全球化对区域经济差异的影响机理及其调控研究
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摘要
中国入世标志着中国经济增长进入了一个新阶段,经济增长要素的全球化和经济运行机制的市场化在促进中国经济高速增长的同时,也加速了中国经济增长的地区分异。江苏省作为中国改革开放的前沿,成为中国经济增长地区分异的一个缩影,地区差距更甚于全国。新世纪以来,虽然江苏省政府加大了调控力度,但依然无法延续90年代中后期江苏全省相对差距持续缩小的趋势,反而急剧扩大。显示全球化背景下,江苏省区域经济调控的思路和方法需要调整。
本文在总结前人相关研究成果的基础上,以全球化影响生产要素流动的流量与流向进而影响各地区经济增长为主线,从经济地理学与经济学学科交叉融合的特定视角,按照从理论到实证、从问题到措施的思路,从理论上分析了全球化对区域经济差异的影响机理,实证分析了江苏省全球化进程与江苏省区域经济差异间的关系、全球化影响江苏省区域经济差异的内在机理、全球化背景下江苏省生产要素的空间流向及区域经济差异的变动趋势,在分析全球化背景下江苏省政府的调控空间和江苏省区域经济发展面临的三重任务后,提出了全球化背景下江苏省政府区域经济宏观调控的政策与措施。
本文的主要结论是:
1.全球化对区域经济差异的演变具有双重影响,当各地区处在或趋向于同一技术周期时,全球化对区域经济差异具有收敛效应,当各地区处在或趋向于不同的技术周期时,全球化对区域经济差异具有发散效应。因此促进要素流通尤其是技术的流动(技术成果和技术人员的流动)是缩小区域经济差异的关键。
2.江苏省全球化进程的空间分异能解释60-70%左右的江苏省区域经济差异,全球化对江苏省区域经济差异有显著的影响。
3.全球化对江苏省区域经济差异的影响是通过强化区域间生产要素及其配置效率的差距实现的。向落后地区提供援助是在弥补落后地区全球化滞后的成本。
4.江苏省尚处于工业化中期,生产要素在全球化和市场机制的作用下将进一步向苏南及沿江地区集聚,将持续拉大与苏北地区的发展差距。由于经济运行机制的转变,曾经颇有成效的区域调控措施已显得力不从心,有必要进行调整。
5.全球化背景下,江苏省(中国也是)区域经济调控既受到世贸组织规则的制约,又面临三重发展任务(既要缩小与发达国家和地区的差距,又要缩小国内差距,还要缩小省内差距)的压力,现阶段在对落后地区进行适度政策倾斜,促进要素流动尤其是技术流动,鼓励重点地区发展的同时,只能以基本公共服务均等化为目标,实施政府间财政转移支付。
6.全球化背景下,区域经济协调发展实质上就是各地区都发挥了比较优势、挖掘了潜在优势、培育起了竞争优势,集聚和特色将是区域经济协调发展在产业组织方面的指导思想,培育各具特色的地方产业集群将是实现区域经济协调发展的重要途径。
本文的研究成果不仅丰富了区域经济差异理论和实证研究的内容,而且对当前促进政府区域经济调控机制的转变也有一定的现实意义。
China's WTO entry indicated that Chinese economy entered a new era of growth. The globalization of economic factors and the marketization of Chinese economic mechanism not only accelerate china's economic growth, but also prick up the spatial differentiation of Chinese economy. As one of the leading provinces of China's Reform and Opening up, Jiangsu's regional economic gaps are typical in China. Moreover, its regional economic gaps are wider than China's average. Since the beginning of mis century, although the Jiangsu provincial government paid more attention to the economic regulations, it fails to continue the benign trend that the regional economic gaps in Jiangsu had been narrowing down during the middle and late 1990s. The regional economic gaps in Jiangsu has widened sharply. Therefore, the ways of thinking and methods of regulations over Jiangsu's regional economy have to be adjusted in the era of globalization.
This article first reviews the past research achievements, and then it gives priority to the research on the impact of globalization over both the flux of productive factors and its directions and thus the regional economic growth. Based on such positive study, it theoretically analyzes the double impacts of globalization over regional disparity and the relationship between the globalization course and the regional economic gaps in Jiangsu from a joint perspective of economic geography and economics. This article also shows the internal dynamics of the influence of globalization over Jiangsu's regional economic gaps and the directions of the flux of productive factors in Jiangsu and the trend of the change of Jiangsu's regional economic gaps. Moreover, following the way from issues to solutions, this article also analyzes the space of the regulation over economy by Jiangsu provincial government, the triple tasks of Jiangsu's regional economic development and then puts forward a policy mechanism for Jiangu provincial government's macro-economic regulation in the era of globalization.
