当代中国网络政治参与的新发展
摘要
网络政治2000年产生于美国。网络政治就是人们通过网络所从事的政治活动,或者说是现实政治在网络里的反映。网络政治参与就是指网民通过网络参与政治生活,表达个人或集体的意愿,从而影响国家政权系统的活动,尤其是影响政治决策过程的政治行为。网络政治参与的特点是参与主体的平等性、参与形式的直接性、参与空间的自由性、参与成本的低廉性、参与身份的虚拟性。因此它具有促进政府管理体制的改革和创新、推动民主原则和民主机制的变革和创新,使民主更加精密和完善、加快推动政治社会化过程、网络政治参与日益影响政治决策和高层思考、弥补现实政治表达的“贫困”状态、推动政治社会化,增强网民的主人翁责任感、网络政治参与形成的网络舆论,是社会秩序的“晴雨表”之功能。但网络政治参与对社会秩序也具有负面作用,如持不同政见者、恐怖组织甚至叛国集团在互联网上大摆讲坛,计算机黑客等。随着现代信息技术的飞速发展和改革开放的深化,我国也进入了网络时代,利用网络参与政治生活正日益成为公民关心国家大事、行使民主权利的重要形式。在网络政治参与初期,网民只是以计算机为工具通过互联网进行政治参与,参与的的目的仅限于经济利益和对
一些客观的政治事件发表评论,参与的形式也只限于网络舆论、政治性论坛、政治博客、网络签名、网络公祭。随着网络技术的发展、群众民主意识的增强和社会主义民主制度的发展,网络政治参与的新形式不断出现,诸如网络问政、网络选举、网络信访、网络监督、利用手机互联网参与等。网络政治参与的人数激增、热情日益高涨,参与的范围不断扩大。但当前我国的网络政治参与尚处于较低水平,还存在一些问题,诸如非理性的网络政治参与扩大,非法政治参与成分增加,出现“信息鸿沟”、阶级壁垒和“群体极化”现象,网络政治参与过程中仍存在着利益表达不平衡的问题等。政府应该建立健全开放性的政策,调动网民网络政治参与的积极性,扩大政治参与规模,促进网民的政治社会化。畅通网络政治参与渠道,如：加快电子政务建设,增强政府网上职能；规范网络政治参与,促进网络政治参与的有效实现；建设网络宣传队伍,积极引导网络舆论；加强伦理建设,建立健全网络伦理规范体系,促进网络政治文化健康发展；拓展政务平台,建立安全有效的网络沟通渠道；加快网络立法,规范网络政治参与秩序；积极引导网络政治群体,防范群体极化的消极影响；加快网络技术研究,净化网络政治信息空间；改善中国共产党对网络政治参与的领导,把握网络政治参与的方向。总之,政府应该采取积极的措施,扬长避短,积极推动、引导网络政治参与的快速、健康发展,使网络政治参与成为促进中国特色社会主义政治文明建设的重要形式。
Network politics first appeared in the United States of America in 2000. Network politics refers to the political activities that people are engaged in by the network, or the reflection of real politics in the network. Network political participation is that a netizen participates in the political life through the network and expresses his or her personal or collective wills and therefore influences the activities of national political power system, especially the processes of political decisions. The characteristics of network political participation is the equality of participants in corpus, the directness of participation form, the freedom of participation space, the low expanses of participation cost and the virtuality of participation identity. Therefore, it has many functions, such as to help the reform and innovation of government management system, to push the change and innovation of democracy principles and mechanism, to make democracy get more precise and perfect, to speed up political acculturation process, to influence political decisions and key figures'thinking, to compensate the "poor" status of realistic political expressions, to push political acculturation, to strengthen the netizen's sense of responsibility as masters, and so on. Network public opinions coming from the network political participation can be the "barometer" of social orders. But network political participation also has a negative function to social orders. For example, holders of different political views, terrorist organizations even the treason groups put on a large platform on the Internet, computer hackers, etc.. Along with the swift development of modern information technique and the deepening of reform and opening up, our country has also got into a network era. The participation in political life through the network has become an important form for citizens to care for national important events and exercise the democratic rights day by day. At the initial stage of network political participation, the netizens just take computers as tools to carry on political participation through an Internet and the purpose of participation is only limited in economic benefits and to announce comments to some objective political affairs. The participation form is also limited to network public opinions, political forums, political blogs, network signatures and network public sacrifices. With the development of the network techniques, the enhancement of democratic consciousness from the mass, and the development of the socialism democratic systems, the new forms of network political participation appears continuously, such as the network in politics, elections by network and petition by network, supervision by network, make use of a cellular phone Internet participation by way of using mobile phones, and so on, The number of network political participation surges, and the enthusiasm upsurges day by day and the participation scope continuously extends. But current network political participation in our country is still in lower level