山西煤炭资源整合的效果研究
|
摘要
随着经济的高速发展,我国对能源的需求日益增加。在我国的能源体系中,煤炭占据着非常重要的地位。多年来,中国的煤炭产量一直位居世界前列,煤炭产量的增长速度也非常惊人。煤炭为主的能源体系、丰富优质的煤炭资源使得煤炭产业对中国GDP的贡献逐年增加,在中国经济发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。然而煤炭产业的发展也存在诸多问题。煤炭市场集中度较低,煤炭生产安全问题严重,煤炭运销成本较大,煤炭资源浪费严重。为了解决这些问题,政府出台了一系列行政法规,但效果并不显著。
山西是我国煤炭资源最为丰富的省份,为我国的经济发展提供了巨大的动力。然而,山西的煤炭市场发展并不健康。由于多方面的原因,山西煤炭市场呈现出“多、小、散、乱”的特点。山西的煤炭市场集中度较低,从而造成煤炭市场竞争无序,煤炭价格长期偏低,煤炭行业利润较少,严重影响了山西的经济发展。由于存在大量生产条件较差、技术相对落后的小煤矿,山西煤炭产业整体技术水平较低,这直接导致了能源的极大浪费,同时造成了严重的煤炭生产安全问题,矿难事故屡屡发生。除此之外,煤炭的高强度无序开采还导致了生态环境的极度恶化,地质灾害问题严重。
在多次出台各项法规但收效甚微之后,山西省委省政府痛下决心,进行了大规模的资源整合行动,实施大集团战略,将一些年产煤能力差,生产条件较为落后的小煤矿收编大集团所有,全省煤矿数量由2005年的4389座减少到2009年的1053座。煤炭资源整合是不同于以往的一项大规模政策措施,因此,对它的效果进行研究不仅对山西省意义重大,同时也为国家解决煤炭产业发展中存在的问题提供了理论指导和宝贵经验。
本文首先阐述了三个主要产业组织学派关于垄断与竞争效率的观点,并对国内外的煤炭市场进行简单阐述。随后,又采用SCP框架对山西煤炭市场进行了分析。在整合以前山西煤炭市场的集中度一直很低,同时煤炭产业的进入壁垒也很低,煤炭市场上存在着众多的技术低下的小煤矿,使得资源浪费和环境问题非常严重；2009年山西煤炭市场的利润绩效、安全绩效等都有所提高,这有可能是煤炭资源整合所产生的积极效应。
对煤炭资源进行整合的结果,一方面反映在煤炭产业集中度的变化,另一方面反映在产权的改变。国内很多学者就产权的改变对煤炭市场绩效的影响进行了研究。而本文主要是针对集中度的改变对煤炭市场绩效的影响进行了研究,选取死亡率,回收率和利润率作为煤炭市场绩效的指标,利用计量经济学的相关知识和相关的数据分析集中度对上述指标的影响,从而得出结论并提出相关的政策及建议。
通过研究发现,山西煤炭市场集中度的提高对煤炭市场绩效的改善具有积极的意义,煤炭产业利润率和资源回收率都有所提高,死亡率明显下降,这表明资源整合对煤炭行业的健康发展具有明显的促进作用。因此,其他省份可以借鉴山西资源整合的有关经验,全面推进我国煤炭产业的改革,从而实现煤炭产业的良性发展。
With the rapid development of economy, the energy demand of China is increasing. In the energy system of our country, coal occupies a very important position. Over the years, China's coal production has been the largest in the world, the growth rate of coal production is also very impressive. Because of the coal-based energy system and the abundant high quality coal resources, the coal industry makes great contribution to GDP of China and plays an important role in the development of economy. However, there are many problems in the development of the coal industry, such as the low concentration of the coal market, the serious safety problems of the coal production, the heavy costs of coal transportation and the serious waste of coal resources. To solve these problems, the. Government introduced a series of administrative regulations, but the effect is not obvious.
Shanxi is a province that has the richest coal resources in China, it provides a great impetus for the development of economy. However, the development of coal market in Shanxi is not healthy. Due to various reasons, the Shanxi coal market showed the features of "excessive, small, scattered, disorder". The coal market concentration rate in Shanxi is low, it leads the disorder competition in the coal market, the long-term low coal prices, and the low profits of coal industry, which all affect the economic development of Shanxi Province. There are a large number of small coal mines which have poor production conditions and outdated technology in Shanxi, so that the whole level of the technology is low. This directly led to great waste of energy and caused serious safety problems of coal production. In addition, the disorder coal mining caused extreme deterioration of the ecological environment and geological disasters.
