不同质地土壤玄参生长发育及质量研究
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摘要
药用植物玄参为常见中药材,为根茎入药,生育主要分布浙江、安徽、江苏、福建、江西、湖南、贵州、陕西、重庆等地。近年来,随着中药产业化、现代化推进,玄参入药量日益增加,栽培面积日趋扩大,导致玄参的生境出现差异,从而影响其生长发育和有效成分的累积,进而导致入药质量差异。目前玄参人工种植技术方面的研究较少,针对土壤因子对玄参生长发育和有效成分含量影响的系统性研究更少。
本论文从栽培角度,选取影响玄参生长发育和成药的关键因子-不同质地土壤为入题点,配合栽培试验大田试验,农家管理,阐述了土壤质地对玄参生长过程中形态指标、生理指标、干物质积累和分配、营养物质吸收积累与动态转移,以及有效成分含量和玄参产量的影响,优选了玄参生长适宜的土壤质地,深入探讨了玄参的土壤适宜性,为不同质地土壤生境下玄参的质量控制与农业管理提供了建议,为GAP栽培与产业化发展奠定了基础。
本论文主要研究的内容与目的:
1.立足西南地域中、结合中高海拔长期玄参的栽培历史,先后通过一线栽培人员、科技特派员等对质地进行选取;结合实验室条件酸碱度、水分、容重、机械颗粒性质、质地、有机质、土壤全量的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁以及有效氮、磷、钾、钙、镁;土壤全量的铜、锌、铁、锰和有效铜、锌、铁、锰等指标的测定结果确定了西南高山地域主要用于栽培的3类土壤,5类生境质地,并依此依据布置大田试验。
2.对不同质地生境下玄参的各生育期的株高、主茎基粗、主茎鲜干重、一级分茎数目、鲜干重、主茎叶数目及鲜干重,分茎叶的数目及鲜干重,稳定叶的数目及鲜干重,叶面积及叶绿素含量,块根的数目、长粗及鲜干重、子芽的数目及鲜干重、芦头的长及鲜干重、须根的长及鲜干重等指标进行获取(通过定株测量兼定期采样方式),并对上述植株各个器官不同生长期的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、铁、锰等营养元素的含量进行检测,旨以全面评定玄参的生长发育、质地土壤的适应性、最佳采收、最佳产量获取以及质量的保证提供坚定依据和保障。
3.对不同质地土壤生长发育的玄参块根,进行水分、灰分、浸出物及有效成分(哈巴俄苷、麦角甾苷、安格洛苷C、肉桂酸)含量检测,并结合不同质地土壤玄参的适宜性对其质量优劣进行评定,以此评定和指导玄参的高产栽培实践合GAP发展。
本论文研究主要结论:
通过对玄参不同质地土壤生长发育的适应性研究,确定了石灰岩类重壤酸性(PH:5.29)砂粉质土壤为最宜玄参高山生长土质类型,石灰岩类砂粉质、黄土中壤粉砂质为较宜适应类型。
通过对不同质地玄参生长发育形态学、栽培学研究,界定了高山玄参生长发育的主要生育期,了解了干物质积累动态变化、养分的动态吸收累积等规律,体现了3月～5月28日为苗期,株高特征指数为19.9cm,6月1日～8月15日为分枝拔节初期(6月出现分枝),株高特征指数为19.9～88.10cm;8月16月～8月28日为分枝盛期,株高特征指数为88.10～118.54cm;8月28月～9月14日为分枝后期,(子芽出现)株高特征指数为118.54～128.17cm;9月15日～9月28日为花枝出蕾期(花枝出现),株高特征指数为128.17～133.81cm;9月28日～11月为回苗采收期,植高特征指数为138.81～140.17cm等具体生长发育特点。
得出了玄参高山栽培以2～3月播种为宜,此期以有机肥、氮磷钾肥、钙镁钾铜锌铁等肥投入为主,增加对低温调节力度度、肥水的管理力度;3～5月加强对杂草的田间管理,6～8月增加对氮钾肥的投入、增进杂草的管理力度,特别强调对纹枯病、黑斑病等病害的防治;9～10月加强对磷、钾肥的施用,控制氮的后期用量,加强回苗枯萎期的采收与营养生长调控,确保玄参成药产量与质量最优化,提供可行的农艺措施。
由此,在玄参生长发育质地的差异背景下,获得了玄参生育特点的特征性,掌握了玄参生长发育的时效性,确定了成药经济部位形成的最优性,共同构成了玄参栽培条件下玄参生药发育与质量的优化模式,对不同质地玄参生长发育与栽培、质量控制、引种驯化提供了思路与参考。
The Chinese medicinal plant-Radix Scrophulariae,mainly distributes in Zhejiang,Anhui, Jiangsu,Fujian,Jiangxi,Hunan,Guizhou,Shanxi,Chongqing such as places.In recent years,along with the industrial production and modernized advancement of the traditional Chinese medicine, Radix Scrophulariae,as the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.,its demand increases day by day with its cultivation territory and the cultivated area.
