十八、十九世纪广州十三行和外销画
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摘要
外销画产生并且兴盛于十八、十九世纪的广州十三行地区,它受到西方艺术审美趣味的影响,由中国画家使用西画的技法和风格,绘制带有东方风情的图画,绘画内容包罗万象,绘画种类包括玻璃画、油画和水彩画。钱纳利和林呱是最主要的外销画家,对其他画家和整个外销画市场产生了巨大影响。外销画为西方市场生产制作,大量销往西方并且受到西方消费者的欢迎。其商品性远远重于艺术性,是由市场需求决定生产的绘画种类,是真正意义上的商品画。外销画有精品和行货之分,但是其本质都是商品画。画家和画工都使用复制的方法来大量绘制图画来满足市场需求。
国内对外销画的研究起步较晚,由于正史对其不着一词,国内也难觅真迹,现有的史料多来自西方研究者的文献著作。已有研究仅限于外销画的艺术方面,本文旨在弥补此研究领域的空白,使用艺术经济的研究方法来分析外销画生产和外销画市场的各个方面,以及绘画与经济赞助的关系。外销画的生产经营模式也影响了传统绘画市场,对后来绘画市场的发展起到积极作用。
The export paintings emerged and prospered in Guangzhou’s Thirteen Hongs in 18-19 century, which is influenced by western aesthetic sentiment and painted by Chinese artiest using the western method and style of painting. Export paintings’contents with the eastern taste and interest embraced all cases. Its kind concludes glass paintings, oil paintings and watercolors. Chinnery and LamGua were the most principal painter who had influenced the other painters and the whole market greatly. The export paintings had been produced for and sold to the western market and was very popular with the western consumers. Commodity of export painting is much more than artistry, which is determined by requirement of the market. Export paintings are true commodity paintings which are divided into top-notch artistic works and crudely-made goods, but their intrinsic characteristics are commodity paintings. Painters and workers used duplicating method to paint to meet the demand of market.
Domestic researches on the export painting started lately. Because there has no word about it in the authorized history and it’s difficulty to find a authentic painting inside the country, so much of the history material having on hand comes from western researchers’documentations and books. Domestic researches already had are limited within art, and this thesis’s aim is filling the gap, using the method of art economics to analyse all the aspects of the production of export painting and the market of export painting and the relationship of export painting and economy support. The production and management pattern influenced the traditional painting market and made a advantage effect on the coming development of the painting market.
国内对外销画的研究起步较晚,由于正史对其不着一词,国内也难觅真迹,现有的史料多来自西方研究者的文献著作。已有研究仅限于外销画的艺术方面,本文旨在弥补此研究领域的空白,使用艺术经济的研究方法来分析外销画生产和外销画市场的各个方面,以及绘画与经济赞助的关系。外销画的生产经营模式也影响了传统绘画市场,对后来绘画市场的发展起到积极作用。
The export paintings emerged and prospered in Guangzhou’s Thirteen Hongs in 18-19 century, which is influenced by western aesthetic sentiment and painted by Chinese artiest using the western method and style of painting. Export paintings’contents with the eastern taste and interest embraced all cases. Its kind concludes glass paintings, oil paintings and watercolors. Chinnery and LamGua were the most principal painter who had influenced the other painters and the whole market greatly. The export paintings had been produced for and sold to the western market and was very popular with the western consumers. Commodity of export painting is much more than artistry, which is determined by requirement of the market. Export paintings are true commodity paintings which are divided into top-notch artistic works and crudely-made goods, but their intrinsic characteristics are commodity paintings. Painters and workers used duplicating method to paint to meet the demand of market.
Domestic researches on the export painting started lately. Because there has no word about it in the authorized history and it’s difficulty to find a authentic painting inside the country, so much of the history material having on hand comes from western researchers’documentations and books. Domestic researches already had are limited within art, and this thesis’s aim is filling the gap, using the method of art economics to analyse all the aspects of the production of export painting and the market of export painting and the relationship of export painting and economy support. The production and management pattern influenced the traditional painting market and made a advantage effect on the coming development of the painting market.
