女子跆拳道运动员横踢、前踢、下劈实战动作技术的生物力学分析
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摘要
运用SIMI MOTION运动分析系统对我国2006年跆拳道锦标赛的决赛、半决赛阶段女子选手的动作技术进行生物力学分析。获得女子选手在实战中横踢、前踢、下劈技术动作的时间、角度、速度、重心变化等生物力学参数,从中找出横踢、前踢、下劈动作技术各自的差异性和共同特征,以探索实战状态下动作技术的内在结构和规律,为跆拳道训练提供定量的数据和理论参考。研究发现:
横踢技术动作的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占26%、26%、48%。其中冠军选手的启动提膝转髋的时间要优于其他运动员;动作三个阶段的临界时刻点,各选手的髋、膝关节角度差异较小,相对稳定,踝关节角度差异较大。而支撑腿在临界时刻点各关节角度差异较大。髋、膝关节的角度变化方面,林姬和张碧喻的髋、膝关节的动作模式优于王莹和刘蕊;关节点运动速度上,大部分运动员实现了以髋领先实施打击,踝关节速度方面只有王莹的两次速度峰值实现了“快打快收、收比打快”;重心变化特征上,选手运用横踢技术动作时,重心位移量和方向根据实战状态不同而变化。
前踢动作技术的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占24%、25%、51%。各选手髋关节在启动前临界时刻点的角度和膝关节在踢击前时刻点的角度差异较小,支撑腿的膝、踝关节在各临界时刻点的角度差异较大。实战中,前踢存在主动和被动前踢的两种交战状态,主动前踢在启动提膝转髋阶段的髋关节曲线上的有一个明显的角度峰值;在髋、膝关节速度特征上,各运动员在启动阶段提膝过程之后,躯干有一个迅速前倾的过程。大部分运动员髋关节速度到达最大值的时相先于膝关节速度达到最大值。选手中,大部分选手的第一踝关节速度峰值大于第二次速度峰值,只有蒋梦菲的踝关节两次速度峰值比较接近;从重心变化情况上,运动员选用前踢动作技术时被动前踢的使用频次较高,成为前踢技术的主要进攻方式。
下劈实战动作技术的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占22%、46%、32%;在角度特征上,在启动阶段,下劈类似于前踢,在提膝之后躯干有一个迅速前倾的过程;在速度特征上,张强、宗绍娟冠军选手的两次踝关节速度峰值要快于蒋梦菲,杨萍的进攻发力方式有别于其他三位运动员;在重心变化方面,四位运动员的踢击阶段的位移量要大于启动提膝、收腿阶段,占了进攻总位移的半数之多。
The present study adopts the SIM MOTION system to make a biomechanical analysis of women contestants in the semi-finals and finals of the China's 2006 National Taekwondo Tournament. Through a period of field work, some important biomechanical parameters to women taekwondo are collected such as duration, angle, velocity, and change of gravity center in flank kick, front kick and axe kick. It aims to discover the differences and similarities and explore the internal structures and laws of those motions in the actual combats in order to provide the quantitative data and theoretical support for the future taekwondo training.
The present research finds that:
In the flank kick, the three phases of swing leg account for different proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 26%, the kicking strike covers 26% and the leg withdrawing stage takes 48%. The champions outperform the other contestants in the starting stage and spend much less time raising the knee and rotating the hip. As for the angles of the moments, there is little difference between, the deviation angles of hips, knees and ankles, in the three phases. Among them., the deviation angle of ankles is relatively larger. The changing amplitude of the vaulting leg is larger but with a steady. change in the entire angle. When it comes to the curves of the changes of hip and knee angles, Lin Ji and Zhang Biyu outdo Wang Ying and Liu Rui. In the respect of velocity curves, the majority of the contestants succeed in attacking with their hips first. Among the contestants,only Wang Ying achieves to "strike fast, withdraw fast, and withdrawing takes less time than strike" in the two velocity peaks of ankles. Still; the gravity center displacement and direction changes with the different actual combats in the flank kick.
In the front kick, the three phases of swing leg account for different ? proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 24%, the kicking strike covers 25%. and the leg withdrawing stage fakes 51%. The angles are relatively steady in the phases of hip's starting to raise the knee and knee's kicking strike. The joints pf knees and ankles change a lot in the process of the vaulting leg's front kick. In the actual combats, there are active and passive front kicks. It is indicated by the hip curves that there is a distinct angle peak of the,starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip in the active front kick. With respect to the hip and knee velocity features, every contestant's body leans forward rapidly in the starting stage and after the knee raising stage. The maximum velocity of the knees appears after the hip joint among the majority of the contestants. Only the two velocity peaks of Jiang Mengfei's ankles approach each other. The gravity center shifts show that the contestants choose the use frequency of the passive front kick as their main strike means in the front kick.
