跳频信号检测与接收系统的设计与FPGA实现
摘要
扩展频谱通信技术,它的突出优点是保密性好,抗干扰性强。随着通信系统与现代计算机软、硬件技术与微电子技术发展,越来越多的通信系统构建于这种技术之上。在实际扩频通信系统工程中,用得比较普遍的是直扩方式和跳频方式,它们的不同在于直扩是采取隐藏的方式对抗干扰,而跳频采取躲避的方式。
西方国家早在20世纪50年代就开始对跳频通信进行研究,在上个世纪末的几次局部战争中,跳频电台得到了普遍的应用。跳频通信的发展促进了其对抗技术的发展,目前,世界主要几个军事先进的国家,已经研究出高性能的跳频通信对抗设备,国内这方面的发展相对国外差距比较大。
未来战争是科学技术的斗争,研究跳频通信对抗势在必行。基于这种目的,本文研究和设计了跳频检测的FPGA实现,利用基于时频分析的处理方法,完成了跳频信号检测的FPGA实现,通过测试,表明系统达到了设计要求,可以满足实际的需要。主要内容包括:
1.概述了跳频检测接收研究的发展动态,阐述了扩展频谱通信及短时傅立叶变换的原理。
2.分析了基于快速傅立叶变换(FFT)处理跳频信号,检测跳频的可行性,利用FFT检测频谱的原理,合理使用频谱采样策略,做到了增加频谱利用率,提高了检测概率和分析信噪比;利用抽取内插技术完成数据速率的转换,使其满足后续信号的处理要求;利用同相和正交的DDC实现结构,完成对跳频信号的解跳。
3.设计完成了跳频信号检测与接收系统的FPGA实现,其主要包括:数据速率变换的实现,FIR低通滤波器的实现,快速傅立叶变换(FFT)的实现,下变频的实现等。在滤波器的实现中,提出了两种设计方法:基于常系数乘法器和分布式算法滤波器,分析了上述两种方法的优缺点,选择用分布式算法实现设计中的低通滤波器;在快速傅立叶变换实现中,分析了基2和基4的算法结构,并分别实现了基2和基4的算法,满足了不同场合对处理器的要求。在下变频的设计中,使用滤波器的多相结构完成抽取的实现,并使用低通滤波器使信号带宽满足指标的要求。此外,设计中还包括双端口RAM的实现,比较模块的实现、数据缓存模块和串并转换模块的实现。
4.介绍了实现系统的硬件平台。
The spread spectrum communication system, which is applied in communication region, has many advantages, such as keeping secret and anti-jamming excellently.
Going with the development of computer hardware, micro-electronics and software technology, more and more communication systems construct on the spread spectrum communication system.
In practice, direct sequence spread spectrum (DS) and frequency hopping (FH) are widely used, both of them belong to the spread spectrum communication system. But they are different in the way of anti-jamming: DS keeps out of the jamming, but FH evades it.
In the 1950s, the west countries had started to research on the frequency-hopping system. In some local wars during the 1990s, the frequency -hopping equipments are widely equipped.
Development is interactional between the frequency-hopping technology and the anti-frequency-hopping technology.
In the future, achieving victory in warfare lies on the advanced technology, so it is necessary to develop the anti-frequency-hopping system.
The main purpose of this paper is how to detect and get the information of communication which used frequency-hopping.
On this purpose, it is designed as FPGA realization of the frequency-hopping detecting system, which is based on time-frequency analysis method, and its availability and practicability is proved by the experiment results.
The main results are as follows:
1. Summarized developments of the frequency-hopping detecting system and principles of the Spread Spectrum Communication system and Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
2. Analyzed the feasibility and practicality of the method in paper, with which the frequency-hopping communication can be detected
3. Accomplished FPGA realization of the frequency-hopping detecting system, including the FIR filter realization, FFT realization and digital down converter (DDC) etc.
In implement of FIR, two methods based on the multiplier and DA are analyzed and DA is choosed.
In implement of FFT, two arithmetic: DIT-2FFT and DIT-4FFT are analyzed and implemented.
In implement of DDC, a set of filters are used to make signal satisfied request.