引文
1 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:10
2威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社, 1993: 15
3黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:58
4梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:44
5黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:58
6梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:42
7江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:520
8威廉·C·亨特,旧中国杂记(沈正邦),广州,广东人民出版社, 1992:5
9 Osmond Tiffany, The Canton Chinese, Boston, James Munroe and Company,1849:59
10丁新豹,晚清中国外销画,香港艺术,晚清中国外销画,香港,香港市政局,1982:14
11 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:316
12同③
13胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:76
14斯当东,英史谒见乾隆纪实(叶笃义),上海,上海书店出版社,2005:380
15 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105
16续南海县志,卷二十一,列传,宣统庚戌十月:8
17钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:12
18 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105
19胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
20 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:83
21胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
22 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:93
23 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:252
24钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:10
25胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
26同①
27 Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852:artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:265
28 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:26
29 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:76
25胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
26同①
27 Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852:artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:265
28 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:26
29 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:76
35江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:529
36 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:34
37 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:101
38蒋建国,晚清广州城市消费文化研究,[博士学位论文],广州,暨南大学,2005
39 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:80
40蒋建国,晚清广州城市消费文化研究,[博士学位论文],广州,暨南大学,2005
41 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:102
42 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:35
43 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:81
44江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:531
45 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:73
46 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:102
47江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:530
48 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:89~92
49同①: 88
50 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:34
51同①、②: 117
52 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:15
53 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:74
54 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:101
55 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:76
56 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:103
57 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:95
58 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:80
59 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:89
60同①
61 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:76
62 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:103
63胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
64 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:57
65江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:532
66万青力,画家与画史,杭州,中国美术学院出版社,1997:168
67胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
68江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:533
69胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
70 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:81~82
71 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:100
72 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:87
73 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:175
74威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社, 1993: 65
75 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Art and Design, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1987:116
76钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:12
77 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:96
78(清)梁廷枏,袁钟仁,粤海关志校注本,广州,广东人民出版社,2002: 172~197
79胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:73
80 Directory & Chronicle of China ,Japan etc.,HongKong ,Daily Press Office,1863:60
81 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:38~40
82同①:206
83同①:73~103
84 S. Wells Williams, A Chinese Commercial Guide, Canton, Office of the Chinese Repository, 1856:181
85 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:201
86李向民,中国艺术经济史,南京,江苏教育出版社,1995:13
87胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:76
88钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:16
89斯当东,英史谒见乾隆纪实(叶笃义),上海,上海书店出版社,2005:379~380
90 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:96
[1]李向民,中国艺术经济史,南京,江苏教育出版社,1995:1~15
[2]李向民,精神经济,北京,新华出版社19991~384
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[4]李向民,大梦初觉,南京,江苏人民出版社,1994 :
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[6]钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:6~12
[7]万青力,画家与画史,杭州,中国美术学院出版社,1997:158~172
[8]黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:91~104
[9]梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:
[10]斯当东,英史谒见乾隆纪实(叶笃义),上海,上海书店出版社,2005:379~380
[11]威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社,1993:15~65
[12](清)梁廷枏,袁钟仁,粤海关志校注本,广州,广东人民出版社,2002:290~298
[13]续南海县志,卷二十一,列传,宣统庚戌十月:8
[14]刘明倩,刘志伟,18-19世纪羊城风物——英国维多利亚阿伯特博物院藏广州外销画,上海,上海古籍出版社,2003:286
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[16]威廉·C·亨特,旧中国杂记(沈正邦),广州,广东人民出版社,1992:5
[17]胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:73~75
[18]胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:73~77
[19]胡光华,从西方的中国热到中国外销艺术的西化,美术观察,1999,2:72~75
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[26]戴璐,对市井题材外销画的研究,[硕士学位论文],南京,南京艺术学院,2005
[27]Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Art and Design, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1987:115~116
[28] S. Wells Williams, A Chinese Commercial Guide, Canton, Office of the Chinese Repository, 1856:180~181
[29]Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:1~141
[30] Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:1~105
[31]Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:1~405
[32]Osmond Tiffany, The Canton Chinese, Boston , James Munroe and Company,1849: 59~86
[33]Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852: artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:264~265
[34]Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China: in 1836-7,London, Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:100~104
[35]Directory & Chronicle of China, Japan etc., HongKong, Daily Press Office,1863:60
[36]Albert Ten Eyck Gardner, Cantonese Chinnerys: Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105~316
2威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社, 1993: 15
3黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:58
4梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:44
5黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:58
6梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:42
7江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:520
8威廉·C·亨特,旧中国杂记(沈正邦),广州,广东人民出版社, 1992:5
9 Osmond Tiffany, The Canton Chinese, Boston, James Munroe and Company,1849:59
10丁新豹,晚清中国外销画,香港艺术,晚清中国外销画,香港,香港市政局,1982:14
11 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:316
12同③
13胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:76
14斯当东,英史谒见乾隆纪实(叶笃义),上海,上海书店出版社,2005:380
15 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105
16续南海县志,卷二十一,列传,宣统庚戌十月:8
17钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:12
18 Albert Ten Eyck Gardner ,Cantonese Chinnerys:Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105
19胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
20 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:83
21胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
22 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:93
23 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:252
24钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:10
25胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
26同①
27 Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852:artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:265
28 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:26
29 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:76
25胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
26同①
27 Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852:artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:265
28 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:26
29 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:76
35江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:529
36 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:34
37 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:101
38蒋建国,晚清广州城市消费文化研究,[博士学位论文],广州,暨南大学,2005
39 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:80
40蒋建国,晚清广州城市消费文化研究,[博士学位论文],广州,暨南大学,2005
41 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:102
42 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:35
43 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:81
44江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:531
45 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:73
46 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:102
47江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:530
48 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:89~92
49同①: 88
50 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:34
51同①、②: 117
52 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:15
53 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:74
54 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:101
55 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:76
56 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:103
57 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:95
58 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:80
59 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:89
60同①
61 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:76
62 Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:103
63胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
64 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:57
65江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:532
66万青力,画家与画史,杭州,中国美术学院出版社,1997:168
67胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
68江滢河,清代广州外销画的画家和画室,艺术史研究,2001,3:533
69胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:74
70 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:81~82
71 Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China:in 1836-7,London,Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:100
72 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:87
73 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:175
74威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社, 1993: 65
75 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Art and Design, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1987:116
76钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:12
77 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:96
78(清)梁廷枏,袁钟仁,粤海关志校注本,广州,广东人民出版社,2002: 172~197
79胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:73
80 Directory & Chronicle of China ,Japan etc.,HongKong ,Daily Press Office,1863:60
81 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:38~40
82同①:206
83同①:73~103
84 S. Wells Williams, A Chinese Commercial Guide, Canton, Office of the Chinese Repository, 1856:181
85 Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:201
86李向民,中国艺术经济史,南京,江苏教育出版社,1995:13
87胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:76
88钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:16
89斯当东,英史谒见乾隆纪实(叶笃义),上海,上海书店出版社,2005:379~380
90 Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:96
[1]李向民,中国艺术经济史,南京,江苏教育出版社,1995:1~15
[2]李向民,精神经济,北京,新华出版社19991~384
[3]李向民,王晨,等,文化产业:变革中的文化,北京,经济科学出版社,2005:3~47
[4]李向民,大梦初觉,南京,江苏人民出版社,1994 :
[5]丁新豹,晚清中国外销画,香港艺术,晚清中国外销画,香港,香港市政局,1982:14~19
[6]钱纳利,钱纳利及其流派:东土风味,香港,香港市政局,1985:6~12
[7]万青力,画家与画史,杭州,中国美术学院出版社,1997:158~172
[8]黄佛颐,广州城坊志,广州,广东人民出版社,1994:91~104
[9]梁嘉彬,广东十三行考,广州,广东人民出版社,1999:
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[11]威廉·C·亨特,广州“番鬼”录(冯铁树),广州,广东人民出版社,1993:15~65
[12](清)梁廷枏,袁钟仁,粤海关志校注本,广州,广东人民出版社,2002:290~298
[13]续南海县志,卷二十一,列传,宣统庚戌十月:8
[14]刘明倩,刘志伟,18-19世纪羊城风物——英国维多利亚阿伯特博物院藏广州外销画,上海,上海古籍出版社,2003:286
[15]李超,上海油画史,上海,人民美术出版社,2005:9~15
[16]威廉·C·亨特,旧中国杂记(沈正邦),广州,广东人民出版社,1992:5
[17]胡光华,一种特殊的中西绘画交流形式--关乔昌与钱纳利的艺术竞争,美术观察,2001,2:73~75
[18]胡光华,西方绘画东渐中国的第二途径,美术观察,1998,1:73~77
[19]胡光华,从西方的中国热到中国外销艺术的西化,美术观察,1999,2:72~75
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[21]张涛,广州外销西画——中国西画艺术市场的滥觞,收藏界,2001,10:55~58
[22]陈宗光,不为流行而流行——广东外销风景画的式微现象漫谈,福建艺术,2005,5:58~59
[23]胡光华,从西方的“中国热”到中国外销艺术的西化,美术观察,1999,2:71~75
[24]赵岩,明清西洋风绘画研究,[博士学位论文],南京,东南大学,2006
[25]蒋建国,晚清广州城市消费文化研究,[博士学位论文],广州,暨南大学,2005
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[28] S. Wells Williams, A Chinese Commercial Guide, Canton, Office of the Chinese Repository, 1856:180~181
[29]Carl L. Crossman, The China Trade--Export Painting, Furniture, Silver & Other Objects, Princeton, The Pyne Press,1972:1~141
[30] Craig Clunas, Chinese Export Watercolors, London, The Victoria and Albert Museum,1984:1~105
[31]Carl L. Crossman, The Decorative Arts of the China Trade, Suffolk, the Antique Collector's Club Ltd,1991:1~405
[32]Osmond Tiffany, The Canton Chinese, Boston , James Munroe and Company,1849: 59~86
[33]Patrick Conner, George Chinnery 1774-1852: artist of India and the China coast, Suffolk, Antique Collectors'Club,1993:264~265
[34]Toogood Downing, The fan-qui in China: in 1836-7,London, Henry Colburn Publisher,1838:100~104
[35]Directory & Chronicle of China, Japan etc., HongKong, Daily Press Office,1863:60
[36]Albert Ten Eyck Gardner, Cantonese Chinnerys: Portraits of How-qua and Other China Trade Paintings, The Art Quarterly,1953,Vol XVI:105~316