After making many regulations which have little effect, Shanxi Provincial Government makes a determined effort to carry out a large-scale resource integration action. They take the large group strategy and merge a large number of small coal mines. The number of coal mines reduced from 4389 in 2005 to 1053 in 2007. The policy of the integration of coal resources is different from the previous policy measures, so it is very significant to study the effect, not only to Shanxi province but also to the whole country. It provides a theoretical guidance and valuable experience to solve the problems of the coal industry.
This paper describes the point of view of the three main schools of industrial organization on the efficiency of monopoly and competition, introduces coal market of domestic and foreign countries, and uses SCP framework to analyze the coal market of Shanxi. The market concentration rate of Shanxi is very low and the barriers to entry are also low before the integration which leading to a serious waste of resources and environmental issues. In 2009, the profits performance and safety performance has increased, it maybe because of the positive effect by Integration.
result of integration of coal resources, one of them is the change in the concentration and the other is the change in property rights. Many academic studied the effects of the coal market performance which come from the change of property rights. The focus of this paper is the effects of the coal market performance which come from the change of market concentration rate. It selects the mortality rate, the recovery rate and profit rate as the indicators of the coal market performance, using knowledge of econometrics and data analysis to study the impact of these indicators by the change of concentration. Finally, it draws conclusions and makes relevant policies and proposals.
According to the study, it leads positive implications by increasing market concentration rate. It improves the performance of the coal market, raises profitability and recovery of coal industry, and reduces mortality. These indicate that the integration of resources promote healthy development of the coal industry. Therefore, the experience of Shanxi on the integration of resources can be learned by the other provinces and comprehensively promotes the reform of China's coal industry in order to achieve healthy development of coal industry.
山西是我国煤炭资源最为丰富的省份,为我国的经济发展提供了巨大的动力。然而,山西的煤炭市场发展并不健康。由于多方面的原因,山西煤炭市场呈现出“多、小、散、乱”的特点。山西的煤炭市场集中度较低,从而造成煤炭市场竞争无序,煤炭价格长期偏低,煤炭行业利润较少,严重影响了山西的经济发展。由于存在大量生产条件较差、技术相对落后的小煤矿,山西煤炭产业整体技术水平较低,这直接导致了能源的极大浪费,同时造成了严重的煤炭生产安全问题,矿难事故屡屡发生。除此之外,煤炭的高强度无序开采还导致了生态环境的极度恶化,地质灾害问题严重。
在多次出台各项法规但收效甚微之后,山西省委省政府痛下决心,进行了大规模的资源整合行动,实施大集团战略,将一些年产煤能力差,生产条件较为落后的小煤矿收编大集团所有,全省煤矿数量由2005年的4389座减少到2009年的1053座。煤炭资源整合是不同于以往的一项大规模政策措施,因此,对它的效果进行研究不仅对山西省意义重大,同时也为国家解决煤炭产业发展中存在的问题提供了理论指导和宝贵经验。
本文首先阐述了三个主要产业组织学派关于垄断与竞争效率的观点,并对国内外的煤炭市场进行简单阐述。随后,又采用SCP框架对山西煤炭市场进行了分析。在整合以前山西煤炭市场的集中度一直很低,同时煤炭产业的进入壁垒也很低,煤炭市场上存在着众多的技术低下的小煤矿,使得资源浪费和环境问题非常严重；2009年山西煤炭市场的利润绩效、安全绩效等都有所提高,这有可能是煤炭资源整合所产生的积极效应。
对煤炭资源进行整合的结果,一方面反映在煤炭产业集中度的变化,另一方面反映在产权的改变。国内很多学者就产权的改变对煤炭市场绩效的影响进行了研究。而本文主要是针对集中度的改变对煤炭市场绩效的影响进行了研究,选取死亡率,回收率和利润率作为煤炭市场绩效的指标,利用计量经济学的相关知识和相关的数据分析集中度对上述指标的影响,从而得出结论并提出相关的政策及建议。
通过研究发现,山西煤炭市场集中度的提高对煤炭市场绩效的改善具有积极的意义,煤炭产业利润率和资源回收率都有所提高,死亡率明显下降,这表明资源整合对煤炭行业的健康发展具有明显的促进作用。因此,其他省份可以借鉴山西资源整合的有关经验,全面推进我国煤炭产业的改革,从而实现煤炭产业的良性发展。
With the rapid development of economy, the energy demand of China is increasing. In the energy system of our country, coal occupies a very important position. Over the years, China's coal production has been the largest in the world, the growth rate of coal production is also very impressive. Because of the coal-based energy system and the abundant high quality coal resources, the coal industry makes great contribution to GDP of China and plays an important role in the development of economy. However, there are many problems in the development of the coal industry, such as the low concentration of the coal market, the serious safety problems of the coal production, the heavy costs of coal transportation and the serious waste of coal resources. To solve these problems, the. Government introduced a series of administrative regulations, but the effect is not obvious.
