中缅树鼩实验室驯化的研究
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摘要
本研究以上海市肿瘤研究所购自云南昆明地区的35只中缅树鼩及其实验室条件下繁殖的G1代为试验素材，对涉及形态性状遗传制约性的一些指标进行分析；观察统计其在实验室条件下24小时的行止状态；进行结构解剖；系统研究了处于交配、妊娠、哺乳期间的野生树鼩的生活习性；测量F1代树鼩的生长发育过程中体重体尺变化；总结驯化过程中发生的改变。结果表明：
1．应用Rife-Buranamanas定律分析中缅树鼩涉及毛色等诸多具有遗传制约性的外貌特征的显隐性关系，得出中缅树鼩典型的外貌特征为野生型毛色有季节性红斑、白腹、没有白眼圈、掌底肤色为肉色、耳朵不竖、圆形的尾尖、两侧乳房每对之间的连线分别与体轴线垂直。
2．中缅树鼩为昼行性动物，实验室条件下其24h行止状态具有明显的规律性。
3．7个不同年龄段的中缅树鼩的解剖结构比较，发现在腰椎、荐椎和尾椎数目上存在差异。
4．中缅树鼩经过驯化之后，其繁殖的季节性不明显，年繁殖率提高。妊娠期为6周左右，其间在第二周体重稍有下降，其后体重呈直线上升状态；哺乳期为5周，哺乳期间对营养成分的摄入量较休养树鼩高。人工哺乳与母乳喂养的树鼩断奶以前体重体尺差异显著，体成熟之后没有显著性差异。
5.G1代中缅树的体重体尺随周龄的增大而增加或增长，3～4月龄达到性成熟，6
月龄达到体成熟时，体重体尺不再有明显变化;体重体尺各项指标Cubic生长
曲线拟合情况较好;各指标之间的相关性均呈现显著正相关(P<0.05)。
6.随着驯化时间的延长，中缅树韵的一些野生习性有所改变。与其父母代相比，
印代中缅树韵与人具有较强的亲和力，对外界刺激的敏感度降低。
In this paper, 35 Tupaia blangeri chinensises (TBCs) in Shanghai Cancer Institute that were captured from Kunming,Yunnan province and their offspring that were born in the laboratory are used. We analyze hereditary conditionally index about some shape characters, observe their behavior rules in 24 hours ; dissect to study the structure; study the living habits of the wild TBCs in course of mating, gestation, and lactation; measure the changes of body weight and figure type of G1 TBCs, summarize the changes during the domestication .The results show that:
1. According to Rife-Burnaamanas law, We analyze the appearance characteristic with hereditary conditionality including color of fur, orbit etc.. We think that wild fur with seasonal red spot, white fur of abdomen, non-white orbit, fleshcolor palm, non-cocked ear, round tip tail, and the line between breast of both sides is in a vertical position with axis line.
2. Almost all the motility activity of TBCs are in daytime. Their behavior in 24 hours are obvious orderliness.
3. Compare 7 TBCs specimens in different age, we find amounts of lumbar vertebra, sacral vertebra and caudal vertebra between 7 specimens are different.
4. Reproduce is not seasonal any longer after being domesticated. Their gestational period is about 6 weeks and in second week, the body weight is reduced, but from then on, the body weight gains day after day. Their lactation period is 5 weeks, intake of nutrition component is more than the TBCs in rest. Before weaning, the difference on body weight and figure type between bottle-fed TBCs and breast-fed TBCs is significant, but when their bodies are mature, the difference are not significant.
5. With age, the body weights and figure type of G1 generation are increasing continuously and sex maturity of TBCs is 3 or 4 month age. Their body mature is 6 month age, after that their body weight and figure type have no obvious change. Body weight and figure type are imitated by cubic curve. It is significantly relationship between body weight and the figure type.
6. With the increasing of domestication time, some wild habits of TBCs change. Compared with their parents, G1 generation likes to conversant with human being and their sensitiveness to stimulate outside reduces.