Main conclusions of this dissertation:
1 .Globalization has double impacts over regional disparity. Globalization has convergence effects on regions in or tends to the same technological circle. Globalization has divergence effects on regions in or tends to the different technological circles.
2.Globalization exerts much influence over Jiangsu's regional economic disparity. The spatial differentiation of globalization in Jiangsu can account for60- 70% of the cases of Jiangsu's regional economic gaps.
3.Globalization influences Jiangsu's regional economic disparity by widening the regional gaps of allocative efficiency of productive factors. It is reasonable to aid lag-behind regions considering the spatial differentiation of globalization.
4. Jiangsu is at the metaphase of industrialization. Given the impact of globalization and market mechanism, the productive factors will further centralize in Southern Jiangsu and coastal areas so that the North-South economic gap will be widening. And worse, the once effective ways of methods of regulations over Jiangsu's regional economy has become difficult to match our needs and should be adjusted.
5.In this era of globalization, Jiangsu's (and also China's) economic regulations are not only restricted by the WTO rules, but also under the pressure of triple tasks of narrowing both the gap between developed countries and this region, and gaps within this region. The provincial government can seek the balance between economic efficiency and social justice only by indirect regulations through allocating limited public resources based on the principle of equalization of basic public services among regions.
6.In the era of globalization, the regional economic coordination and development, per se, mean that every region makes full play of their comparative advantages, digs up their potential advantages, and foster their competitive advantage. Industrial centralization of with regional characteristics will be the guiding principle of the regional economic coordination and development. Moreover, the development of local industrial clusters with regional characteristics will be the key for regions to achieve their economic coordination and development.
本文在总结前人相关研究成果的基础上,以全球化影响生产要素流动的流量与流向进而影响各地区经济增长为主线,从经济地理学与经济学学科交叉融合的特定视角,按照从理论到实证、从问题到措施的思路,从理论上分析了全球化对区域经济差异的影响机理,实证分析了江苏省全球化进程与江苏省区域经济差异间的关系、全球化影响江苏省区域经济差异的内在机理、全球化背景下江苏省生产要素的空间流向及区域经济差异的变动趋势,在分析全球化背景下江苏省政府的调控空间和江苏省区域经济发展面临的三重任务后,提出了全球化背景下江苏省政府区域经济宏观调控的政策与措施。
本文的主要结论是:
1.全球化对区域经济差异的演变具有双重影响,当各地区处在或趋向于同一技术周期时,全球化对区域经济差异具有收敛效应,当各地区处在或趋向于不同的技术周期时,全球化对区域经济差异具有发散效应。因此促进要素流通尤其是技术的流动(技术成果和技术人员的流动)是缩小区域经济差异的关键。
2.江苏省全球化进程的空间分异能解释60-70%左右的江苏省区域经济差异,全球化对江苏省区域经济差异有显著的影响。
3.全球化对江苏省区域经济差异的影响是通过强化区域间生产要素及其配置效率的差距实现的。向落后地区提供援助是在弥补落后地区全球化滞后的成本。
4.江苏省尚处于工业化中期,生产要素在全球化和市场机制的作用下将进一步向苏南及沿江地区集聚,将持续拉大与苏北地区的发展差距。由于经济运行机制的转变,曾经颇有成效的区域调控措施已显得力不从心,有必要进行调整。
5.全球化背景下,江苏省(中国也是)区域经济调控既受到世贸组织规则的制约,又面临三重发展任务(既要缩小与发达国家和地区的差距,又要缩小国内差距,还要缩小省内差距)的压力,现阶段在对落后地区进行适度政策倾斜,促进要素流动尤其是技术流动,鼓励重点地区发展的同时,只能以基本公共服务均等化为目标,实施政府间财政转移支付。
6.全球化背景下,区域经济协调发展实质上就是各地区都发挥了比较优势、挖掘了潜在优势、培育起了竞争优势,集聚和特色将是区域经济协调发展在产业组织方面的指导思想,培育各具特色的地方产业集群将是实现区域经济协调发展的重要途径。
本文的研究成果不仅丰富了区域经济差异理论和实证研究的内容,而且对当前促进政府区域经济调控机制的转变也有一定的现实意义。
China's WTO entry indicated that Chinese economy entered a new era of growth. The globalization of economic factors and the marketization of Chinese economic mechanism not only accelerate china's economic growth, but also prick up the spatial differentiation of Chinese economy. As one of the leading provinces of China's Reform and Opening up, Jiangsu's regional economic gaps are typical in China. Moreover, its regional economic gaps are wider than China's average. Since the beginning of mis century, although the Jiangsu provincial government paid more attention to the economic regulations, it fails to continue the benign trend that the regional economic gaps in Jiangsu had been narrowing down during the middle and late 1990s. The regional economic gaps in Jiangsu has widened sharply. Therefore, the ways of thinking and methods of regulations over Jiangsu's regional economy have to be adjusted in the era of globalization.