and some problems also exist, such as the extension of irrational network political participation, increment of illegal political participation, the appearance of "information gaps", rank barracks and the phenomenon of "group polarization". The process of network political participation still exists the problems of unbalance in benefits expression, ec.. The government should build up a sound and open policy, mobilize the enthusiasm of political participation from the netizens, extend the scale of political participation and promote the netizen's political acculturation. The government should also smooth channels of network political participation, such as speeding up the development of e-government to strengthen its on-line working talents, standardize the norm of network political participation to promote the effective realization, construct network publicity troops to actively guide network public opinions, strengthen ethics construction to build up a sound ethic system in network to help develop cultures of network political participation in a healthy way, expand a platform for governmental affairs to establish a secure and effective channel of network communication, to speed up network lawmaking to normalize the order of network political participation, to actively guide network political groups to guard against negative effects from group polarization, speed up network technique research to purify information space, improve the leadership from Communist Party of China for network political participation to hold the direction of network political participation. In a word, the government should take active measures, adopt their good points and avoid their shortcomings, actively push and guide the rapid, healthy development of network political participation, thus making network political participation become an important form of promoting socialist political civilization with Chinese characteristics.
一些客观的政治事件发表评论,参与的形式也只限于网络舆论、政治性论坛、政治博客、网络签名、网络公祭。随着网络技术的发展、群众民主意识的增强和社会主义民主制度的发展,网络政治参与的新形式不断出现,诸如网络问政、网络选举、网络信访、网络监督、利用手机互联网参与等。网络政治参与的人数激增、热情日益高涨,参与的范围不断扩大。但当前我国的网络政治参与尚处于较低水平,还存在一些问题,诸如非理性的网络政治参与扩大,非法政治参与成分增加,出现“信息鸿沟”、阶级壁垒和“群体极化”现象,网络政治参与过程中仍存在着利益表达不平衡的问题等。政府应该建立健全开放性的政策,调动网民网络政治参与的积极性,扩大政治参与规模,促进网民的政治社会化。畅通网络政治参与渠道,如：加快电子政务建设,增强政府网上职能；规范网络政治参与,促进网络政治参与的有效实现；建设网络宣传队伍,积极引导网络舆论；加强伦理建设,建立健全网络伦理规范体系,促进网络政治文化健康发展；拓展政务平台,建立安全有效的网络沟通渠道；加快网络立法,规范网络政治参与秩序；积极引导网络政治群体,防范群体极化的消极影响；加快网络技术研究,净化网络政治信息空间；改善中国共产党对网络政治参与的领导,把握网络政治参与的方向。总之,政府应该采取积极的措施,扬长避短,积极推动、引导网络政治参与的快速、健康发展,使网络政治参与成为促进中国特色社会主义政治文明建设的重要形式。
Network politics first appeared in the United States of America in 2000. Network politics refers to the political activities that people are engaged in by the network, or the reflection of real politics in the network. Network political participation is that a netizen participates in the political life through the network and expresses his or her personal or collective wills and therefore influences the activities of national political power system, especially the processes of political decisions. The characteristics of network political participation is the equality of participants in corpus, the directness of participation form, the freedom of participation space, the low expanses of participation cost and the virtuality of participation identity. Therefore, it has many functions, such as to help the reform and innovation of government management system, to push the change and innovation of democracy principles and mechanism, to make democracy get more precise and perfect, to speed up political acculturation process, to influence political decisions and key figures'thinking, to compensate the "poor" status of realistic political expressions, to push political acculturation, to strengthen the netizen's sense of responsibility as masters, and so on. Network public opinions coming from the network political participation can be the "barometer" of social orders. But network political participation also has a negative function to social orders. For example, holders of different political views, terrorist organizations even the treason groups put on a large platform on the Internet, computer hackers, etc.. Along