四川几种道地药材根际土壤真菌的初步研究
|
摘要
本文对采自中江药材种植基地、都江堰川芎种植基地、雅安四川农业大学药植园和二郎山川牛膝种植基地共41个土样,采用稀释平板法分别对4个区域的根际土壤真菌进行了分离计数和初步鉴定。根据真菌的数量、种群及其分布,研究药用植物根际土壤真菌的物种多样性。还分析了中江地区根际土壤真菌在拮抗病原菌方面的潜在能力。
4个区域不同样点的土壤真菌总数存在较大差异。总体表现为都江堰(2.36×10~4cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞川农药植园(2.21×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞中江(1.82×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞二郎山(1.29×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)。
同一区域不同栽培方式下药用植物根际土壤真菌数量差异较大。中江区域内混合种植根际土壤真菌数量极显著高于其他三种种植方式,连作与轮作间差异显著,轮作与连作显著高于单一种植;都江堰地区混合种植下根际真菌数量极显著高于单一种植,显著高于连作,轮作与连作间不显著,轮作与连作显著高于单一种植;二郎山地区混合种植下根际真菌数量极显著高于单一种植和连作,与轮作不显著,轮作极显著高于连作,连作和轮作差异不显著;川农药植园混合种植极显著高于单一种植。
同一区域下,中江区域丹参根际真菌数量极显著高于白芍和柴胡,显著高于当归;川农药植园附子根际真菌数量极显著高于丹参、川牛膝、麦冬、当归,显著高高于白芷、川芎,与鱼腥草显著不明显。
对4个区域共计41个样点的根际土壤真菌进行分离,共获得597株真菌,经鉴定表明,区域土壤真菌种群多样性丰富,霉菌共鉴定出26个属。其中中江地区21个属、都江堰17个属、二郎山23个属、川农药植园21个属,分布范围较为广泛的为青霉(Penicillium spp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium spp.)、轮枝孢属(Verticillum sp.)和毛霉(Mucor spp.)。
不同地区根际土壤真菌多样性存在较大差异。多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(D)中江地区分别为1.8702±0.1011、0.9365±0.0169、0.1883±0.0512;都江堰地区分别为1.7793±0.3977、0.9433±0.0217、0.2102±0.0593;二郎山多分别为1.7797±0.4110、0.9223±0.0719、0.1990±0.1052;川农药植园分别为1.5972±0.0810、0.9130±0.0391、0.1990±0.0173。
同一区域不同植物的根际微生物数量以从丹参根际分离的土壤真菌物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数(E)最好,其次是川牛膝与川芎,白芷群落多样性处于最低。
同一区域下轮作与混合种植物种丰富度(S)与Pielou均匀度指数优于单一种植和连作,在轮作与混合种植下采集的根际土样中分离得到的各类真菌种类较多且分布较均匀。
从中江区域根际土壤中分离的木霉菌株,经过菌丝生长速度测定、对峙培养、代谢产物的拮抗性试验等初步筛选,获得对Rhizoctonia solan拮抗效果较好的菌株T17,鉴定为黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride),其代谢产物的抑制率达70.97%。
41 rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the medicinal plantations of Zhongjiang(main Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge),Dujiangyan(main Rhizoma Chuanxiong), Er'lang Mountain(main Radix cyathulae) and Sichuan Agricultural University.Soil fungi were determined with the dilution plate technique and identified based on morphologic characters.The study was undertaken to evaluate the quantities,communities and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi of medicinal plants.In addition,the biocontrol potential of soil fungi to pathogen was also determined.
There was great difference in different soil samples of 4 regions.The quantities of rhizosphere fungi were as follows:the Dujiangyan medicinal plant base(2.36×10~4cfu·g~(-1) cfu·g~(-1)dry soil)＞the Sichuan Agricultural University medicinal plant base (2.21×10~4cfu·g~(-1) dry soil)＞the Zhongjiang medicinal plant base(1.82×10~4 cfu·g~(-1) dry soil)＞the Er'lang Mountain medicinal plant base(1.29×104cfu·g~(-1)dry soil).