This article first reviews the past research achievements, and then it gives priority to the research on the impact of globalization over both the flux of productive factors and its directions and thus the regional economic growth. Based on such positive study, it theoretically analyzes the double impacts of globalization over regional disparity and the relationship between the globalization course and the regional economic gaps in Jiangsu from a joint perspective of economic geography and economics. This article also shows the internal dynamics of the influence of globalization over Jiangsu's regional economic gaps and the directions of the flux of productive factors in Jiangsu and the trend of the change of Jiangsu's regional economic gaps. Moreover, following the way from issues to solutions, this article also analyzes the space of the regulation over economy by Jiangsu provincial government, the triple tasks of Jiangsu's regional economic development and then puts forward a policy mechanism for Jiangu provincial government's macro-economic regulation in the era of globalization.
Main conclusions of this dissertation:
1 .Globalization has double impacts over regional disparity. Globalization has convergence effects on regions in or tends to the same technological circle. Globalization has divergence effects on regions in or tends to the different technological circles.
2.Globalization exerts much influence over Jiangsu's regional economic disparity. The spatial differentiation of globalization in Jiangsu can account for60- 70% of the cases of Jiangsu's regional economic gaps.
3.Globalization influences Jiangsu's regional economic disparity by widening the regional gaps of allocative efficiency of productive factors. It is reasonable to aid lag-behind regions considering the spatial differentiation of globalization.
4. Jiangsu is at the metaphase of industrialization. Given the impact of globalization and market mechanism, the productive factors will further centralize in Southern Jiangsu and coastal areas so that the North-South economic gap will be widening. And worse, the once effective ways of methods of regulations over Jiangsu's regional economy has become difficult to match our needs and should be adjusted.
5.In this era of globalization, Jiangsu's (and also China's) economic regulations are not only restricted by the WTO rules, but also under the pressure of triple tasks of narrowing both the gap between developed countries and this region, and gaps within this region. The provincial government can seek the balance between economic efficiency and social justice only by indirect regulations through allocating limited public resources based on the principle of equalization of basic public services among regions.
6.In the era of globalization, the regional economic coordination and development, per se, mean that every region makes full play of their comparative advantages, digs up their potential advantages, and foster their competitive advantage. Industrial centralization of with regional characteristics will be the guiding principle of the regional economic coordination and development. Moreover, the development of local industrial clusters with regional characteristics will be the key for regions to achieve their economic coordination and development.
引文
4 徐元旦.全球化热点问题聚集[M].学林出版社,2001(12):1.
5 陈文玲.流通现代化系列研究报告之一:全球现代流通发展趋势[J].商业时代,2004,(20):22-24.
6 李庆本.全球一体化与文化多元化[J].中国文化研究,1999,(1):127-132.
12 “战后日本国内的经济收敛与生产要素的投入--索洛的增长模型能适用吗?”(岳希明),《经济研究》,第51卷第2号(第136页-第151页),日本一桥大学经济研究所,2000年4月。
15 http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt_index.php 免费提供数据下载。
24 斯蒂芬·布雷克曼等.地理经济学[M].西南财经大学文献中心翻译部翻译.西南财经大学出版社,2004,(8):244-262.
25 模型中反应为可流动劳动力(工业部门工人)对区域间工资差异做出反应的速度。斯蒂芬·布雷克曼等.地理经济学[M].西南财经大学文献中心翻译部翻译.西南财经大学出版社,2004,(8):120.