In the axe kick, the three phases of swing leg also account for different proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 22%, the kicking strike covers 46% and the leg withdrawing stage takes 32%. When it comes to the angle features, in the starting stage there is a rapid forward leaning of the body after the knee is raised similar to that in front kick. So far as the velocity features are concerned, the two peaks in the two different stages of Zhang Qiang and Zong Shaojuan are higher that those of Jiang Mengfei. Yang Ping uses a different means to generate power in strike from the other three contestants. In the respect of the gravity center changes, the displacements of the four contestants' kicking strike are higher than those in the starting, knee-raising and leg-withdrawing stages and they account for as much as a half of the total displacements in the striking process.
横踢技术动作的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占26%、26%、48%。其中冠军选手的启动提膝转髋的时间要优于其他运动员;动作三个阶段的临界时刻点,各选手的髋、膝关节角度差异较小,相对稳定,踝关节角度差异较大。而支撑腿在临界时刻点各关节角度差异较大。髋、膝关节的角度变化方面,林姬和张碧喻的髋、膝关节的动作模式优于王莹和刘蕊;关节点运动速度上,大部分运动员实现了以髋领先实施打击,踝关节速度方面只有王莹的两次速度峰值实现了“快打快收、收比打快”;重心变化特征上,选手运用横踢技术动作时,重心位移量和方向根据实战状态不同而变化。
前踢动作技术的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占24%、25%、51%。各选手髋关节在启动前临界时刻点的角度和膝关节在踢击前时刻点的角度差异较小,支撑腿的膝、踝关节在各临界时刻点的角度差异较大。实战中,前踢存在主动和被动前踢的两种交战状态,主动前踢在启动提膝转髋阶段的髋关节曲线上的有一个明显的角度峰值;在髋、膝关节速度特征上,各运动员在启动阶段提膝过程之后,躯干有一个迅速前倾的过程。大部分运动员髋关节速度到达最大值的时相先于膝关节速度达到最大值。选手中,大部分选手的第一踝关节速度峰值大于第二次速度峰值,只有蒋梦菲的踝关节两次速度峰值比较接近;从重心变化情况上,运动员选用前踢动作技术时被动前踢的使用频次较高,成为前踢技术的主要进攻方式。
下劈实战动作技术的生物力学特征表现为,在整个动作周期中摆动腿的启动提膝、踢击、收腿阶段分别占22%、46%、32%;在角度特征上,在启动阶段,下劈类似于前踢,在提膝之后躯干有一个迅速前倾的过程;在速度特征上,张强、宗绍娟冠军选手的两次踝关节速度峰值要快于蒋梦菲,杨萍的进攻发力方式有别于其他三位运动员;在重心变化方面,四位运动员的踢击阶段的位移量要大于启动提膝、收腿阶段,占了进攻总位移的半数之多。
The present study adopts the SIM MOTION system to make a biomechanical analysis of women contestants in the semi-finals and finals of the China's 2006 National Taekwondo Tournament. Through a period of field work, some important biomechanical parameters to women taekwondo are collected such as duration, angle, velocity, and change of gravity center in flank kick, front kick and axe kick. It aims to discover the differences and similarities and explore the internal structures and laws of those motions in the actual combats in order to provide the quantitative data and theoretical support for the future taekwondo training.
The present research finds that:
In the flank kick, the three phases of swing leg account for different proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 26%, the kicking strike covers 26% and the leg withdrawing stage takes 48%. The champions outperform the other contestants in the starting stage and spend much less time raising the knee and rotating the hip. As for the angles of the moments, there is little difference between, the deviation angles of hips, knees and ankles, in the three phases. Among them., the deviation angle of ankles is relatively larger. The changing amplitude of the vaulting leg is larger but with a steady. change in the entire angle. When it comes to the curves of the changes of hip and knee angles, Lin Ji and Zhang Biyu outdo Wang Ying and Liu Rui. In the respect of velocity curves, the majority of the contestants succeed in attacking with their hips first. Among the contestants,only Wang Ying achieves to "strike fast, withdraw fast, and withdrawing takes less time than strike" in the two velocity peaks of ankles. Still; the gravity center displacement and direction changes with the different actual combats in the flank kick.