1．应用Rife-Buranamanas定律分析中缅树鼩涉及毛色等诸多具有遗传制约性的外貌特征的显隐性关系，得出中缅树鼩典型的外貌特征为野生型毛色有季节性红斑、白腹、没有白眼圈、掌底肤色为肉色、耳朵不竖、圆形的尾尖、两侧乳房每对之间的连线分别与体轴线垂直。
2．中缅树鼩为昼行性动物，实验室条件下其24h行止状态具有明显的规律性。
3．7个不同年龄段的中缅树鼩的解剖结构比较，发现在腰椎、荐椎和尾椎数目上存在差异。
4．中缅树鼩经过驯化之后，其繁殖的季节性不明显，年繁殖率提高。妊娠期为6周左右，其间在第二周体重稍有下降，其后体重呈直线上升状态；哺乳期为5周，哺乳期间对营养成分的摄入量较休养树鼩高。人工哺乳与母乳喂养的树鼩断奶以前体重体尺差异显著，体成熟之后没有显著性差异。
5.G1代中缅树的体重体尺随周龄的增大而增加或增长，3～4月龄达到性成熟，6
月龄达到体成熟时，体重体尺不再有明显变化;体重体尺各项指标Cubic生长
曲线拟合情况较好;各指标之间的相关性均呈现显著正相关(P<0.05)。
6.随着驯化时间的延长，中缅树韵的一些野生习性有所改变。与其父母代相比，
印代中缅树韵与人具有较强的亲和力，对外界刺激的敏感度降低。
In this paper, 35 Tupaia blangeri chinensises (TBCs) in Shanghai Cancer Institute that were captured from Kunming,Yunnan province and their offspring that were born in the laboratory are used. We analyze hereditary conditionally index about some shape characters, observe their behavior rules in 24 hours ; dissect to study the structure; study the living habits of the wild TBCs in course of mating, gestation, and lactation; measure the changes of body weight and figure type of G1 TBCs, summarize the changes during the domestication .The results show that:
1. According to Rife-Burnaamanas law, We analyze the appearance characteristic with hereditary conditionality including color of fur, orbit etc.. We think that wild fur with seasonal red spot, white fur of abdomen, non-white orbit, fleshcolor palm, non-cocked ear, round tip tail, and the line between breast of both sides is in a vertical position with axis line.
2. Almost all the motility activity of TBCs are in daytime. Their behavior in 24 hours are obvious orderliness.
3. Compare 7 TBCs specimens in different age, we find amounts of lumbar vertebra, sacral vertebra and caudal vertebra between 7 specimens are different.
4. Reproduce is not seasonal any longer after being domesticated. Their gestational period is about 6 weeks and in second week, the body weight is reduced, but from then on, the body weight gains day after day. Their lactation period is 5 weeks, intake of nutrition component is more than the TBCs in rest. Before weaning, the difference on body weight and figure type between bottle-fed TBCs and breast-fed TBCs is significant, but when their bodies are mature, the difference are not significant.
5. With age, the body weights and figure type of G1 generation are increasing continuously and sex maturity of TBCs is 3 or 4 month age. Their body mature is 6 month age, after that their body weight and figure type have no obvious change. Body weight and figure type are imitated by cubic curve. It is significantly relationship between body weight and the figure type.
6. With the increasing of domestication time, some wild habits of TBCs change. Compared with their parents, G1 generation likes to conversant with human being and their sensitiveness to stimulate outside reduces.