104 近年来纷纷进入江苏的外资,相当一部分投资规模很大,其中包括许多500世界强企业,他们实力雄厚,技术先进,有着遍布世界的营销网络,民营企业纷纷进入,以其为龙头组成产业集群进行配套生产,融入全球产业链。2005年江苏已有近4000家民营企业和国外资本牵手、缔结战略联盟。民营企业和国际资本的战略联合,不仅促进了外资的落地生根,而且提高了民营企业的发展层次。2004年,苏州市外资配套企业销售额就达200亿元,其中昆山市配套企业销售额150亿元,占当地内资工业企业全年销售额一半以上。(邵生余.江苏:4000家民企和外资缔结战略联盟[OL].新华网http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2008-08/04/content_4796926.htm,(2005-08-04)2007-8-1)。2005年上半年全市外向配套企业已发展到758家,完成配套销售94亿元(新华报业特派记者组.昆山:建设让老百姓得实惠的小康[OL].新华报业网http://www.xhby.net/xhby/content/2005-08/18/content_903537.htm,(2005-08-18)2007-8-1)。其实早在2003年,外资企业密集的昆山市,当地数百家民营企业,都已纳入外资企业的供应链。外资的大量涌入,带动了当地民营经济的大发展。(陈琪,崔砺金,俞丽虹.外资民资汇流长三角[OL].http://www.news365.com.cn/csj/csjjj/t20031223_34728.htm,2003-12-23)。
105 在商务策划学中,资本有三个组成要素--资源、关系、知识。资源一般用货币来表示,它以资金、有形财产来体现(就是我们通常所说的狭义资本,即物质资本。资源决定着资本的数量;关系是指原始资本为新增资本可能提供的市场供应和采购的条件,是资本质量的决定因素之一;知识是资本拥有者使用资本的熟练程度,决定于资本拥有者的素质、经验等,是资本质量的决定性因素之一。仅有钱只是拥有资本的必要条件,还要有驾驭资本的能力,还要看资本原始积累的产业能否对于新产业有所支持。在生产函数方程中,资本质量被纳入到技术因素之中了(见公式2-1)。
106 引进先进技术、学习借鉴外资企业的经营管理经验、借助外资的国际营销渠道,正是我们积极引进外资的主要目的。
107 外资依存度=外资占固定资产投资额的比重,与全球化指数中投资依存度(=外资占地区生产总值的比重)有区别。
110 中国市场化建设有目共睹。世界上承认中国完全市场经济地位的国家不断增多,据新华网2008年02月28日报道,已有77个国家承认中国完全市场经济地位。中国新闻网http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-02/28/content_7689532.htm,(2008-2-28)2008-3-1.
111 樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化进程相对报告2000[M].经济科学出版社,2001,(8).樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数:各地区市场化相对进程报告2001[M].经济科学出版社,2003,(8).樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化相对进程2004年度报告[M].经济科学出版社,2004,(9).樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化相对进程2006年报告[M].经济科学出版社,2007,(2).
112 目前,发达国家市场化程度约为75%-85%,经济体制转轨比较成功的国家市场化程度一般在70%左右。
113 详见樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数--各省区市场化相对进程2006年度报告(2001、2002、2003、2004、2005指数)[OL].中国经济改革研究基金会国民经济研究所http://www.neri.org.cn/workpaper/84fgwxizhp.pdf.2008-1-5.
130 王琴梅.经济全球化的本质是市场经济的全球化[OL].http://www.sxdaily.com.cn/data/11xw/01/20021204_8830432_3.htm.(2002-12-04)2007-8-10.
132 目前全球共有跨国公司65000家,这些跨国公司拥有85万个国外子公司,雇佣5400万名员工。跨国公司控制了世界生产总值的40%左右、国际贸易的50%-60%、国际技术贸易的60%-70%、研究开发费用的80%-90%。跨国公司内部及相互贸易占世界贸易量的60%以上。跨国公司国外子公司创造了世界GDP的11%和全球出口额的1/3。跨国公司的销售额从1980年的30000亿美元增加到2002年的190000亿美元,是国与国之间贸易总额的2倍多。(资料来源:陈文玲.现代流通体系的主要表现形式[OL].中国经济时报http://www.cet.com.cn/20040518/FOCUS/200405181.htm.(2004-05-15)2007-8-10.
133 “重工业化”是工业化中后期的一般规律[OL].经济中国网http://www.pifchina.com/Article.asp?ArtID=856,(2004-10-21)2007-7-15.
150 国家统计局江苏调查总队.上半年江苏劳动力转移情况总体良好总量稳中有升[OL].金融界http://news1.jrj.com.cn/news/2006-O8-23/000001598997.html,(2006-08-23)2007-5-8.
151 江苏省统计局.农村劳动力有序流动和转移问题研究[OL].中国统计信息网http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_detail.jsp?channelid=33728&record=239,(2005-11-21)2007-5-8.