In the front kick, the three phases of swing leg account for different ? proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 24%, the kicking strike covers 25%. and the leg withdrawing stage fakes 51%. The angles are relatively steady in the phases of hip's starting to raise the knee and knee's kicking strike. The joints pf knees and ankles change a lot in the process of the vaulting leg's front kick. In the actual combats, there are active and passive front kicks. It is indicated by the hip curves that there is a distinct angle peak of the,starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip in the active front kick. With respect to the hip and knee velocity features, every contestant's body leans forward rapidly in the starting stage and after the knee raising stage. The maximum velocity of the knees appears after the hip joint among the majority of the contestants. Only the two velocity peaks of Jiang Mengfei's ankles approach each other. The gravity center shifts show that the contestants choose the use frequency of the passive front kick as their main strike means in the front kick.
In the axe kick, the three phases of swing leg also account for different proportions in the whole moment cycle: the starting stage of raising the knee and rotating the hip occupies 22%, the kicking strike covers 46% and the leg withdrawing stage takes 32%. When it comes to the angle features, in the starting stage there is a rapid forward leaning of the body after the knee is raised similar to that in front kick. So far as the velocity features are concerned, the two peaks in the two different stages of Zhang Qiang and Zong Shaojuan are higher that those of Jiang Mengfei. Yang Ping uses a different means to generate power in strike from the other three contestants. In the respect of the gravity center changes, the displacements of the four contestants' kicking strike are higher than those in the starting, knee-raising and leg-withdrawing stages and they account for as much as a half of the total displacements in the striking process.
引文
[1]刘卫军.跆拳道[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,1999.2-26
[2]鲁凡,刘宝成.跆拳道[M].西安:西北体育出版社,1998.1-3
[3]http://www.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/sports/taekwondo/index.shtml北京2008年第29届奥运会官方网站
[4]陈立新等.试论我国跆拳道的现状及发展对策[J].体育科学研究,2000,4(1):37-39
[5]刘宝成,赵秋蓉,鲁凡.1996年“万基杯”中国跆拳道锦标赛调研报告[J].西安体育学院,1997,14(1):48-51
[6]刘宝成,赵秋蓉,鲁凡等.97“康富来杯”全国跆拳道锦标赛技术分析[J].西安体育学院学报,1998,15(2):37-41
[7]曾于久.中国跆拳道队参加第14届男子第7届女子世界跆拳道锦标赛情况分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,1999,33(6):37-39
[8]高志红,马振水.2004年全国跆拳道冠军赛技战术运用情况的调查分析[J].体育学刊,2006,13(3):122-124
[9]周财有,徐海虹.2005年全国跆拳道锦标赛得分技术统计分析[J].山西体育科技,2005,25(4);13-16
[10]高谊,陈立人.跆拳道[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,1998,107-108
[11]刘卫军.女子跆拳道高级教程[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2001,1.
[12]陈国荣.实用跆拳道北京[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1993,6.
[13]李德祥,沈达政.跆拳道实战绝技[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.
[14]李世远,邹师跆.拳道教程[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1998.
[15]中国跆拳道协会网http://taekwondo.sport.org.cn/
[16]中国体育科学学会,香港体育学院编.体育科学词典[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,137
[17]孙茂军,朱海燕.对跆拳道战术运用的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,13(4):88-90
[18]杨亮.跆拳道比赛中边角战术的探讨[J].广州体育学院学报,2000,20(2):108-111
[19]高峰等.跆拳道绝招技术的训练原则与方法[J].武汉体育学院学报,35(5):115-116
[20]吴锵.假动作在跆拳道比赛中运用调查分析[J].体育科学研究,2006,10(2):36-39
[21]高炳宏等.中国优秀男子跆拳道运动员体型特征研究[J].体育科学,2001,21(1):58-61
[22]Richard C.BellThe Exploration of the Effect of Taekwondo Training on Personality Traits.The Sport Journal.2002
[23]张洪顺.跆拳道运动员膝关节损伤的运动生物力学分析[J].武汉体育学院学报.2004,38(6):73-75
[24]Mohsen Kazemi and Willy Pieter;Injuries at a Canadian National Taekwondo Championships" a prospective study.BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2004
[25]Po-Hsiang Chiu.Designing A Measurement System For TAEKWONDO Trainning,Journal of Biomechanics 2007,40(S619)
[26]曾庆国.跆拳道新规则中主裁判执法的研究[J].西安体育学院学报.2005,22(6);94-96
[27]刘宏伟.跆拳道规则变化对比赛的若干影响研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报.2005,24(5):125-128
[28]尚迎秋等.我国跆拳道运动科研现状综述[J].北京体育大学学报,2002,25(5):605-607
[29]胡宗祥.跆拳道横踢技术中上肢运动的生物力学分析[J].体育科学研究,2004,1(8):79-82
[30]陶玉军.跆拳道后腿横踢技术中上肢运动对动作结构影响的生物力学分析[D].东北师范大学,2006
[31]李玉刚.跆拳道横踢动作的转动力学分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,2003,37(3):55-58.
