基于FPGA的OFDM调制解调器的设计与实现
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摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)技术是一种多载波数字调制技术,具有频谱利用率高、抗多径干扰能力强、成本低等特点,适合无线通信的高速化、宽带化及移动化的需求,将成为下一代无线通信系统(4G)的核心调制传输技术。
     本文首先描述了OFDM技术的基本原理。对OFDM的调制解调以及其中涉及的特性和关键技术等做了理论上的分析,指出了OFDM区别于其他调制技术的巨大优势;然后针对OFDM中的信道估计技术,深入分析了基于FFT级联的信道估计理论和基于联合最大似然函数的半盲分组估计理论,在此基础上详细研究描述了用于OFDM系统的迭代的最大似然估计算法,并利用Matlab做了相应的仿真比较,验证了它们的有效性。
     而后,在Matlab中应用Simulink工具构建OFDM系统仿真平台。在此平台上,对OFDM系统在多径衰落、高斯白噪声等多种不同的模型参数下进行了仿真,并给出了数据曲线,通过分析结果可正确评价OFDM系统在多个方面的性能。
     在综合了OFDM的系统架构和仿真分析之后,设计并实现了基于FPGA的OFDM调制解调系统。首先根据802.16协议和OFDM系统的具体要求,设定了合理的参数;然后从调制器和解调器的具体组成模块入手,对串/并转换,QPSK映射,过采样处理,插入导频,添加循环前缀,IFFT/FFT,帧同步检测等各个模块进行硬件设计,详细介绍了各个模块的设计和实现过程,并给出了相应的仿真波形和参数说明。其中,针对定点运算的局限性,为系统设计并自定义了24位的浮点运算格式,参与傅立叶反变换和傅立叶变换的运算,在系统参数允许的范围内,充分利用了有限资源,提高了系统运算精度;然后重点描述了基于FPGA的快速傅立叶变换算法的改进、优化和设计实现,针对原始快速傅立叶变换FPGA实现算法运算空闲时间过多,资源占用较大的问题,提出了带有流水作业功能、资源占用较少的快速傅立叶变换优化算法设计方案,使之运用于OFDM基带处理系统当中并加以实现,结果满足系统参数的需求。最后以理论分析为依据,对整个OFDM的基带处理系统进行了系统调试与性能分析,证明了设计的可行性。
     综上所述,本文完成了一个基于FPGA的OFDM基带处理系统的设计、仿真和实现。本设计为OFDM通信系统的进一步改进提供了大量有用的数据。
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a kind of digital modulation technology of multi-carriers which has many characteristics such as higher spectrum efficiency, stronger ability of anti-multi-path interference and lower cost. It is suitable for the demand of the wireless communications in high speed, broad band and mobility, and will become the pivotal modulation and transmission technology of the next generation wireless communications (4G).
     This paper describes the OFDM fundamental principle firstly. For OFDM modulation, demodulation, characteristic and key technologies, it analyses them on theory and shows the more advantage than other modulating technology. Aim at channel estimation, deeply analyzes FFT-based cascade one-dimensional channel estimation algorithms and united iterative maximum likelihood semi-blind estimation algorithms, based on it, iterative maximum likelihood estimation algorithms is also described and compared by Matlab, both of them are validated.
     And then, OFDM system simulation platform is builded using Matlab and Simulink. On this platform, the data curve is gaven for OFDM system based on various module parameter, just like multi-path fade , Gauss white noise and so on. Through analyzing the simulation result, some system performances can be appraised exactly.
     After combining the front several chapters and illuminating the OFDM system configuration and simulation analysis aimed to system characteristics, emphasis is design and implementation of OFDM baseband processing based on FPGA. According to 802.16 protocol and OFDM characteristic, reasonable parameters are established. From modulator and demodulator to series-to-parallel conversion, QPSK mapping, over sampling, pilot insertion, guard interval addition, IFFT/FFT and frame synchronization detection, paper mskes design and implementation for every module of system, meanwhile present simulation waves and parameter explaination. Thereinto, due to limitation of fixed point, 24 float point format is design for system, and participated in IFFT/FFT with making full use of system resourse and improving operation efficiency in parameter allowed. And IFFT/FFT based on FPGA is emphasized, for the problem that Algorithm operation time is excessively long and occupied resource is excessively more, new Algorithm with pipelining and less resource occupied is brought out and carrid out. Put it into OFDM baseband processing system, parameter is satisfied well. Afterward, based on OFDM theory, the system debugging and performance analysis is necessary to do and the feasibility of this design is proved.
     All in all, the design, simulation and implementation of OFDM baseband processing based on FPGA is completed. This design provides many available data for farther improvement.
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