突发灾害事件救援官兵心理干预研究
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摘要
突发灾害事件救援行动已经成为我军执行多样化军事任务的重要内容,救援官兵的心理健康问题不容忽视,国内外对于灾后心理干预的研究已比较成熟,但是以救援官兵为干预对象的研究还较少。
突发灾害事件可分为自然性灾害和非自然性灾害两类,对人类社会的破坏十分巨大,国内外心理学界在灾后心理干预体系建设方面积累了一些宝贵经验,并取得了一定的成绩,有效缓解了受灾人群的心理创伤。突发灾害事件军队救援行动,具备要求紧迫、任务危险和保障困难等特点,救援官兵是突发事件心理受灾的二级人群,属于心理高危人群。军队战场心理干预体系建设的成果,促进了灾后救援官兵心理干预的发展。
文章以若干汶川地震救援官兵SCL-90调查结果的元分析结果为依据,来探讨不同应激阶段、不同救援任务以及不同救援人群的心理反应特点,并详细阐述了救援官兵在救援行动各阶段易发的心理问题。
在深入研究了救援官兵心理特点的基础上,文章结合我军组织指挥体系的特点和心理学人才建设的现状,将对救援官兵的心理干预分为初阶和高阶两个层次。初阶心理干预是指个人层面、集体层面的心理自救行为,高阶心理干预则是由具备一定心理学专业素养的人员实施的,更高专业水平的心理干预行为。
本文以突发灾害事件救援官兵这一特殊群体为研究对象,进行心理干预的针对性研究,弥补了国内相关研究的不足。笔者应用元分析方法,对一系列调研了我军参与突发灾害事件救援官兵心理健康水平的文献进行定量与定性相结合的分析,给出一个较为综合、客观的结果,为本文研究打下基础。同时,提出有针对性的心理干预实施方案,为突发灾害事件救援官兵心理干预工作提供了具体可行的行动指导。
Sudden disasters rescues has became the important part of diverse military task. The mental health problems of rescue soldiers can not be ignored. The research of psychological crisis intervention is mature both in China and abroad, but few of them choose disaster rescue soldiers as intervention objects.
Sudden disaster can be divided to natural disasters and unnatural disasters, which both have huge destruction for society of human beings. International psychology system has accumulated some valuable experience on psychological crisis intervention, and have achieved some good results on effectively alleviate the psychological trauma of affected population. Sudden rescue soldiers have characteristic of urgent, dangerous and hard to be supplied, and are the second-level of high-risk group of psychological problem people in sudden disasters. The result of construction of psychological intervention of Military has speeded the development of psychological intervention of sudden disaster rescue solders.
The article has discussed the different characteristics of psychological reaction of different stages of stress, different rescue missions and different rescues groups based on the meta-analysis of SCL-90 research of rescue soldiers of Wenchuan earthquake, and the article has also described in detail about the acute psychological problems in various stages in the process of rescue.
Based on the in-depth research of psychological characteristic of rescue soldiers, and combining the characteristic of our military organization and command system, the article divided the psychological intervention into two levels: elementary level and higher level. Elementary psychological intervention is self-help behavior of individual level or collective level, but higher level of psychological intervention is implemented by professional person and higher levels of psychological intervention actions.
Choosing the rescuing soldiers in sudden disaster as the research object and focusing the research on psychological intervention, this article has made up some disadvantages of domestic research. By adopting meta-analysis method, the author has done a quantitative and qualitative analysis, and got a comprehensive and objective result which lays a foundation for this study. Meanwhile, the author propose implementation of a targeted psychological intervention program for the emergency disaster relief officers, and provided a concrete and practical guide for action in psychological interventions.
突发灾害事件可分为自然性灾害和非自然性灾害两类,对人类社会的破坏十分巨大,国内外心理学界在灾后心理干预体系建设方面积累了一些宝贵经验,并取得了一定的成绩,有效缓解了受灾人群的心理创伤。突发灾害事件军队救援行动,具备要求紧迫、任务危险和保障困难等特点,救援官兵是突发事件心理受灾的二级人群,属于心理高危人群。军队战场心理干预体系建设的成果,促进了灾后救援官兵心理干预的发展。
文章以若干汶川地震救援官兵SCL-90调查结果的元分析结果为依据,来探讨不同应激阶段、不同救援任务以及不同救援人群的心理反应特点,并详细阐述了救援官兵在救援行动各阶段易发的心理问题。
在深入研究了救援官兵心理特点的基础上,文章结合我军组织指挥体系的特点和心理学人才建设的现状,将对救援官兵的心理干预分为初阶和高阶两个层次。初阶心理干预是指个人层面、集体层面的心理自救行为,高阶心理干预则是由具备一定心理学专业素养的人员实施的,更高专业水平的心理干预行为。
本文以突发灾害事件救援官兵这一特殊群体为研究对象,进行心理干预的针对性研究,弥补了国内相关研究的不足。笔者应用元分析方法,对一系列调研了我军参与突发灾害事件救援官兵心理健康水平的文献进行定量与定性相结合的分析,给出一个较为综合、客观的结果,为本文研究打下基础。同时,提出有针对性的心理干预实施方案,为突发灾害事件救援官兵心理干预工作提供了具体可行的行动指导。
Sudden disasters rescues has became the important part of diverse military task. The mental health problems of rescue soldiers can not be ignored. The research of psychological crisis intervention is mature both in China and abroad, but few of them choose disaster rescue soldiers as intervention objects.