There was great difference in different planting measures in quantities of rhizosphere fungi in identical region.In the Zhongjiang medicinal plant base,fungi in the mixed planting condition was extremely remarkable higher than in other ways,and there is remarkable difference between the continuous cropping and the crop rotation.Both the continuous cropping and the crop rotation is remarkable higher than the monoculture.In the Dujiangyan medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than he monoculture,and it is remarkable higher than the continuous cropping.Both the continuous cropping and the crop rotation is remarkable higher than the monoculture.In the Er'lang Mountain medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than the continuous cropping and the monoculture.The crop rotation is extremely remarkable higher than the continuous cropping.In Sichuan Agriculture University medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than the monoculture.
Under the identical region,the quantities of rhizosphere fungi of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is extremely remarkable higher than Paeonia lactiflora Pall and Bupleurum chinense DC.,and it's remarkable higher than Angelica silvestris;In Sichuan agricultural chemicals plant base,the rhizosphere fungi quantity of Radix aconiti lateralis prepapata is extremely remarkable higher than Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,Radix cyathulae,Ophiopogon japonicus and Angelica silvestris,and it's obviously remarkable higher than Angelica and Ligusticum,but it wasn't remarkable to Houttuynia cordata thunb.
A total of 597 fungi isolates were obtained in 4 regions.Among these isolates,26 fungal genera were identified.21,17,23,21 fungal genera were found in Zhongjiang,Dujiangyan, Er'lang Mountain and Sichuan Agricultural University,respectively.Among these genera, Penicillium spp.,Trichoderma spp.,Aspergillus spp.,Cladosporium spp.,Verticillum sp.and Mucor spp.were isolated more frequently.
Fungi diversity had a great difference in different regions.Shannon-wiener's diversity (H'),Pielou's evenness(E) and dominance index(D) of Zhongjiang were 61.8702±0.1011, 0.9365±0.0169 and 0.1883±0.0512,respectively.Those of Dujianyan were 61.7793±0.3977,0.9433±0.0217 and 0.2102±0.0593,respectively.Those of Er'lang Mountain were 1.7797±0.4110,0.9223±0.0719 and 0.1990±0.1052,respectively.Those of dujianyan were 1.5972±0.0810,0.9130±0.0391,0.1990±0.0173,respectively.
Fungi diversity had a great difference in plant different rhizosphere in the identical region.Abundance(S),Shannon-wiener's diversity(H') and Pielou's evenness(E) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were the best,and the next is in Radix cyathulae and Rhizoma Chuanxiong,and Baizhi's diversity was the lowest.
In the same region,abundance(S) and Pielou's evenness(E) of fungi under crop rotation and mixed planting's were higher than under the monoculture and the continuous cropping.Groups of fungi which were determined from the rhizosphere soil sample under crop rotation and mixed planting were rich and their distribution also even.
33 isolates of Trichoderma spp.collected from the soil were used to screen the antagonist against Rhizoctonia solani.The results showed that Strain T17(Trichoderma aureoviride) had the ability to suppress R.solani,the inhibition percent of metabolites was 70.97%.