Following the growth,development dissimilarity of Radix Scrophulariae on different cultivation territory,its corresponding quality,effective component content and accumulation exist biggish difference.The research in this paper,we took the medicinal plant-Radix Serophulariae (Scrophularia ningpocnsis Hemsl.) as the object of study,used the cultivation experiment,selected the different experimental field soil,adopted the lama management of large field,carried on the synchronized monitor of its development under different soil condition,and executed the contrastive analysis of its growth,development,physiological characteristic,medication spot,effective component content,as well as the accumulation situation and so on,in order to provide more systematical theory basis and data support for AP cultivation and the quality rating of Radix Scrophulariae under the different soil condition.
In this paper,the main content and purpose of the study are as follows:
1.According to the geographical environment of experimental area and the cultivation history of Radix Scrophulariae,we selected nine experimental fields for the cultivation condition.The first choice of selection method was to adopt the cultivation staff and the local science and technology technical personnel carrying on the macroscopic preliminary designation;Once more,to sample the soil in different time and carry on the determination of its potential of hydrogen,the moisture content,the bulk specific gravity,mechanical pellet elements and nature,quality of material,organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium as well as copper,zinc,iron,manganese such as elements, combining with its determination target,growth target,development situation in different time as well as target conditions of its major and trace elements,carrying on the classification and determination of the electoral district experimental field,we fixed on the type of cultivation experiment land finally.
2.To sample and handle Radix Scrophulariae in each growth periods regularly,latter monitor the nitrogen,the phosphorus,the potassium such as major element of each growth spot, simultaneously exam copper,the zinc,the iron,the manganese and such as trace element in various soils,times and material spots,carry on the comparative analysis to the determination target,we have determined the best growth type for Radix Scrophulariae in various experimental fields and obtained the quite comprehensive knowledge and understanding of its growth and development.
3.Through examining the root of Radix Scrophulariae in different soil in different times,we carried on the general quality detection and the appraisal to Radix Scrophulariae separately, including the moisture content,the ash,the extractives and HPLC content contrastive analysis of the effect ingredient.We carried on the comprehensive nature appraisal of its growth and development in different soil to the determination result,by this instructing cultivation and practice. In this paper,the main conclusion of the study is as follows:
1.Through the sample determination of the southwest region mountain cultivation soil,we know that the southwest region Chongqing section,the Radix Scrophulariae cultivation soil type divides into three kinds,two great particle sizes,five big quality of material soil category,namely limestone,yellow soil,purple ochre three kinds;loam,heavy loam two kind of particle size types and emery powder nature,powder nature,powder sandy,granulated substance mucilage,sandy five idioplasms.This soil is meta-acid,the acidity(pH 4.55～5.29) in overall performance;The moisture content performance is the high elevation region watery(localization value 18.81%～22.32%);it displays the experimental field high curing degree in the soil bulk specific gravity(localization value 0.05～49.07 g·cm~(-3)).The soil which includes many organic matters(1.76～3.02%) and good structure is suitable for the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophularia.
2.To monitor the sample of Radix Scrophulariae regularly,the synthesis regular examination of its own element as well as other chlorophyll content,the adult plant target,we took the superiority land parcel which favor the growth of Radix Scrophularia as representatives.We confirmed the effective calcium content,the soil maturation,pH to be highest,high nitrogen,potassium, magnesium,calcium,high moisture content,high organic archery target,the heavy loam emery powder nature limestone class soil which is suitable for the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophulariae.On the contrary regarding,high manganese,low pH value,heavy loam powder nature class soil,although not too favoring the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophulariae as a whole,but we may consider the new research and innovation to the soil being suitable for Radix Scrophulariae under the cultivation measure and the agronomy method.
3.To carry on the quality determination to the medicine root of Radix Scrophulariae in different soil and month,its result satisfied the quality and soil relevant variance analysis,and the fit and unfit quality sufficiency conformed to five broad heading soil difference attribute,namely:the first kind is a limestone class,heavy loam emery powder nature,high nitrogen,potassium,magnesium,calcium, high moisture content,high organic matter,high curing soil;Simultaneously it surpassed the powder sandy type,loam high phosphorus,low potassium,low calcium of the fourth kind;Next,it surpassed high manganese,low pH value and heavy loam of the second kind;Once more,it surpassed heavy soil granulated substance class,yellow soil high potassium,copper,low nitrogen,phosphorus, manganese content,the organic archery target of third-order;In finally it surpassed the loam sandy class,purple ochre high zinc,low calcium,low organic archery target of the fifth kind.It has manifested the quality suitability soil selectivity of Radix Scrophulariae,and conformed to original intention and the goal of the experiment.