Shanxi is a province that has the richest coal resources in China, it provides a great impetus for the development of economy. However, the development of coal market in Shanxi is not healthy. Due to various reasons, the Shanxi coal market showed the features of "excessive, small, scattered, disorder". The coal market concentration rate in Shanxi is low, it leads the disorder competition in the coal market, the long-term low coal prices, and the low profits of coal industry, which all affect the economic development of Shanxi Province. There are a large number of small coal mines which have poor production conditions and outdated technology in Shanxi, so that the whole level of the technology is low. This directly led to great waste of energy and caused serious safety problems of coal production. In addition, the disorder coal mining caused extreme deterioration of the ecological environment and geological disasters.
After making many regulations which have little effect, Shanxi Provincial Government makes a determined effort to carry out a large-scale resource integration action. They take the large group strategy and merge a large number of small coal mines. The number of coal mines reduced from 4389 in 2005 to 1053 in 2007. The policy of the integration of coal resources is different from the previous policy measures, so it is very significant to study the effect, not only to Shanxi province but also to the whole country. It provides a theoretical guidance and valuable experience to solve the problems of the coal industry.
This paper describes the point of view of the three main schools of industrial organization on the efficiency of monopoly and competition, introduces coal market of domestic and foreign countries, and uses SCP framework to analyze the coal market of Shanxi. The market concentration rate of Shanxi is very low and the barriers to entry are also low before the integration which leading to a serious waste of resources and environmental issues. In 2009, the profits performance and safety performance has increased, it maybe because of the positive effect by Integration.
result of integration of coal resources, one of them is the change in the concentration and the other is the change in property rights. Many academic studied the effects of the coal market performance which come from the change of property rights. The focus of this paper is the effects of the coal market performance which come from the change of market concentration rate. It selects the mortality rate, the recovery rate and profit rate as the indicators of the coal market performance, using knowledge of econometrics and data analysis to study the impact of these indicators by the change of concentration. Finally, it draws conclusions and makes relevant policies and proposals.
According to the study, it leads positive implications by increasing market concentration rate. It improves the performance of the coal market, raises profitability and recovery of coal industry, and reduces mortality. These indicate that the integration of resources promote healthy development of the coal industry. Therefore, the experience of Shanxi on the integration of resources can be learned by the other provinces and comprehensively promotes the reform of China's coal industry in order to achieve healthy development of coal industry.
引文
[1]曹海霞、王宏英.山西煤炭行业资源整合的实践与对策[J].中国煤炭,2008,(4)：16-20.
[2]曹英、刘媛.山西煤炭资源整合“努力让各方满意”[N].中国经济时报,2010-02-24(3).
[3]陆东.山西煤炭工业可持续发展政策研究[D].北京：对外经济贸易大学,2007.24-32.
[4]陈仲常.产业经济理论与实证分析[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2005.127-133.
[5]戴伯勋、沈宏达.现代产业经济学[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2001.130.
[6]范中启.煤炭产业竞争力评价模型实证研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,(11)：21-24.
[7]高铁梅.计量经济分析方法与建模[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.33-69.
[8]华辉、高文亮、马运水.俄罗斯煤炭工业的现状和市场开发战略[J].中国煤炭,2007,(6)：5-9.
[9]纪成君.中国煤炭产业经济研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2008..60-93.
[10]纪成君、刘宏超.中国煤炭产业市场结构分析与产业组织政策[J].中国软科学,2002,(1)：24-27.
[11]康纪田、刘卫红.全国性煤炭资源整合的效率分析[J].中国能源,2009,(7)：19-21.
[12]李升.山西煤炭业竞争力研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2006,(4)：7.
