups and stereo-hindrance effect.
(5) Facile synthesis of lead telluride quantum dots by aqueous route and itsoptical characterization.
In this study, we report a new facile approach to synthesize PbTe QDs using anaqueous route with L-Cys as the capping ligands. Here, we investigated varioussynthesis parameters affecting on the PL properties of the PbTe QDs. Theseparameters include the molar ratio of L-Cys/Pb and S/Pb, pH value of the initialsolution and the reaction time.
引文
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