4个区域不同样点的土壤真菌总数存在较大差异。总体表现为都江堰(2.36×10~4cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞川农药植园(2.21×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞中江(1.82×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)＞二郎山(1.29×10~4 cfu·g~(-1)干土)。
同一区域不同栽培方式下药用植物根际土壤真菌数量差异较大。中江区域内混合种植根际土壤真菌数量极显著高于其他三种种植方式,连作与轮作间差异显著,轮作与连作显著高于单一种植;都江堰地区混合种植下根际真菌数量极显著高于单一种植,显著高于连作,轮作与连作间不显著,轮作与连作显著高于单一种植;二郎山地区混合种植下根际真菌数量极显著高于单一种植和连作,与轮作不显著,轮作极显著高于连作,连作和轮作差异不显著;川农药植园混合种植极显著高于单一种植。
同一区域下,中江区域丹参根际真菌数量极显著高于白芍和柴胡,显著高于当归;川农药植园附子根际真菌数量极显著高于丹参、川牛膝、麦冬、当归,显著高高于白芷、川芎,与鱼腥草显著不明显。
对4个区域共计41个样点的根际土壤真菌进行分离,共获得597株真菌,经鉴定表明,区域土壤真菌种群多样性丰富,霉菌共鉴定出26个属。其中中江地区21个属、都江堰17个属、二郎山23个属、川农药植园21个属,分布范围较为广泛的为青霉(Penicillium spp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium spp.)、轮枝孢属(Verticillum sp.)和毛霉(Mucor spp.)。
不同地区根际土壤真菌多样性存在较大差异。多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(D)中江地区分别为1.8702±0.1011、0.9365±0.0169、0.1883±0.0512;都江堰地区分别为1.7793±0.3977、0.9433±0.0217、0.2102±0.0593;二郎山多分别为1.7797±0.4110、0.9223±0.0719、0.1990±0.1052;川农药植园分别为1.5972±0.0810、0.9130±0.0391、0.1990±0.0173。
同一区域不同植物的根际微生物数量以从丹参根际分离的土壤真菌物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数(E)最好,其次是川牛膝与川芎,白芷群落多样性处于最低。
同一区域下轮作与混合种植物种丰富度(S)与Pielou均匀度指数优于单一种植和连作,在轮作与混合种植下采集的根际土样中分离得到的各类真菌种类较多且分布较均匀。
从中江区域根际土壤中分离的木霉菌株,经过菌丝生长速度测定、对峙培养、代谢产物的拮抗性试验等初步筛选,获得对Rhizoctonia solan拮抗效果较好的菌株T17,鉴定为黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride),其代谢产物的抑制率达70.97%。
41 rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the medicinal plantations of Zhongjiang(main Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge),Dujiangyan(main Rhizoma Chuanxiong), Er'lang Mountain(main Radix cyathulae) and Sichuan Agricultural University.Soil fungi were determined with the dilution plate technique and identified based on morphologic characters.The study was undertaken to evaluate the quantities,communities and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi of medicinal plants.In addition,the biocontrol potential of soil fungi to pathogen was also determined.
There was great difference in different soil samples of 4 regions.The quantities of rhizosphere fungi were as follows:the Dujiangyan medicinal plant base(2.36×10~4cfu·g~(-1) cfu·g~(-1)dry soil)＞the Sichuan Agricultural University medicinal plant base (2.21×10~4cfu·g~(-1) dry soil)＞the Zhongjiang medicinal plant base(1.82×10~4 cfu·g~(-1) dry soil)＞the Er'lang Mountain medicinal plant base(1.29×104cfu·g~(-1)dry soil).
There was great difference in different planting measures in quantities of rhizosphere fungi in identical region.In the Zhongjiang medicinal plant base,fungi in the mixed planting condition was extremely remarkable higher than in other ways,and there is remarkable difference between the continuous cropping and the crop rotation.Both the continuous cropping and the crop rotation is remarkable higher than the monoculture.In the Dujiangyan medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than he monoculture,and it is remarkable higher than the continuous cropping.Both the continuous cropping and the crop rotation is remarkable higher than the monoculture.In the Er'lang Mountain medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than the continuous cropping and the monoculture.The crop rotation is extremely remarkable higher than the continuous cropping.In Sichuan Agriculture University medicinal plant base,the mixed planting is extremely remarkable higher than the monoculture.
Under the identical region,the quantities of rhizosphere fungi of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is extremely remarkable higher than Paeonia lactiflora Pall and Bupleurum chinense DC.,and it's remarkable higher than Angelica silvestris;In Sichuan agricultural chemicals plant base,the rhizosphere fungi quantity of Radix aconiti lateralis prepapata is extremely remarkable higher than Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,Radix cyathulae,Ophiopogon japonicus and Angelica silvestris,and it's obviously remarkable higher than Angelica and Ligusticum,but it wasn't remarkable to Houttuynia cordata thunb.