[13]李艳舫.中国煤炭价格机制改革政策初探[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.23-28.
[14]李艳梅、张雷.中美煤矿安全比较与借鉴[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,(11)：44-48.
[15]李毅中.官煤勾结主要有五种形式[N].中国煤炭报,2005-11-03(2).
[16]李月明.山西煤炭产业有效竞争研究[D].重庆：重庆工商大学,2009.19-37.
[17]梁小萌.规模经济和产业集聚及区域协调[J].改革与战略,2000,(5)：12-16.
[18]林金忠.论规模经济的四种形态[J].经济科学,2002,(6)：6.
[19]牛克洪.中国煤炭大集团建设探索[M].北京：企业管理出版社,2006.68-75.
[20]潘克西.煤炭产业组织研究[D].上海：复旦大学,2002.36-46.
[21]潘克西、濮津、向涛.中国煤炭市场集中度研究——中美煤炭市场集中度比较分析[J].管理世界,2002,(12)：77-88.
[22]潘伟尔.中国煤炭产业结构调整分析[J].经济研究参考,2002,(11)：8-13.
[23]乔梁.规模经济论：企业购并中的规模经济研究[M].北京：对外经济出版社,2006.129-145.
[24]秦国伟.产权与矿难[J].理论界,2006,(10)：138-139.
[25]任光明.公用地的悲剧：山西矿难的深层次思考[J].市场周刊,2003,(10)：29-30.
[26]山西省统计局.山西省统计年鉴(2001-2010)[Z].北京：中国统计出版社,2001-2010.
[27]《世界煤炭工业发展报告》课题组.南非煤炭工业[J].煤炭科学技术,1999,(7)： 50-52.
[28]宋介燕.山西煤炭资源管理问题研究[D].太原：山西财经大学,2006.19-22.
[29]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1997.222-225.
[30]王华清、肖国建.关于煤炭市场研究中数学模型的构建[J].煤炭经济研究,2009,(9)：25-26.
[31]王俊豪.现代产业经济学[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2003.47-59.
[32]卫民堂、张文军.规模经济的有效性[J].现代管理,2005,(6)：5-6.
[33]吴吟.煤炭产业竞争结构分析[J].中国煤炭,1998,(8)：7-13.
[34]夏大慰.产业经济学产业组织与公共政策：哈佛学派[J].外国经济与管理,1999,(8)：3-5.
[35]夏大慰.产业经济学产业组织与公共政策：芝加哥学派[J].外国经济与管理,1999,(9)：3-6.
[36]岳福斌.中国煤炭工业发展报告(2009)[R],北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.217-218.
[37]岳福斌,中国煤炭工业发展报告(2006-2010)[R],北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008.213-229.
[38]张米尔、邱邸国.从我国煤炭产业看产业组织低效率问题[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(1)：36-39.
[39]赵国浩、李君平.山西煤炭行业资源整合兼并探讨[J].中国管理科学,2009,(10)：560-564.
[40]赵加积、杨中.山西煤企整合重组的背后[N].中国工业报,2009-12-02(2).
[41][日]植草益.日本的产业组织——理论与实证的前言[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2000.33-45.
[42]Bain, J. S,1956, Barriers to New Competition, Harvard University Press.
[43]Martin Stephen,1998, Advanced Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishers Press.
[44]Demsetz, H,1973, "Industry Structure, market Rivalry, and Public Policy", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.16, Feb., PP 1-10.
[45]Timothy F.Bresnahan,1987, "Do Entry Conditions Vary across Market", Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Vol.3, Mar., PP 833-881.
[46]Hall, M., and Weiss, L.,1967, "Firm Size and Profitability", Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.49, PP 46-52
[47]Thomas, R.,2000, "Motivating Employees For Safety Success",Professional Safety, Vol.15, PP411-451.
[2]曹英、刘媛.山西煤炭资源整合“努力让各方满意”[N].中国经济时报,2010-02-24(3).
[3]陆东.山西煤炭工业可持续发展政策研究[D].北京：对外经济贸易大学,2007.24-32.
[4]陈仲常.产业经济理论与实证分析[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社,2005.127-133.
[5]戴伯勋、沈宏达.现代产业经济学[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2001.130.
[6]范中启.煤炭产业竞争力评价模型实证研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,(11)：21-24.
[7]高铁梅.计量经济分析方法与建模[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.33-69.