引文
1．曹筱梅．树鼩精子发生的季节性变化．动物学研究，1989，10(1)：15-21
2．曹筱梅．树鼩精子发生的细胞学观察．动物学研究，1986，7(1)：69-77
3．曹筱梅．树鼩卵巢的显微结构及不同季节的卵巢活动．动物学研究，11(1)：17—23
4．常洪．家畜遗传资源学纲要．北京：中国农业出版社
5．郝光荣主编．实验动物学．上海：第二军医大学出版社．1999年1月第1版．1-5
6．李永材，欧阳明，胡健生等．成年树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)生殖系统的年周期变化．云南大学学报：自科科学版，1994，Vol．16，No．1：75-80
7．李相运．家猪的起源和驯化．畜牧兽医杂志，1998，17(3)：16-19
8．李瑗，K．Baumgartner，D．MacMillan等．树鼩实验种群的繁育．动物学杂志，2001，36(3)：32-36
9．刘瑞清，施立明，陈玉泽等．树鼩(Tupaia belangeri Wagner)三个亚种的染色体比较研究．动物学研究，1989，10(3)：195-200
10．刘世熠，张文远，王泽盛等．树鼩24小时昼夜节律的探讨．动物学报，1982，28(4)：399-407
11．彭燕章，叶智彰，邹如金等编著．树鼩生物学．昆明：云南科技出版社，第一版，1991年8月
12．邱铸鼎．禄丰古猿地点的树鼩类化石．古脊椎动物学报，1986，24(4)：308-319
13．谭邦杰编著．哺乳动物分类名录．北京：中国医药科技出版社，第一版，1992年4月
14．王德志，孙中野．提高蓝狐仔狐成活率的技术研究．经济动物学报，2000，4(1)：9-12
15．王荷英，刘季和，喻林冲等．树鼩实验麻风组织病理学观察．中华皮肤科杂志，1996，29(4)：258-260
16．王金玉等编著．动物育种原理与方法．江苏：东南大学出版社，第一版，1994年11月
17．王应祥．中国树鼩的分类研究．动物学研究，1987，8(3)：213-228
18．冼苏，黄松，苏建家等．链脲佐菌素诱导树鼩糖尿病动物模型研究．广西医科大学学报，2000，
17(6)：945-948
19．俞发荣，连秀珍，王中宇等．中国树鼩在兰州地区饲养的生物学特性观察．青海科技，2000，7：14-15
20．中国预防医学科学院，营养与食品卫生研究所编著．食物营养成分表。北京：人民卫生出版社。1992年4月第1版：80-82
21．周化愚，罗其胜．树鼩自发性鳞状细胞癌一例报告．动物学杂志，1994，29(6)：41-42
22．周化愚，罗其胜．一例树鼩的自发性皮脂腺癌报告．动物学杂志，1994，29(3)：41-42
23．周顺长，蔡红琳，张家喜．树鼩的实验动物化研究进展．北京实验动物科学，1992，9(1)：27-29
24．邹如金，季维智，沙临力，等．树鼩的繁殖．动物学研究，1987，8(3)：231-238
25. Alcale, J. R. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the uterus masculinus of the tree shrews. Folia Primatol, 1968,9:216-245
26. Bearder S., Pitts R. S. Prosimians and tree shrews[M]. In: Trevor B. Poole ed. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory, Animals. Sixth edition. Avon, Great Britain: Bath Press, 1987. 551-567.
27. Chopra, S. R. K. and R. N. Vasishat. Sivalik fossil tree shrew from Haritalyangar, India. Nature, 1979,281:214-215
28. Corbet, G. B. and J. E. Hill, A world list of mammalian species. 2nd. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London, 1980
29. Darai, G. Spontanneous malignomas in Tupaia ( Tree Shrew ). Amer. J. Primatol. 1982, 2: 177-189
30. Dene, H. An Immunological examination of the systimatics of Tupaioidea. Journ. Mamm.. 1978,59(4):697-706
31. Elliot, O., Elliot, M., and Lisco, H. Breast cancer in a tree shrew ( Tupaia glis ). 1966, Nature, 211: 1105
32. Hofmann, W., Moller, P., Schwier, A., Flugel, R., Zoller, L., et al..Malignant tumours in Tupaia (tree shrew) . J.Med,Primatol.1981, 10:155-163
33. Jacobs,L. L. Siwalik fossil tree shrews. In:Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of tree shrews(Ed. Luckett, W. P. ). Plenum Press New York. 1980,205-216
34. Jones, T. B. A comparison of hemoglobins of several laboratory abimals. Lab. Ani. Sci. 1972, 22:532-537
35. Langham, N. P. E. The ecology of the common tree shrew (T. glis ) in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Zool. Lond. 1982, 179:323-344
36. Lyon, M. W. Tree shrews: an amount of the mammalian family Tupaiidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1913, 45: 1-144
37. Martin, R.D. Maternal behavior and the effectors of stress in tree shrews. Nature 1974, Vol. 251:309-311
38. Martin, R. D. Tree shrews : Unique reproductive mechanism of systematic importance. Science, N. y. 1966, 152: 1402-1404
39. Napier, J. R. and P. H. Napier. A handbook of living primates. Academic Press, London. 1967
40. Park US, Su JJ, Ban KC, Qin L, Lee EH, Lee YI. Related Articles, Nucleotide, Protein Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in tree shrew hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B virus infection and intake of aflatoxin B1.Gene. 2000 Jun 13;251(1):73-80.