A total of 597 fungi isolates were obtained in 4 regions.Among these isolates,26 fungal genera were identified.21,17,23,21 fungal genera were found in Zhongjiang,Dujiangyan, Er'lang Mountain and Sichuan Agricultural University,respectively.Among these genera, Penicillium spp.,Trichoderma spp.,Aspergillus spp.,Cladosporium spp.,Verticillum sp.and Mucor spp.were isolated more frequently.
Fungi diversity had a great difference in different regions.Shannon-wiener's diversity (H'),Pielou's evenness(E) and dominance index(D) of Zhongjiang were 61.8702±0.1011, 0.9365±0.0169 and 0.1883±0.0512,respectively.Those of Dujianyan were 61.7793±0.3977,0.9433±0.0217 and 0.2102±0.0593,respectively.Those of Er'lang Mountain were 1.7797±0.4110,0.9223±0.0719 and 0.1990±0.1052,respectively.Those of dujianyan were 1.5972±0.0810,0.9130±0.0391,0.1990±0.0173,respectively.
Fungi diversity had a great difference in plant different rhizosphere in the identical region.Abundance(S),Shannon-wiener's diversity(H') and Pielou's evenness(E) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were the best,and the next is in Radix cyathulae and Rhizoma Chuanxiong,and Baizhi's diversity was the lowest.
In the same region,abundance(S) and Pielou's evenness(E) of fungi under crop rotation and mixed planting's were higher than under the monoculture and the continuous cropping.Groups of fungi which were determined from the rhizosphere soil sample under crop rotation and mixed planting were rich and their distribution also even.
33 isolates of Trichoderma spp.collected from the soil were used to screen the antagonist against Rhizoctonia solani.The results showed that Strain T17(Trichoderma aureoviride) had the ability to suppress R.solani,the inhibition percent of metabolites was 70.97%.
引文
[1]肖培根.中药资源与西部大开发.中草药[J].2000.32(增刊):1.
[2]浙江省卫生局.浙江省栽培药用植物病虫害防治[M].1952.
[3]丁万隆主编,药用植物病虫害防治彩色图谱[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001,12.
[4]刘东明等,华南植物圆药用植物常见病害[J].中药材,2003,26(12):851-853.
[5]陆家云主编,药用植物病害[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1992.
[6]杨芳,徐秋芳.土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J].浙江林业科技,2002,22(6):39-41,55.
[7]肖辉林,郑习健.植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响[J].土壤与环境.2001,10(3):238-241.
[8]Domsch K H,Gams W.Compendium of Soil Fungi[M].Academic Press,1980.
[9]张薇 土壤微生物多样性及其环境影响因子研究进展[J].生态学杂志.2005,24(1):48-52
[10]张黎明等.大豆根系土壤中微生物的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技.2003,32(1):28-30
[11]熊顺贵.基础土壤学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2001,(1):61-62,70-71.
[12]Solbrig.From genes to ecosystems:a research agenda for biodiversity[A].Report of a IUBS-SCOPEUNESCO work-shop.The International Union of Biological Scienees[C],1991,Paris France:51 Boulevar dole Montmorenny.
[13]马克平,钱迎情.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[14]池振明.Microbiology Ecology[M].中国:山东大学出版社,1999.
[15]张晶等.土壤真菌多样性及分子生态学研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):37-41
[16]钟文辉,蔡祖聪.土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响研究进展[J].生物多样性,2004,12(4):456-465.
[17]Borneman J,Skroeh P W,O'Sullivan K M,et al.Molecular microbial diversity of an agricultural soil in Wisconsin[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(6):1935-1943.
[18]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社.1985.
[19]王书锦,胡江春,张宪武.新世纪中国土壤微生物学的展望[J].微生物学杂志,2002,22(1):36-39.
[20]龙健,黄昌勇,腾应,等.我国南方红壤矿山复垦土壤的微生物特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):126-128,132.
[21]杨海君.土壤微生物多样性及其作用研究进展[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,19(4):22-24.
[22]王献溥.生物多样性保护与利用的主要研究方向[A].中国科学院生物多样性研讨会会议录 [C],1990,18-26.