[32]刘海斌.跆拳道后腿横踢技术的运动学研究[D].东北师范大学,2005
[33]陈育.对跆拳道后腿横踢技术的分析与研究[J].安徽体育科技.2000,(4):19-20.
[34]郭辉.跆拳道下劈技术动作摆动腿的运动学研究[D].东北师范大学,2006
[35]卢德明等.运动生物力学测量方法[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2002,36
[2]鲁凡,刘宝成.跆拳道[M].西安:西北体育出版社,1998.1-3
[3]http://www.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/sports/taekwondo/index.shtml北京2008年第29届奥运会官方网站
[4]陈立新等.试论我国跆拳道的现状及发展对策[J].体育科学研究,2000,4(1):37-39
[5]刘宝成,赵秋蓉,鲁凡.1996年“万基杯”中国跆拳道锦标赛调研报告[J].西安体育学院,1997,14(1):48-51
[6]刘宝成,赵秋蓉,鲁凡等.97“康富来杯”全国跆拳道锦标赛技术分析[J].西安体育学院学报,1998,15(2):37-41
[7]曾于久.中国跆拳道队参加第14届男子第7届女子世界跆拳道锦标赛情况分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,1999,33(6):37-39
[8]高志红,马振水.2004年全国跆拳道冠军赛技战术运用情况的调查分析[J].体育学刊,2006,13(3):122-124
[9]周财有,徐海虹.2005年全国跆拳道锦标赛得分技术统计分析[J].山西体育科技,2005,25(4);13-16
[10]高谊,陈立人.跆拳道[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,1998,107-108
[11]刘卫军.女子跆拳道高级教程[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2001,1.
[12]陈国荣.实用跆拳道北京[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1993,6.
[13]李德祥,沈达政.跆拳道实战绝技[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2000.
[14]李世远,邹师跆.拳道教程[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1998.
[15]中国跆拳道协会网http://taekwondo.sport.org.cn/
[16]中国体育科学学会,香港体育学院编.体育科学词典[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,137
[17]孙茂军,朱海燕.对跆拳道战术运用的分析[J].首都体育学院学报,2001,13(4):88-90
[18]杨亮.跆拳道比赛中边角战术的探讨[J].广州体育学院学报,2000,20(2):108-111
[19]高峰等.跆拳道绝招技术的训练原则与方法[J].武汉体育学院学报,35(5):115-116
[20]吴锵.假动作在跆拳道比赛中运用调查分析[J].体育科学研究,2006,10(2):36-39
[21]高炳宏等.中国优秀男子跆拳道运动员体型特征研究[J].体育科学,2001,21(1):58-61
[22]Richard C.BellThe Exploration of the Effect of Taekwondo Training on Personality Traits.The Sport Journal.2002
[23]张洪顺.跆拳道运动员膝关节损伤的运动生物力学分析[J].武汉体育学院学报.2004,38(6):73-75
[24]Mohsen Kazemi and Willy Pieter;Injuries at a Canadian National Taekwondo Championships" a prospective study.BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2004
[25]Po-Hsiang Chiu.Designing A Measurement System For TAEKWONDO Trainning,Journal of Biomechanics 2007,40(S619)
[26]曾庆国.跆拳道新规则中主裁判执法的研究[J].西安体育学院学报.2005,22(6);94-96
[27]刘宏伟.跆拳道规则变化对比赛的若干影响研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报.2005,24(5):125-128
[28]尚迎秋等.我国跆拳道运动科研现状综述[J].北京体育大学学报,2002,25(5):605-607
[29]胡宗祥.跆拳道横踢技术中上肢运动的生物力学分析[J].体育科学研究,2004,1(8):79-82
[30]陶玉军.跆拳道后腿横踢技术中上肢运动对动作结构影响的生物力学分析[D].东北师范大学,2006
[31]李玉刚.跆拳道横踢动作的转动力学分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,2003,37(3):55-58.
[32]刘海斌.跆拳道后腿横踢技术的运动学研究[D].东北师范大学,2005
[33]陈育.对跆拳道后腿横踢技术的分析与研究[J].安徽体育科技.2000,(4):19-20.
[34]郭辉.跆拳道下劈技术动作摆动腿的运动学研究[D].东北师范大学,2006
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