41. Phillips JR, Khalaj M. McBrien NA.Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jul;41(8):2028-2034.
42. P. M. Collins, Tsang W. N. and B. Lofts. Anatomy and Function of the Reproductive Tract in the captive male tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri).Biology of reproduction. 1982,Vol.26:169-182
43. P. M. Collins, Tsang W. N.Growth and Reproductive in the Male Tree Shrew (Tupaia belangeri) from Birth to Sexual Maturity. Biology of reproduction. 1987, 37: 261-267
44. Schwaier A..Breeding tupaias (Tupaia belangeri) in captivity. Z. Versuchstierk Bd.1973, 15:225-271
45. T. L. Yate, Insectivores, Elephant Shrews, Tree Shrews and Dermopterns.In: Orders and families of recent mammals of the world (Eds.Anderson, S. and J. K. Jones).Wiley-Interscience, New YorK. 1984.117-144
2．曹筱梅．树鼩精子发生的细胞学观察．动物学研究，1986，7(1)：69-77
3．曹筱梅．树鼩卵巢的显微结构及不同季节的卵巢活动．动物学研究，11(1)：17—23
4．常洪．家畜遗传资源学纲要．北京：中国农业出版社
5．郝光荣主编．实验动物学．上海：第二军医大学出版社．1999年1月第1版．1-5
6．李永材，欧阳明，胡健生等．成年树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)生殖系统的年周期变化．云南大学学报：自科科学版，1994，Vol．16，No．1：75-80
7．李相运．家猪的起源和驯化．畜牧兽医杂志，1998，17(3)：16-19
8．李瑗，K．Baumgartner，D．MacMillan等．树鼩实验种群的繁育．动物学杂志，2001，36(3)：32-36
9．刘瑞清，施立明，陈玉泽等．树鼩(Tupaia belangeri Wagner)三个亚种的染色体比较研究．动物学研究，1989，10(3)：195-200
10．刘世熠，张文远，王泽盛等．树鼩24小时昼夜节律的探讨．动物学报，1982，28(4)：399-407
11．彭燕章，叶智彰，邹如金等编著．树鼩生物学．昆明：云南科技出版社，第一版，1991年8月
12．邱铸鼎．禄丰古猿地点的树鼩类化石．古脊椎动物学报，1986，24(4)：308-319
13．谭邦杰编著．哺乳动物分类名录．北京：中国医药科技出版社，第一版，1992年4月
14．王德志，孙中野．提高蓝狐仔狐成活率的技术研究．经济动物学报，2000，4(1)：9-12
15．王荷英，刘季和，喻林冲等．树鼩实验麻风组织病理学观察．中华皮肤科杂志，1996，29(4)：258-260
16．王金玉等编著．动物育种原理与方法．江苏：东南大学出版社，第一版，1994年11月
17．王应祥．中国树鼩的分类研究．动物学研究，1987，8(3)：213-228
18．冼苏，黄松，苏建家等．链脲佐菌素诱导树鼩糖尿病动物模型研究．广西医科大学学报，2000，
17(6)：945-948
19．俞发荣，连秀珍，王中宇等．中国树鼩在兰州地区饲养的生物学特性观察．青海科技，2000，7：14-15
20．中国预防医学科学院，营养与食品卫生研究所编著．食物营养成分表。北京：人民卫生出版社。1992年4月第1版：80-82
21．周化愚，罗其胜．树鼩自发性鳞状细胞癌一例报告．动物学杂志，1994，29(6)：41-42
22．周化愚，罗其胜．一例树鼩的自发性皮脂腺癌报告．动物学杂志，1994，29(3)：41-42
23．周顺长，蔡红琳，张家喜．树鼩的实验动物化研究进展．北京实验动物科学，1992，9(1)：27-29
24．邹如金，季维智，沙临力，等．树鼩的繁殖．动物学研究，1987，8(3)：231-238
25. Alcale, J. R. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the uterus masculinus of the tree shrews. Folia Primatol, 1968,9:216-245
26. Bearder S., Pitts R. S. Prosimians and tree shrews[M]. In: Trevor B. Poole ed. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory, Animals. Sixth edition. Avon, Great Britain: Bath Press, 1987. 551-567.