[23]蔡燕飞,廖宗文.土壤微生物生态学研究方法进展[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(2):167-17.
[24]余知和,庄文颖.中国热带粒毛盘菌属的物种多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(2):141-146.
[25]马克平.生物多样性的测度方法:Iα-多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.
[26]韩洁,张志南,于子山.渤海中、南部大型底栖动物物种多样性的研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(1):20-27.
[27]田永辉.不同树龄茶对根际固氮菌组成及多样性研究[J].福建茶叶,2000,3:19-21.
[28]田永辉.不同茶园群落茶树根际微生物群落生态特征[J].茶叶通讯,2001,2:24-28.
[29]蔡晓布,钱成,张元,等.西藏中部地区退化土壤秸秆还田的微生物变化特征及其影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):463-468.
[30]燕嗣皇 陆德清.三种杀菌剂对木霉和整齐小菌核及土壤主要微生物类群的影响[J].中国生物防治,1996,12(1):29-32.
[31]章家恩,刘文高,胡刚.不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(2):140-143.
[32]张萍,刀志灵,郭辉军,等.高黎贡山不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物数量和多样性的影响[J].云南植物研究,1999,(增刊Ⅺ):84-89.
[33]陈文新.土壤和环境微生物学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990,20-23.
[34]夏北成.植被对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):296-300
[35]Hartmann A,Schmid M,Wenzel W,et al.Rhizosphere 2004-Perspectives and Challenges- A Tribute to Lorenz Hiltner.Munich.Germany:2005:GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health
[36]Paul,Clark.Soil microbiology and Biochemistry[M].New York:Academic Press,1989.
[37]潘维旺,李景英,周启水,等.土壤微生物与森林环境因子关系初探[J].南昌水专学报,1998,17(4):38-41.
[38]Jan Dirk van Elsas,Paolina Garbeva,Joana Salles.Effects of agronomical measures on the microbial diversity of soils as related to the suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens[J].Biodegradation,2002,13:29-40.
[39]姜成林,徐丽华.微生物多样性及其保育[J].生物多样性,1997,5(4):276-280.
[40]尹睿,张华勇.保护地菜田与稻麦轮作田土壤微生物学特征的比较[J].植物营养与肥料学 报,2004,10(1):57-62.
[41]韩芳,邵玉琴.黄甫川流域不同土地利用方式下的土壤微生物多样性[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2003,4(3):298-303.
[42]陈灏,唐小树,林洁.不经培养的农田土壤微生物种群构成及系统分类的初步研究[J].微生物学报,2002,24(4):478-483.
[43]李仲强,谭周进,夏海,等.耕作制度对土壤微生物区系的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2001,2:24-25
[44]官会林等,三七种植土壤微生物类群动态与根腐病的关系[J].西南农业大学(自然科学版),2006,28(5):706-709.
[45]沈瑞清等.根际微生物与植物病害关系的研究进展[J].宁夏农业科技,2006.5:46-61.
[46]杨之为.荧光假单胞杆菌P2-5菌株对小麦全蚀病的抑制作用[J].植物保护,2004,30(4):32-34.
[47]张炳欣等.植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)作用机制的研究进展[J].微生物学杂志,2000,(1):38-41,44.
[48]曹福祥,戚佩坤.三七根腐病的病原菌鉴定[J].植物病理学报,1991,21(2):89-93.
[49]叶盛鹏,曾华兰.丹参根腐病及其微生物防治研究[J].世界科学技术-中医药现代化(中药材栽培),2003,5(2):63-65.
[50]Barak R,Elad Y,Mirelman D,et al.Lectins:a possible basis for specific recognition in the interaction of Trichoderma and Sclerotium rolfsii[J].Phytopathology,1985-75(4):458-462.
[51]Elad Y,Chet I,Boyle P.Parasitism of Trichoderma spp.on Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii-scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy[J].Phytopathology,1983,73(1):85-88.
[52]单丽波,贾旭,周青,等.几丁质酶及其在真菌基因工程中的应用[J].生物工程进展,1998,18(3):37-39.