西方国家早在20世纪50年代就开始对跳频通信进行研究,在上个世纪末的几次局部战争中,跳频电台得到了普遍的应用。跳频通信的发展促进了其对抗技术的发展,目前,世界主要几个军事先进的国家,已经研究出高性能的跳频通信对抗设备,国内这方面的发展相对国外差距比较大。
未来战争是科学技术的斗争,研究跳频通信对抗势在必行。基于这种目的,本文研究和设计了跳频检测的FPGA实现,利用基于时频分析的处理方法,完成了跳频信号检测的FPGA实现,通过测试,表明系统达到了设计要求,可以满足实际的需要。主要内容包括:
1.概述了跳频检测接收研究的发展动态,阐述了扩展频谱通信及短时傅立叶变换的原理。
2.分析了基于快速傅立叶变换(FFT)处理跳频信号,检测跳频的可行性,利用FFT检测频谱的原理,合理使用频谱采样策略,做到了增加频谱利用率,提高了检测概率和分析信噪比;利用抽取内插技术完成数据速率的转换,使其满足后续信号的处理要求;利用同相和正交的DDC实现结构,完成对跳频信号的解跳。
3.设计完成了跳频信号检测与接收系统的FPGA实现,其主要包括:数据速率变换的实现,FIR低通滤波器的实现,快速傅立叶变换(FFT)的实现,下变频的实现等。在滤波器的实现中,提出了两种设计方法:基于常系数乘法器和分布式算法滤波器,分析了上述两种方法的优缺点,选择用分布式算法实现设计中的低通滤波器;在快速傅立叶变换实现中,分析了基2和基4的算法结构,并分别实现了基2和基4的算法,满足了不同场合对处理器的要求。在下变频的设计中,使用滤波器的多相结构完成抽取的实现,并使用低通滤波器使信号带宽满足指标的要求。此外,设计中还包括双端口RAM的实现,比较模块的实现、数据缓存模块和串并转换模块的实现。
4.介绍了实现系统的硬件平台。
The spread spectrum communication system, which is applied in communication region, has many advantages, such as keeping secret and anti-jamming excellently.
Going with the development of computer hardware, micro-electronics and software technology, more and more communication systems construct on the spread spectrum communication system.
In practice, direct sequence spread spectrum (DS) and frequency hopping (FH) are widely used, both of them belong to the spread spectrum communication system. But they are different in the way of anti-jamming: DS keeps out of the jamming, but FH evades it.
In the 1950s, the west countries had started to research on the frequency-hopping system. In some local wars during the 1990s, the frequency -hopping equipments are widely equipped.
Development is interactional between the frequency-hopping technology and the anti-frequency-hopping technology.
In the future, achieving victory in warfare lies on the advanced technology, so it is necessary to develop the anti-frequency-hopping system.
The main purpose of this paper is how to detect and get the information of communication which used frequency-hopping.
On this purpose, it is designed as FPGA realization of the frequency-hopping detecting system, which is based on time-frequency analysis method, and its availability and practicability is proved by the experiment results.
The main results are as follows:
1. Summarized developments of the frequency-hopping detecting system and principles of the Spread Spectrum Communication system and Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
2. Analyzed the feasibility and practicality of the method in paper, with which the frequency-hopping communication can be detected
3. Accomplished FPGA realization of the frequency-hopping detecting system, including the FIR filter realization, FFT realization and digital down converter (DDC) etc.
In implement of FIR, two methods based on the multiplier and DA are analyzed and DA is choosed.
In implement of FFT, two arithmetic: DIT-2FFT and DIT-4FFT are analyzed and implemented.
In implement of DDC, a set of filters are used to make signal satisfied request.
引文
[1] 梅文华,王淑波,邱永红,等.跳频通信.北京:国防工业出版社,2005.1-27
[2] 袁朝京.短波跳频信号侦收技术.电讯技术,1994,第 34 卷第六期
[3] 周希元,刘志杰,张建立.跳频通信侦察干扰的技术可行性分析与研究.无线电工程,1995,第 25 卷第三期
[4] 郭汉伟,梁甸农,董臻.不同时频分析方法综合检测信号.信号处理,2003,第 19 卷第 6期
[5] 高峥.基于 STFT 的超短波跳频网台信号分选.电信技术研究,2004,第 3 期
[6] 罗来源.扩频低截获率信号的检测技术.电信技术研究,1997,第 10 期
[7] 王军.数字信道化技术在跳频信号侦察中的应用.科技论文
[8] 许红军,柯建波,党百振.跳频信号的 STFT 时-频分析.桂林电子工业学院学报,1998,第 18 卷第 1 期
[9] 王晓明,徐启华,肖凌峰.跳频信号的捕获与测向.电信技术研究.2002,第 11 期
[10] 蓝天,袁朝京.一种短波跳频信号侦收方案.科技报告
[11] 熊发明,陈尚松.一种快速连续测频的新方法.无线电工程.1999,第 29 卷第 1 期
[12] 王爱粉,刘炯,苟彦新.超短波跳频信号的侦察方案探讨.空军工程大学学报.2002,第3 卷第 1 期
[14] 于效宇.基于 FPGA 的 FFT 处理器的实现:[工学硕士学位论文]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2005
[15] 张欣.扩频通信数字基带信号处理算法及 VLSI 实现.北京:科学出版社,2004
[16] 樊昌信.通信原理.北京:国防工业出版社,1999