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104 近年来纷纷进入江苏的外资,相当一部分投资规模很大,其中包括许多500世界强企业,他们实力雄厚,技术先进,有着遍布世界的营销网络,民营企业纷纷进入,以其为龙头组成产业集群进行配套生产,融入全球产业链。2005年江苏已有近4000家民营企业和国外资本牵手、缔结战略联盟。民营企业和国际资本的战略联合,不仅促进了外资的落地生根,而且提高了民营企业的发展层次。2004年,苏州市外资配套企业销售额就达200亿元,其中昆山市配套企业销售额150亿元,占当地内资工业企业全年销售额一半以上。(邵生余.江苏:4000家民企和外资缔结战略联盟[OL].新华网http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/xin_wen_zhong_xin/2008-08/04/content_4796926.htm,(2005-08-04)2007-8-1)。2005年上半年全市外向配套企业已发展到758家,完成配套销售94亿元(新华报业特派记者组.昆山:建设让老百姓得实惠的小康[OL].新华报业网http://www.xhby.net/xhby/content/2005-08/18/content_903537.htm,(2005-08-18)2007-8-1)。其实早在2003年,外资企业密集的昆山市,当地数百家民营企业,都已纳入外资企业的供应链。外资的大量涌入,带动了当地民营经济的大发展。(陈琪,崔砺金,俞丽虹.外资民资汇流长三角[OL].http://www.news365.com.cn/csj/csjjj/t20031223_34728.htm,2003-12-23)。
105 在商务策划学中,资本有三个组成要素--资源、关系、知识。资源一般用货币来表示,它以资金、有形财产来体现(就是我们通常所说的狭义资本,即物质资本。资源决定着资本的数量;关系是指原始资本为新增资本可能提供的市场供应和采购的条件,是资本质量的决定因素之一;知识是资本拥有者使用资本的熟练程度,决定于资本拥有者的素质、经验等,是资本质量的决定性因素之一。仅有钱只是拥有资本的必要条件,还要有驾驭资本的能力,还要看资本原始积累的产业能否对于新产业有所支持。在生产函数方程中,资本质量被纳入到技术因素之中了(见公式2-1)。
106 引进先进技术、学习借鉴外资企业的经营管理经验、借助外资的国际营销渠道,正是我们积极引进外资的主要目的。
107 外资依存度=外资占固定资产投资额的比重,与全球化指数中投资依存度(=外资占地区生产总值的比重)有区别。
110 中国市场化建设有目共睹。世界上承认中国完全市场经济地位的国家不断增多,据新华网2008年02月28日报道,已有77个国家承认中国完全市场经济地位。中国新闻网http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-02/28/content_7689532.htm,(2008-2-28)2008-3-1.
111 樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化进程相对报告2000[M].经济科学出版社,2001,(8).樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数:各地区市场化相对进程报告2001[M].经济科学出版社,2003,(8).樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化相对进程2004年度报告[M].经济科学出版社,2004,(9).樊刚,王小鲁.中国分省市场化指数-各地市场化相对进程2006年报告[M].经济科学出版社,2007,(2).
112 目前,发达国家市场化程度约为75%-85%,经济体制转轨比较成功的国家市场化程度一般在70%左右。
113 详见樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数--各省区市场化相对进程2006年度报告(2001、2002、2003、2004、2005指数)[OL].中国经济改革研究基金会国民经济研究所http://www.neri.org.cn/workpaper/84fgwxizhp.pdf.2008-1-5.
130 王琴梅.经济全球化的本质是市场经济的全球化[OL].http://www.sxdaily.com.cn/data/11xw/01/20021204_8830432_3.htm.(2002-12-04)2007-8-10.
132 目前全球共有跨国公司65000家,这些跨国公司拥有85万个国外子公司,雇佣5400万名员工。跨国公司控制了世界生产总值的40%左右、国际贸易的50%-60%、国际技术贸易的60%-70%、研究开发费用的80%-90%。跨国公司内部及相互贸易占世界贸易量的60%以上。跨国公司国外子公司创造了世界GDP的11%和全球出口额的1/3。跨国公司的销售额从1980年的30000亿美元增加到2002年的190000亿美元,是国与国之间贸易总额的2倍多。(资料来源:陈文玲.现代流通体系的主要表现形式[OL].中国经济时报http://www.cet.com.cn/20040518/FOCUS/200405181.htm.(2004-05-15)2007-8-10.
133 “重工业化”是工业化中后期的一般规律[OL].经济中国网http://www.pifchina.com/Article.asp?ArtID=856,(2004-10-21)2007-7-15.
150 国家统计局江苏调查总队.上半年江苏劳动力转移情况总体良好总量稳中有升[OL].金融界http://news1.jrj.com.cn/news/2006-O8-23/000001598997.html,(2006-08-23)2007-5-8.
151 江苏省统计局.农村劳动力有序流动和转移问题研究[OL].中国统计信息网http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_detail.jsp?channelid=33728&record=239,(2005-11-21)2007-5-8.
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