[53]冯峻丽,朱旭芬.微生物几丁质酶的分子生物学研究[J].浙江大学学报,2004,30(1):102-108.
[54]Dennis C,Webster J.Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma.Ⅱ.Production of volatile antibiotics[J].Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1971,57:41-48.
[55]朱天辉,邱德勋.Ttrichoderma harzianum对Rhizoctonia solani的抗生现象[J].四川农业大学学报,1994,12(1):11-15.
[56]Yedidia I,Benhamou N,Kapulnik Y,et al.Induction and accumulation of PR proteins activity during early stages of root colonization by the mycoparasite Trichoderma harzianum strain T-203[J].Plant Physiology Biochemistry,2000,38(11):863-873.
[57]张旭东,刘云龙,张中义.木霉生防菌对植物生长的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2001,16(4):299-303,312.
[58]焦踪,路炳声.康氏木霉制剂对棉花和菜豆幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响[J].中国生物防治,1995,11(1):30-32.
[59]Yedidia I,Srivastva A K,Kapulnik Y,et al.Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on microelement concentrations and increased growth of cucumber plants[J].Plant and Soil,2001,235(2):235-242.
[60]陈文瑞.木霉培养物防治温床番茄幼苗猝倒病的研究[J].植物保护,1990,16(6):26.
[61]李卫平,林福呈.绿色木霉对蔬菜苗期病害的防治和促生作用[J].浙江农业学报,2000,12(2):106-107.
[62]Prasad R D,Rangeshwaran R,Hegde S V,et al.Effect of soil and seed application of Trichoderma harzianum on pigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum under field conditions[J].Crop protection,2002,21(4):293-297.
[63]Nemec S,Datnoff L E,Strandberg J.Efficacy of biocontrol agents in planting mixes to colonize plant roots and control root diseases of vegetable and citrus[J].Crop Protection.1996.15(8):735-742.
[64]Elad Y.Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action[J].Crop Protection,2000,19(8/10):709-714.
[65]Elad Y.Trichoderma harzianum T39 preparation for bioeontrol of plant diseases control of Botrytis cinerea,Sclerotinia selerotiorum and Cladosporium fulvum[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2000,10(4):499-507.
[66]王艳丽,徐同.哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究[J].植物保护学报,2000,27(2):97-101.
[67]张广志,文成敬.木霉对玉米纹枯病的生物防治[J].植物保护学报,2005,32(4):353-356.
[68]孙广宇,宗兆峰主编,植物病理学实验技术[M],北京:中国农业出版社.2002.7
[69]方中达(第三版).植病研究法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[70]黄秀梨主编.微生物学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998.
[71]范秀容,李广武,沈平.微生物学实验(第二版)[M].北京:北京高等教育出版社.1989:315-316
[72]魏景超.真菌鉴定手册[M].上海:科学技术出版社,1979.
[73]巴尼特等.半知菌属图解[M].北京:科学出版社,1977.
[2]浙江省卫生局.浙江省栽培药用植物病虫害防治[M].1952.
[3]丁万隆主编,药用植物病虫害防治彩色图谱[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001,12.
[4]刘东明等,华南植物圆药用植物常见病害[J].中药材,2003,26(12):851-853.
[5]陆家云主编,药用植物病害[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1992.
[6]杨芳,徐秋芳.土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J].浙江林业科技,2002,22(6):39-41,55.
[7]肖辉林,郑习健.植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响[J].土壤与环境.2001,10(3):238-241.
[8]Domsch K H,Gams W.Compendium of Soil Fungi[M].Academic Press,1980.
[9]张薇 土壤微生物多样性及其环境影响因子研究进展[J].生态学杂志.2005,24(1):48-52
[10]张黎明等.大豆根系土壤中微生物的初步研究[J].吉林林业科技.2003,32(1):28-30
[11]熊顺贵.基础土壤学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2001,(1):61-62,70-71.
[12]Solbrig.From genes to ecosystems:a research agenda for biodiversity[A].Report of a IUBS-SCOPEUNESCO work-shop.The International Union of Biological Scienees[C],1991,Paris France:51 Boulevar dole Montmorenny.