27. Chopra, S. R. K. and R. N. Vasishat. Sivalik fossil tree shrew from Haritalyangar, India. Nature, 1979,281:214-215
28. Corbet, G. B. and J. E. Hill, A world list of mammalian species. 2nd. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London, 1980
29. Darai, G. Spontanneous malignomas in Tupaia ( Tree Shrew ). Amer. J. Primatol. 1982, 2: 177-189
30. Dene, H. An Immunological examination of the systimatics of Tupaioidea. Journ. Mamm.. 1978,59(4):697-706
31. Elliot, O., Elliot, M., and Lisco, H. Breast cancer in a tree shrew ( Tupaia glis ). 1966, Nature, 211: 1105
32. Hofmann, W., Moller, P., Schwier, A., Flugel, R., Zoller, L., et al..Malignant tumours in Tupaia (tree shrew) . J.Med,Primatol.1981, 10:155-163
33. Jacobs,L. L. Siwalik fossil tree shrews. In:Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of tree shrews(Ed. Luckett, W. P. ). Plenum Press New York. 1980,205-216
34. Jones, T. B. A comparison of hemoglobins of several laboratory abimals. Lab. Ani. Sci. 1972, 22:532-537
35. Langham, N. P. E. The ecology of the common tree shrew (T. glis ) in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Zool. Lond. 1982, 179:323-344
36. Lyon, M. W. Tree shrews: an amount of the mammalian family Tupaiidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1913, 45: 1-144
37. Martin, R.D. Maternal behavior and the effectors of stress in tree shrews. Nature 1974, Vol. 251:309-311
38. Martin, R. D. Tree shrews : Unique reproductive mechanism of systematic importance. Science, N. y. 1966, 152: 1402-1404
39. Napier, J. R. and P. H. Napier. A handbook of living primates. Academic Press, London. 1967
40. Park US, Su JJ, Ban KC, Qin L, Lee EH, Lee YI. Related Articles, Nucleotide, Protein Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in tree shrew hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B virus infection and intake of aflatoxin B1.Gene. 2000 Jun 13;251(1):73-80.
41. Phillips JR, Khalaj M. McBrien NA.Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jul;41(8):2028-2034.
42. P. M. Collins, Tsang W. N. and B. Lofts. Anatomy and Function of the Reproductive Tract in the captive male tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri).Biology of reproduction. 1982,Vol.26:169-182
43. P. M. Collins, Tsang W. N.Growth and Reproductive in the Male Tree Shrew (Tupaia belangeri) from Birth to Sexual Maturity. Biology of reproduction. 1987, 37: 261-267
44. Schwaier A..Breeding tupaias (Tupaia belangeri) in captivity. Z. Versuchstierk Bd.1973, 15:225-271
45. T. L. Yate, Insectivores, Elephant Shrews, Tree Shrews and Dermopterns.In: Orders and families of recent mammals of the world (Eds.Anderson, S. and J. K. Jones).Wiley-Interscience, New YorK. 1984.117-144