螺旋滚筒破碎头切削富钴结壳过程仿真及其载荷波动性研究
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摘要
深海钴结壳是大洋底部最具吸引力的矿产资源之一，产出在水深800-3000m的平坦海山、岛屿斜坡上，其平均厚度仅为4-6cm，富含钴、铂、镍、锰、铜、铁、磷、钛、锌、铅、铈等战略物质。由于其巨大的战略意义和经济价值，深海钴结壳开采技术与装备的研究已成为国内外研究的一个热点。
钴结壳开采的难点之一就是如何将薄薄的一层钴结壳从高低不平的基岩上破碎剥离下来，而且保证螺旋滚筒破碎头长期稳定的工作。为此，必须研究掌握破碎头及其截齿所受最大载荷(极限参数)的分布范围，和工作参数对破碎头载荷波动性影响的规律。但由于海底钴结壳微地形的不同和海洋采矿环境的恶劣、复杂性，难以进行耗资巨大的海上实物试验。
本文基于螺旋滚筒破碎头及其截齿的运动学、受力分析和实验室试验等方法，建立了螺旋滚筒破碎头工作载荷的数学模型；基于具有方向性随机中点移位算法实现了钴结壳微地形的生成和重构，在此基础上，研制了螺旋滚筒破碎头切削富钴结壳过程仿真程序。利用计算机仿真程序，生成200组模拟海底钴结壳微地形数据，将其作为随机钴结壳微地形总体的一个样本，并对该样本进行破碎头切削过程的仿真。通过仿真研究，得出破碎头及其截齿所受载荷的分布范围，和工作参数对破碎头载荷波动性影响的规律，为截齿、破碎头及相关联结部件设计提供理论依据，为减小破碎头载荷波动性提供了理论指导。论文的研究成果，对此类钴结壳开采装备的设计提供了理论基础。
Cobalt-rich crust, which grows in the smooth slope of seamount ranged from 800 to 3000 m, is one of the most attractive mineral resources in the deep-sea bed. Its average thickness is only 4 to 6 centimeters, and is rich in strategic resources such as cobalt, platinum, nickel, manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, titanium, zinc, lead and cerium etc. Because of its practically strategic, economic and political significance, cobalt-rich crust has become a great concern in ocean resource exploitation for every country.
The first problem of mining cobalt-rich crust is how to crush the thin layer of cobalt crust from the fluctuant surface of bedrock, and guarantee that the mining head can steadily work for the long haul. It is necessary to ascertain the distribution range of maximum load of the mining head and its cutting tooth, and conclude the law of work parameters how to influence load fluctuation of the mining head by the mean of experiment. Because of the difference of seabed tiny terrain and the complexity of ocean mining environment, it is difficult to do so expensive ocean experiment.
Based on methods of kinematic analysis, load analysis, and experiment, the mathematical model of working load of the mining head has been established; based on midpoint displacement typified directivity, seabed tiny terrain has been realized by generating and reconstruction, then, the program of simulating cutting process of mining head has been developed. Based on simulation program, two hundreds data simulating seabed tiny terrains are generated, and terrains are regarded as a sample of random seabed tiny terrain. The simulating experiment of the mining head cutting process is conducted based on the sample terrain. Through simulating experiment, the distribution range of the maximum load of the mining head and its cutting tooth are concluded, which provide theoretic reference for the design of mining head, its cutting tooth, and its coupling parts; influencing factors of load fluctuation of the mining head, such as work parameters, have been studied, and the law of each work parameters how to influence load fluctuation has been concluded, which provides theoretical reference for reducing load fluctuation of mining head. In a word, the research outcome has a theoretical and practical significance to design the equipment of mining cobalt-rich crust.