From this,it has provided the development selectivity,growth effectiveness,prepared medicine spot relevance for Radix Scrophulariae which constituted its cultivation growth pattern together.It also provided the mentality and the reference for the ecology and the quality research of Radix Scrophulariae.
本论文从栽培角度,选取影响玄参生长发育和成药的关键因子-不同质地土壤为入题点,配合栽培试验大田试验,农家管理,阐述了土壤质地对玄参生长过程中形态指标、生理指标、干物质积累和分配、营养物质吸收积累与动态转移,以及有效成分含量和玄参产量的影响,优选了玄参生长适宜的土壤质地,深入探讨了玄参的土壤适宜性,为不同质地土壤生境下玄参的质量控制与农业管理提供了建议,为GAP栽培与产业化发展奠定了基础。
本论文主要研究的内容与目的:
1.立足西南地域中、结合中高海拔长期玄参的栽培历史,先后通过一线栽培人员、科技特派员等对质地进行选取;结合实验室条件酸碱度、水分、容重、机械颗粒性质、质地、有机质、土壤全量的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁以及有效氮、磷、钾、钙、镁;土壤全量的铜、锌、铁、锰和有效铜、锌、铁、锰等指标的测定结果确定了西南高山地域主要用于栽培的3类土壤,5类生境质地,并依此依据布置大田试验。
2.对不同质地生境下玄参的各生育期的株高、主茎基粗、主茎鲜干重、一级分茎数目、鲜干重、主茎叶数目及鲜干重,分茎叶的数目及鲜干重,稳定叶的数目及鲜干重,叶面积及叶绿素含量,块根的数目、长粗及鲜干重、子芽的数目及鲜干重、芦头的长及鲜干重、须根的长及鲜干重等指标进行获取(通过定株测量兼定期采样方式),并对上述植株各个器官不同生长期的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、铁、锰等营养元素的含量进行检测,旨以全面评定玄参的生长发育、质地土壤的适应性、最佳采收、最佳产量获取以及质量的保证提供坚定依据和保障。
3.对不同质地土壤生长发育的玄参块根,进行水分、灰分、浸出物及有效成分(哈巴俄苷、麦角甾苷、安格洛苷C、肉桂酸)含量检测,并结合不同质地土壤玄参的适宜性对其质量优劣进行评定,以此评定和指导玄参的高产栽培实践合GAP发展。
本论文研究主要结论:
通过对玄参不同质地土壤生长发育的适应性研究,确定了石灰岩类重壤酸性(PH:5.29)砂粉质土壤为最宜玄参高山生长土质类型,石灰岩类砂粉质、黄土中壤粉砂质为较宜适应类型。
通过对不同质地玄参生长发育形态学、栽培学研究,界定了高山玄参生长发育的主要生育期,了解了干物质积累动态变化、养分的动态吸收累积等规律,体现了3月～5月28日为苗期,株高特征指数为19.9cm,6月1日～8月15日为分枝拔节初期(6月出现分枝),株高特征指数为19.9～88.10cm;8月16月～8月28日为分枝盛期,株高特征指数为88.10～118.54cm;8月28月～9月14日为分枝后期,(子芽出现)株高特征指数为118.54～128.17cm;9月15日～9月28日为花枝出蕾期(花枝出现),株高特征指数为128.17～133.81cm;9月28日～11月为回苗采收期,植高特征指数为138.81～140.17cm等具体生长发育特点。
得出了玄参高山栽培以2～3月播种为宜,此期以有机肥、氮磷钾肥、钙镁钾铜锌铁等肥投入为主,增加对低温调节力度度、肥水的管理力度;3～5月加强对杂草的田间管理,6～8月增加对氮钾肥的投入、增进杂草的管理力度,特别强调对纹枯病、黑斑病等病害的防治;9～10月加强对磷、钾肥的施用,控制氮的后期用量,加强回苗枯萎期的采收与营养生长调控,确保玄参成药产量与质量最优化,提供可行的农艺措施。
由此,在玄参生长发育质地的差异背景下,获得了玄参生育特点的特征性,掌握了玄参生长发育的时效性,确定了成药经济部位形成的最优性,共同构成了玄参栽培条件下玄参生药发育与质量的优化模式,对不同质地玄参生长发育与栽培、质量控制、引种驯化提供了思路与参考。
The Chinese medicinal plant-Radix Scrophulariae,mainly distributes in Zhejiang,Anhui, Jiangsu,Fujian,Jiangxi,Hunan,Guizhou,Shanxi,Chongqing such as places.In recent years,along with the industrial production and modernized advancement of the traditional Chinese medicine, Radix Scrophulariae,as the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.,its demand increases day by day with its cultivation territory and the cultivated area.