[8]华辉、高文亮、马运水.俄罗斯煤炭工业的现状和市场开发战略[J].中国煤炭,2007,(6)：5-9.
[9]纪成君.中国煤炭产业经济研究[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2008..60-93.
[10]纪成君、刘宏超.中国煤炭产业市场结构分析与产业组织政策[J].中国软科学,2002,(1)：24-27.
[11]康纪田、刘卫红.全国性煤炭资源整合的效率分析[J].中国能源,2009,(7)：19-21.
[12]李升.山西煤炭业竞争力研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2006,(4)：7.
[13]李艳舫.中国煤炭价格机制改革政策初探[D].长春：吉林大学,2007.23-28.
[14]李艳梅、张雷.中美煤矿安全比较与借鉴[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,(11)：44-48.
[15]李毅中.官煤勾结主要有五种形式[N].中国煤炭报,2005-11-03(2).
[16]李月明.山西煤炭产业有效竞争研究[D].重庆：重庆工商大学,2009.19-37.
[17]梁小萌.规模经济和产业集聚及区域协调[J].改革与战略,2000,(5)：12-16.
[18]林金忠.论规模经济的四种形态[J].经济科学,2002,(6)：6.
[19]牛克洪.中国煤炭大集团建设探索[M].北京：企业管理出版社,2006.68-75.
[20]潘克西.煤炭产业组织研究[D].上海：复旦大学,2002.36-46.
[21]潘克西、濮津、向涛.中国煤炭市场集中度研究——中美煤炭市场集中度比较分析[J].管理世界,2002,(12)：77-88.
[22]潘伟尔.中国煤炭产业结构调整分析[J].经济研究参考,2002,(11)：8-13.
[23]乔梁.规模经济论：企业购并中的规模经济研究[M].北京：对外经济出版社,2006.129-145.
[24]秦国伟.产权与矿难[J].理论界,2006,(10)：138-139.
[25]任光明.公用地的悲剧：山西矿难的深层次思考[J].市场周刊,2003,(10)：29-30.
[26]山西省统计局.山西省统计年鉴(2001-2010)[Z].北京：中国统计出版社,2001-2010.
[27]《世界煤炭工业发展报告》课题组.南非煤炭工业[J].煤炭科学技术,1999,(7)： 50-52.
[28]宋介燕.山西煤炭资源管理问题研究[D].太原：山西财经大学,2006.19-22.
[29]泰勒尔.产业组织理论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1997.222-225.
[30]王华清、肖国建.关于煤炭市场研究中数学模型的构建[J].煤炭经济研究,2009,(9)：25-26.
[31]王俊豪.现代产业经济学[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2003.47-59.
[32]卫民堂、张文军.规模经济的有效性[J].现代管理,2005,(6)：5-6.
[33]吴吟.煤炭产业竞争结构分析[J].中国煤炭,1998,(8)：7-13.
[34]夏大慰.产业经济学产业组织与公共政策：哈佛学派[J].外国经济与管理,1999,(8)：3-5.
[35]夏大慰.产业经济学产业组织与公共政策：芝加哥学派[J].外国经济与管理,1999,(9)：3-6.
[36]岳福斌.中国煤炭工业发展报告(2009)[R],北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.217-218.
[37]岳福斌,中国煤炭工业发展报告(2006-2010)[R],北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008.213-229.
[38]张米尔、邱邸国.从我国煤炭产业看产业组织低效率问题[J].经济理论与经济管理,2002,(1)：36-39.
[39]赵国浩、李君平.山西煤炭行业资源整合兼并探讨[J].中国管理科学,2009,(10)：560-564.
[40]赵加积、杨中.山西煤企整合重组的背后[N].中国工业报,2009-12-02(2).
[41][日]植草益.日本的产业组织——理论与实证的前言[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2000.33-45.
[42]Bain, J. S,1956, Barriers to New Competition, Harvard University Press.
[43]Martin Stephen,1998, Advanced Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishers Press.
[44]Demsetz, H,1973, "Industry Structure, market Rivalry, and Public Policy", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.16, Feb., PP 1-10.
[45]Timothy F.Bresnahan,1987, "Do Entry Conditions Vary across Market", Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Vol.3, Mar., PP 833-881.
[46]Hall, M., and Weiss, L.,1967, "Firm Size and Profitability", Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.49, PP 46-52
[47]Thomas, R.,2000, "Motivating Employees For Safety Success",Professional Safety, Vol.15, PP411-451.