钴结壳开采的难点之一就是如何将薄薄的一层钴结壳从高低不平的基岩上破碎剥离下来，而且保证螺旋滚筒破碎头长期稳定的工作。为此，必须研究掌握破碎头及其截齿所受最大载荷(极限参数)的分布范围，和工作参数对破碎头载荷波动性影响的规律。但由于海底钴结壳微地形的不同和海洋采矿环境的恶劣、复杂性，难以进行耗资巨大的海上实物试验。
本文基于螺旋滚筒破碎头及其截齿的运动学、受力分析和实验室试验等方法，建立了螺旋滚筒破碎头工作载荷的数学模型；基于具有方向性随机中点移位算法实现了钴结壳微地形的生成和重构，在此基础上，研制了螺旋滚筒破碎头切削富钴结壳过程仿真程序。利用计算机仿真程序，生成200组模拟海底钴结壳微地形数据，将其作为随机钴结壳微地形总体的一个样本，并对该样本进行破碎头切削过程的仿真。通过仿真研究，得出破碎头及其截齿所受载荷的分布范围，和工作参数对破碎头载荷波动性影响的规律，为截齿、破碎头及相关联结部件设计提供理论依据，为减小破碎头载荷波动性提供了理论指导。论文的研究成果，对此类钴结壳开采装备的设计提供了理论基础。
Cobalt-rich crust, which grows in the smooth slope of seamount ranged from 800 to 3000 m, is one of the most attractive mineral resources in the deep-sea bed. Its average thickness is only 4 to 6 centimeters, and is rich in strategic resources such as cobalt, platinum, nickel, manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, titanium, zinc, lead and cerium etc. Because of its practically strategic, economic and political significance, cobalt-rich crust has become a great concern in ocean resource exploitation for every country.
The first problem of mining cobalt-rich crust is how to crush the thin layer of cobalt crust from the fluctuant surface of bedrock, and guarantee that the mining head can steadily work for the long haul. It is necessary to ascertain the distribution range of maximum load of the mining head and its cutting tooth, and conclude the law of work parameters how to influence load fluctuation of the mining head by the mean of experiment. Because of the difference of seabed tiny terrain and the complexity of ocean mining environment, it is difficult to do so expensive ocean experiment.
Based on methods of kinematic analysis, load analysis, and experiment, the mathematical model of working load of the mining head has been established; based on midpoint displacement typified directivity, seabed tiny terrain has been realized by generating and reconstruction, then, the program of simulating cutting process of mining head has been developed. Based on simulation program, two hundreds data simulating seabed tiny terrains are generated, and terrains are regarded as a sample of random seabed tiny terrain. The simulating experiment of the mining head cutting process is conducted based on the sample terrain. Through simulating experiment, the distribution range of the maximum load of the mining head and its cutting tooth are concluded, which provide theoretic reference for the design of mining head, its cutting tooth, and its coupling parts; influencing factors of load fluctuation of the mining head, such as work parameters, have been studied, and the law of each work parameters how to influence load fluctuation has been concluded, which provides theoretical reference for reducing load fluctuation of mining head. In a word, the research outcome has a theoretical and practical significance to design the equipment of mining cobalt-rich crust.
引文
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[13] Masuda Y. Crust mining plans of the Japan Resources Association Marine Mining. 1991, (10):95～101
[14] 梁平，石海林，崔波，等．洋底富钴结壳的开采方法，金属矿山，2002，(11)：20～22
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[19] John E. Halkyard. Technology for mining cobalt rich manganese crusts from seamounts. Oceans (New York). New York:IEEE, 1985.352～374
[20] 何志强，何清华．滚筒式采矿头最佳切削位置的建模．矿业研究与开发，2004(3)：46～47
[21] 秦宣云，卜英勇．基于遗传算法的大洋富钴结壳开采的切削深度优化控制．湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，20(1)：46～47
[22] 李艳，禹宏云．ADAMS在深海采矿系统虚拟样机建模中的应用．凿岩机械气动工具，2006(2)：41～45
[23] 简曲，何永森，王明和，等．大洋采矿输送软管动力特性的数值研究．海洋工程，2001，19(1)：59～64
[24] 黄中华，刘少军，谢雅．富钴结壳轮式集矿机越障性能研究．计算机仿真，2006，23(5)：200～202
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