[17] 丁玉美,高西全,彭学愚.数字信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999
[18] 胡广书.数字信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.133-143,410-438
[19] 詹姆斯·崔保延.宽带接收机数字技术.成都:电子战技术文选编辑部,1996.250-272
[20] 杨小牛,陆安南,金飚 译.宽带数字接收机.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.242-259
[21] 杨小牛,楼才义,徐建良.软件无线电原理与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.1-74
[22] 崔之枯,江春,陈丽鑫 译.数字视频处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1999.57-58
[23] 薛年喜.MATLAB 在数字信号处理中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[24] 蒲俊,吉家锋,伊良忠. MATLAB6.0 数学手册.上海:浦东电子出版社,2002
[25] 刘树棠 译.数字信号处理及其 matlab 实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[26] 王诚,薛小刚,钟信潮.FGAP/CPLD 设计工具 Xilinx ISE 使用详解.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[27] 候伯亨,顾新.VHDL 硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999
[28] 王诚.FPGA 设计的指导原则,1999
[29] Larry W.Nemsick,Evaggelose Geraniotis.Adaptive Multichannel Detection of Frequency-Hopping signals.IEEE Trans on comm.Sept,1992:Vol.40,NO.9
[30] Norman C.Beaulieu.et.Interception of Frequency-Hopped Spread-spectrum Signal.IEEE Journal on SAC.June,1990:Vol.8,NO.5
[31] William E. Snelling,Evaggelos Geraniotis.Analysis of Compressive Receivers for the Optimal Interception of Frequency-Hopped Waveforms.Trans on comm. Jan, 1994:Vol.41,NO.1
[32] Xilinx Manual.Synthesis and Simulation Design Guide.Xilinx Corparation, 1991-2000
[33] Andy Miller.A Selection Of Filter Case Studies For Wireless Systems, Xilinx Corparation,1999
[2] 袁朝京.短波跳频信号侦收技术.电讯技术,1994,第 34 卷第六期
[3] 周希元,刘志杰,张建立.跳频通信侦察干扰的技术可行性分析与研究.无线电工程,1995,第 25 卷第三期
[4] 郭汉伟,梁甸农,董臻.不同时频分析方法综合检测信号.信号处理,2003,第 19 卷第 6期
[5] 高峥.基于 STFT 的超短波跳频网台信号分选.电信技术研究,2004,第 3 期
[6] 罗来源.扩频低截获率信号的检测技术.电信技术研究,1997,第 10 期
[7] 王军.数字信道化技术在跳频信号侦察中的应用.科技论文
[8] 许红军,柯建波,党百振.跳频信号的 STFT 时-频分析.桂林电子工业学院学报,1998,第 18 卷第 1 期
[9] 王晓明,徐启华,肖凌峰.跳频信号的捕获与测向.电信技术研究.2002,第 11 期
[10] 蓝天,袁朝京.一种短波跳频信号侦收方案.科技报告
[11] 熊发明,陈尚松.一种快速连续测频的新方法.无线电工程.1999,第 29 卷第 1 期
[12] 王爱粉,刘炯,苟彦新.超短波跳频信号的侦察方案探讨.空军工程大学学报.2002,第3 卷第 1 期
[14] 于效宇.基于 FPGA 的 FFT 处理器的实现:[工学硕士学位论文]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2005
[15] 张欣.扩频通信数字基带信号处理算法及 VLSI 实现.北京:科学出版社,2004
[16] 樊昌信.通信原理.北京:国防工业出版社,1999
[17] 丁玉美,高西全,彭学愚.数字信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999
[18] 胡广书.数字信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.133-143,410-438
[19] 詹姆斯·崔保延.宽带接收机数字技术.成都:电子战技术文选编辑部,1996.250-272
[20] 杨小牛,陆安南,金飚 译.宽带数字接收机.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.242-259
[21] 杨小牛,楼才义,徐建良.软件无线电原理与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.1-74
[22] 崔之枯,江春,陈丽鑫 译.数字视频处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1999.57-58
[23] 薛年喜.MATLAB 在数字信号处理中的应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[24] 蒲俊,吉家锋,伊良忠. MATLAB6.0 数学手册.上海:浦东电子出版社,2002
[25] 刘树棠 译.数字信号处理及其 matlab 实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[26] 王诚,薛小刚,钟信潮.FGAP/CPLD 设计工具 Xilinx ISE 使用详解.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[27] 候伯亨,顾新.VHDL 硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999
[28] 王诚.FPGA 设计的指导原则,1999
[29] Larry W.Nemsick,Evaggelose Geraniotis.Adaptive Multichannel Detection of Frequency-Hopping signals.IEEE Trans on comm.Sept,1992:Vol.40,NO.9
[30] Norman C.Beaulieu.et.Interception of Frequency-Hopped Spread-spectrum Signal.IEEE Journal on SAC.June,1990:Vol.8,NO.5
[31] William E. Snelling,Evaggelos Geraniotis.Analysis of Compressive Receivers for the Optimal Interception of Frequency-Hopped Waveforms.Trans on comm. Jan, 1994:Vol.41,NO.1
[32] Xilinx Manual.Synthesis and Simulation Design Guide.Xilinx Corparation, 1991-2000
[33] Andy Miller.A Selection Of Filter Case Studies For Wireless Systems, Xilinx Corparation,1999