[13]马克平,钱迎情.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[14]池振明.Microbiology Ecology[M].中国:山东大学出版社,1999.
[15]张晶等.土壤真菌多样性及分子生态学研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):37-41
[16]钟文辉,蔡祖聪.土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响研究进展[J].生物多样性,2004,12(4):456-465.
[17]Borneman J,Skroeh P W,O'Sullivan K M,et al.Molecular microbial diversity of an agricultural soil in Wisconsin[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1996,62(6):1935-1943.
[18]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社.1985.
[19]王书锦,胡江春,张宪武.新世纪中国土壤微生物学的展望[J].微生物学杂志,2002,22(1):36-39.
[20]龙健,黄昌勇,腾应,等.我国南方红壤矿山复垦土壤的微生物特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):126-128,132.
[21]杨海君.土壤微生物多样性及其作用研究进展[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,19(4):22-24.
[22]王献溥.生物多样性保护与利用的主要研究方向[A].中国科学院生物多样性研讨会会议录 [C],1990,18-26.
[23]蔡燕飞,廖宗文.土壤微生物生态学研究方法进展[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(2):167-17.
[24]余知和,庄文颖.中国热带粒毛盘菌属的物种多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(2):141-146.
[25]马克平.生物多样性的测度方法:Iα-多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.
[26]韩洁,张志南,于子山.渤海中、南部大型底栖动物物种多样性的研究[J].生物多样性,2003,11(1):20-27.
[27]田永辉.不同树龄茶对根际固氮菌组成及多样性研究[J].福建茶叶,2000,3:19-21.
[28]田永辉.不同茶园群落茶树根际微生物群落生态特征[J].茶叶通讯,2001,2:24-28.
[29]蔡晓布,钱成,张元,等.西藏中部地区退化土壤秸秆还田的微生物变化特征及其影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):463-468.
[30]燕嗣皇 陆德清.三种杀菌剂对木霉和整齐小菌核及土壤主要微生物类群的影响[J].中国生物防治,1996,12(1):29-32.
[31]章家恩,刘文高,胡刚.不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(2):140-143.
[32]张萍,刀志灵,郭辉军,等.高黎贡山不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物数量和多样性的影响[J].云南植物研究,1999,(增刊Ⅺ):84-89.
[33]陈文新.土壤和环境微生物学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990,20-23.
[34]夏北成.植被对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):296-300
[35]Hartmann A,Schmid M,Wenzel W,et al.Rhizosphere 2004-Perspectives and Challenges- A Tribute to Lorenz Hiltner.Munich.Germany:2005:GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health
[36]Paul,Clark.Soil microbiology and Biochemistry[M].New York:Academic Press,1989.
[37]潘维旺,李景英,周启水,等.土壤微生物与森林环境因子关系初探[J].南昌水专学报,1998,17(4):38-41.
[38]Jan Dirk van Elsas,Paolina Garbeva,Joana Salles.Effects of agronomical measures on the microbial diversity of soils as related to the suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens[J].Biodegradation,2002,13:29-40.
[39]姜成林,徐丽华.微生物多样性及其保育[J].生物多样性,1997,5(4):276-280.
[40]尹睿,张华勇.保护地菜田与稻麦轮作田土壤微生物学特征的比较[J].植物营养与肥料学 报,2004,10(1):57-62.
[41]韩芳,邵玉琴.黄甫川流域不同土地利用方式下的土壤微生物多样性[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2003,4(3):298-303.
[42]陈灏,唐小树,林洁.不经培养的农田土壤微生物种群构成及系统分类的初步研究[J].微生物学报,2002,24(4):478-483.
[43]李仲强,谭周进,夏海,等.耕作制度对土壤微生物区系的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2001,2:24-25
[44]官会林等,三七种植土壤微生物类群动态与根腐病的关系[J].西南农业大学(自然科学版),2006,28(5):706-709.
[45]沈瑞清等.根际微生物与植物病害关系的研究进展[J].宁夏农业科技,2006.5:46-61.