Following the growth,development dissimilarity of Radix Scrophulariae on different cultivation territory,its corresponding quality,effective component content and accumulation exist biggish difference.The research in this paper,we took the medicinal plant-Radix Serophulariae (Scrophularia ningpocnsis Hemsl.) as the object of study,used the cultivation experiment,selected the different experimental field soil,adopted the lama management of large field,carried on the synchronized monitor of its development under different soil condition,and executed the contrastive analysis of its growth,development,physiological characteristic,medication spot,effective component content,as well as the accumulation situation and so on,in order to provide more systematical theory basis and data support for AP cultivation and the quality rating of Radix Scrophulariae under the different soil condition.
In this paper,the main content and purpose of the study are as follows:
1.According to the geographical environment of experimental area and the cultivation history of Radix Scrophulariae,we selected nine experimental fields for the cultivation condition.The first choice of selection method was to adopt the cultivation staff and the local science and technology technical personnel carrying on the macroscopic preliminary designation;Once more,to sample the soil in different time and carry on the determination of its potential of hydrogen,the moisture content,the bulk specific gravity,mechanical pellet elements and nature,quality of material,organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium as well as copper,zinc,iron,manganese such as elements, combining with its determination target,growth target,development situation in different time as well as target conditions of its major and trace elements,carrying on the classification and determination of the electoral district experimental field,we fixed on the type of cultivation experiment land finally.
2.To sample and handle Radix Scrophulariae in each growth periods regularly,latter monitor the nitrogen,the phosphorus,the potassium such as major element of each growth spot, simultaneously exam copper,the zinc,the iron,the manganese and such as trace element in various soils,times and material spots,carry on the comparative analysis to the determination target,we have determined the best growth type for Radix Scrophulariae in various experimental fields and obtained the quite comprehensive knowledge and understanding of its growth and development.
3.Through examining the root of Radix Scrophulariae in different soil in different times,we carried on the general quality detection and the appraisal to Radix Scrophulariae separately, including the moisture content,the ash,the extractives and HPLC content contrastive analysis of the effect ingredient.We carried on the comprehensive nature appraisal of its growth and development in different soil to the determination result,by this instructing cultivation and practice. In this paper,the main conclusion of the study is as follows:
1.Through the sample determination of the southwest region mountain cultivation soil,we know that the southwest region Chongqing section,the Radix Scrophulariae cultivation soil type divides into three kinds,two great particle sizes,five big quality of material soil category,namely limestone,yellow soil,purple ochre three kinds;loam,heavy loam two kind of particle size types and emery powder nature,powder nature,powder sandy,granulated substance mucilage,sandy five idioplasms.This soil is meta-acid,the acidity(pH 4.55～5.29) in overall performance;The moisture content performance is the high elevation region watery(localization value 18.81%～22.32%);it displays the experimental field high curing degree in the soil bulk specific gravity(localization value 0.05～49.07 g·cm~(-3)).The soil which includes many organic matters(1.76～3.02%) and good structure is suitable for the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophularia.
2.To monitor the sample of Radix Scrophulariae regularly,the synthesis regular examination of its own element as well as other chlorophyll content,the adult plant target,we took the superiority land parcel which favor the growth of Radix Scrophularia as representatives.We confirmed the effective calcium content,the soil maturation,pH to be highest,high nitrogen,potassium, magnesium,calcium,high moisture content,high organic archery target,the heavy loam emery powder nature limestone class soil which is suitable for the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophulariae.On the contrary regarding,high manganese,low pH value,heavy loam powder nature class soil,although not too favoring the growth and cultivation of Radix Scrophulariae as a whole,but we may consider the new research and innovation to the soil being suitable for Radix Scrophulariae under the cultivation measure and the agronomy method.
3.To carry on the quality determination to the medicine root of Radix Scrophulariae in different soil and month,its result satisfied the quality and soil relevant variance analysis,and the fit and unfit quality sufficiency conformed to five broad heading soil difference attribute,namely:the first kind is a limestone class,heavy loam emery powder nature,high nitrogen,potassium,magnesium,calcium, high moisture content,high organic matter,high curing soil;Simultaneously it surpassed the powder sandy type,loam high phosphorus,low potassium,low calcium of the fourth kind;Next,it surpassed high manganese,low pH value and heavy loam of the second kind;Once more,it surpassed heavy soil granulated substance class,yellow soil high potassium,copper,low nitrogen,phosphorus, manganese content,the organic archery target of third-order;In finally it surpassed the loam sandy class,purple ochre high zinc,low calcium,low organic archery target of the fifth kind.It has manifested the quality suitability soil selectivity of Radix Scrophulariae,and conformed to original intention and the goal of the experiment.
From this,it has provided the development selectivity,growth effectiveness,prepared medicine spot relevance for Radix Scrophulariae which constituted its cultivation growth pattern together.It also provided the mentality and the reference for the ecology and the quality research of Radix Scrophulariae.
引文
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