Sudden disaster can be divided to natural disasters and unnatural disasters, which both have huge destruction for society of human beings. International psychology system has accumulated some valuable experience on psychological crisis intervention, and have achieved some good results on effectively alleviate the psychological trauma of affected population. Sudden rescue soldiers have characteristic of urgent, dangerous and hard to be supplied, and are the second-level of high-risk group of psychological problem people in sudden disasters. The result of construction of psychological intervention of Military has speeded the development of psychological intervention of sudden disaster rescue solders.
The article has discussed the different characteristics of psychological reaction of different stages of stress, different rescue missions and different rescues groups based on the meta-analysis of SCL-90 research of rescue soldiers of Wenchuan earthquake, and the article has also described in detail about the acute psychological problems in various stages in the process of rescue.
Based on the in-depth research of psychological characteristic of rescue soldiers, and combining the characteristic of our military organization and command system, the article divided the psychological intervention into two levels: elementary level and higher level. Elementary psychological intervention is self-help behavior of individual level or collective level, but higher level of psychological intervention is implemented by professional person and higher levels of psychological intervention actions.
Choosing the rescuing soldiers in sudden disaster as the research object and focusing the research on psychological intervention, this article has made up some disadvantages of domestic research. By adopting meta-analysis method, the author has done a quantitative and qualitative analysis, and got a comprehensive and objective result which lays a foundation for this study. Meanwhile, the author propose implementation of a targeted psychological intervention program for the emergency disaster relief officers, and provided a concrete and practical guide for action in psychological interventions.
引文
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[2] Charles C.Benight,Alexander C. Mcfarlane.Challenges for disaster research: Recommendations for planning and implementing disaster mental health studies[J]. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 2007,12:419~434
[3] Lindemann,E. Symptomlolgy and mall——Agement of acute grief[J].American Journal of Psychiatry,1944,101:141~148
[4] Caplan.C.The Principles of Preventive Psychiatry[M].New York:Basic Book,1964:25~26
[5] Lazarus,A. Psychological Stress&The Coping Process[M].New York:Mc Graw Hill,1966:255
[6]埃里克森.儿童与社会[M].广州:花城出版社,1998:124
[7] (美)Burl E.Gilliland&Richard K.James著,肖水源等译.危机干预策略[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000.6:15
[8]胡泽卿,刑学毅.危机干预[J].华西医学.2000,15(1):115~116
[9]徐帕茹.心理危机干预及健康教育[J].中国健康教育,2003,19(8):589~591
[10]马湘培.高校应提升心理危机干预能力——经历SARS反思高校心理咨询[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报.2003,18(6):124~126
[11]史占彪,张建新.心理咨询师在危机干预中的作用[J].心理科学进展,2003,11(4):393~399
[12]马芙玲.浅析大学生消费特点及存在的问题[J].商场现代化,2006, (27):138~139
[13]黄国平,黄宣银,秦晓明.灾难救援人员心理服务的现状与思考[J].中国卫生质量管理,2009,16(4):71~73
[14]兰芬.用信念点亮灾区人民的心灯——赴平武县南坝镇心理救援[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2008,11:108~118
[15]王金丽.抗震救灾中心理援助及其对非战争军事行动的启示[J].学理论,2009,19(2):54~55
[16]邱鸿钟,梁瑞琼等编著.应激与心理危机干预[M].北京:科学出版社,2008,10:28
[17]罗震雷,杨淑霞.震灾后不同群体的心理应激与危机干预[J].中国西部科技,2008,7(26):66~67
[18]张侃,张建新主编. 5.12灾后心理援助行动纪实——灾后心理援助名家谈[M].北京:科学出版社,2009,04:38
[19]毛允杰,孙云峰等.加强重大灾害心理应激损伤医学防护的研究[J].白求恩军医学院学报,2009,7(4):269~271
[20]武小梅.四川地震灾区抗震救灾官兵心理健康状况及影响因素研究[J].中国健康教育,2008,24(12):893~895
[21]李君.抗震救灾部队官兵实施心理干预工作经验总结[J].实用医药杂志,2008,25(11):1377~1388
[22] Nilamadhab Kar. Natural Disasters In Developing Countries: mental health issues[J]. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009,63(8):327~329
[23]张黎黎,钱铭怡.美国重大灾难及危机的国家心理卫生服务系统[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(6):395~397
[24]颜金生等主编.当代中国军队群众工作[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:288~299
[25]张天荣主编.军事社会学热点问题研究[M].北京:军事科学出版社,2006: 172
[26] Trond Heir, Lars Weis?th.Acute Disaster Exposure and Mental Health Complaints of Norwegian Tsunami Survivors Six Months Post Disaster[J]. Psychiatry, 2008 Fall, 71(3):266
[27]毛良斌,郑全全.元分析的特点?方法及其应用的现状分析[J].应用心理学.2005,11(4): 354~359
[28] Shaughnessy J J,Zechmeister E B.Research Methods in Psychology[M].The McGraw—Hill Companies,Inc.1997.228~229
[29]夏凌翔.元分析及其在社会科学研究中的应用[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2005,42(5):55~58
[30]陈文军,浦金辉,徐志鹏等.地震救援部队早期心理状况分析[J].华南国防医学杂志,2008,22(6):38~40
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