[46]杨之为.荧光假单胞杆菌P2-5菌株对小麦全蚀病的抑制作用[J].植物保护,2004,30(4):32-34.
[47]张炳欣等.植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)作用机制的研究进展[J].微生物学杂志,2000,(1):38-41,44.
[48]曹福祥,戚佩坤.三七根腐病的病原菌鉴定[J].植物病理学报,1991,21(2):89-93.
[49]叶盛鹏,曾华兰.丹参根腐病及其微生物防治研究[J].世界科学技术-中医药现代化(中药材栽培),2003,5(2):63-65.
[50]Barak R,Elad Y,Mirelman D,et al.Lectins:a possible basis for specific recognition in the interaction of Trichoderma and Sclerotium rolfsii[J].Phytopathology,1985-75(4):458-462.
[51]Elad Y,Chet I,Boyle P.Parasitism of Trichoderma spp.on Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii-scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy[J].Phytopathology,1983,73(1):85-88.
[52]单丽波,贾旭,周青,等.几丁质酶及其在真菌基因工程中的应用[J].生物工程进展,1998,18(3):37-39.
[53]冯峻丽,朱旭芬.微生物几丁质酶的分子生物学研究[J].浙江大学学报,2004,30(1):102-108.
[54]Dennis C,Webster J.Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma.Ⅱ.Production of volatile antibiotics[J].Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1971,57:41-48.
[55]朱天辉,邱德勋.Ttrichoderma harzianum对Rhizoctonia solani的抗生现象[J].四川农业大学学报,1994,12(1):11-15.
[56]Yedidia I,Benhamou N,Kapulnik Y,et al.Induction and accumulation of PR proteins activity during early stages of root colonization by the mycoparasite Trichoderma harzianum strain T-203[J].Plant Physiology Biochemistry,2000,38(11):863-873.
[57]张旭东,刘云龙,张中义.木霉生防菌对植物生长的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2001,16(4):299-303,312.
[58]焦踪,路炳声.康氏木霉制剂对棉花和菜豆幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响[J].中国生物防治,1995,11(1):30-32.
[59]Yedidia I,Srivastva A K,Kapulnik Y,et al.Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on microelement concentrations and increased growth of cucumber plants[J].Plant and Soil,2001,235(2):235-242.
[60]陈文瑞.木霉培养物防治温床番茄幼苗猝倒病的研究[J].植物保护,1990,16(6):26.
[61]李卫平,林福呈.绿色木霉对蔬菜苗期病害的防治和促生作用[J].浙江农业学报,2000,12(2):106-107.
[62]Prasad R D,Rangeshwaran R,Hegde S V,et al.Effect of soil and seed application of Trichoderma harzianum on pigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum under field conditions[J].Crop protection,2002,21(4):293-297.
[63]Nemec S,Datnoff L E,Strandberg J.Efficacy of biocontrol agents in planting mixes to colonize plant roots and control root diseases of vegetable and citrus[J].Crop Protection.1996.15(8):735-742.
[64]Elad Y.Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action[J].Crop Protection,2000,19(8/10):709-714.
[65]Elad Y.Trichoderma harzianum T39 preparation for bioeontrol of plant diseases control of Botrytis cinerea,Sclerotinia selerotiorum and Cladosporium fulvum[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2000,10(4):499-507.
[66]王艳丽,徐同.哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究[J].植物保护学报,2000,27(2):97-101.
[67]张广志,文成敬.木霉对玉米纹枯病的生物防治[J].植物保护学报,2005,32(4):353-356.
[68]孙广宇,宗兆峰主编,植物病理学实验技术[M],北京:中国农业出版社.2002.7
[69]方中达(第三版).植病研究法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[70]黄秀梨主编.微生物学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998.
[71]范秀容,李广武,沈平.微生物学实验(第二版)[M].北京:北京高等教育出版社.1989:315-316
[72]魏景超.真菌鉴定手册[M].上海:科学技术出版社,1979.
[73]巴尼特等.半知菌属图解[M].北京:科学出版社,1977.