with the swift development of modern information technique and the deepening of reform and opening up, our country has also got into a network era. The participation in political life through the network has become an important form for citizens to care for national important events and exercise the democratic rights day by day. At the initial stage of network political participation, the netizens just take computers as tools to carry on political participation through an Internet and the purpose of participation is only limited in economic benefits and to announce comments to some objective political affairs. The participation form is also limited to network public opinions, political forums, political blogs, network signatures and network public sacrifices. With the development of the network techniques, the enhancement of democratic consciousness from the mass, and the development of the socialism democratic systems, the new forms of network political participation appears continuously, such as the network in politics, elections by network and petition by network, supervision by network, make use of a cellular phone Internet participation by way of using mobile phones, and so on, The number of network political participation surges, and the enthusiasm upsurges day by day and the participation scope continuously extends. But current network political participation in our country is still in lower level and some problems also exist, such as the extension of irrational network political participation, increment of illegal political participation, the appearance of "information gaps", rank barracks and the phenomenon of "group polarization". The process of network political participation still exists the problems of unbalance in benefits expression, ec.. The government should build up a sound and open policy, mobilize the enthusiasm of political participation from the netizens, extend the scale of political participation and promote the netizen's political acculturation. The government should also smooth channels of network political participation, such as speeding up the development of e-government to strengthen its on-line working talents, standardize the norm of network political participation to promote the effective realization, construct network publicity troops to actively guide network public opinions, strengthen ethics construction to build up a sound ethic system in network to help develop cultures of network political participation in a healthy way, expand a platform for governmental affairs to establish a secure and effective channel of network communication, to speed up network lawmaking to normalize the order of network political participation, to actively guide network political groups to guard against negative effects from group polarization, speed up network technique research to purify information space, improve the leadership from Communist Party of China for network political participation to hold the direction of network political participation. In a word, the government should take active measures, adopt their good points and avoid their shortcomings, actively push and guide the rapid, healthy development of network political participation, thus making network political participation become an important form of promoting socialist political civilization with Chinese characteristics.
引文
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[4]李斌.网络政治学导论.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[5]王浦劬.政治学基础[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1995.
[6]杨光斌.政治学导论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2004.
[7]塞缪尔.P.亨廷顿.变动社会中的政治秩序[M].北京：三联书店.1989
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[9]刘文富.网络政治——网络社会与国家治理[M].北京：商务印书馆.2002.
[10]陶文昭.电子政府研究[M].北京：商务印书馆.2005.
[11]黄晨灏. 网络选举是未来的发展方向.人民网强国社区(http:／／bbs.people.com.cn) 2007.8.10.
[12]陶建钟.我国网络政治参与的发展条件分析及前景展望[J].学习与实践,2008.5.
[13]化建琼.当代中国公民网络政治参与的主体及形式[J].哈尔滨市委党校学报.2009.1.
[14]李祥.公民网络政治参与的影响及对策[J].行政论坛.2009.1.
[15]昝玉林.网络政治参与中的‘群体极化’探析[J].思想政治教育.上半月.2005.10.
[16]郑曙村.互联网给民主带来的机遇与挑战[J].政治学研究.2001.2
[17]王青松.网络政治参与的规范化发展路径[J].中国发展观察.2010.1.21.
[18]规范当前公民网络政治参与的相应对策.中国论文下载中心.09.7.12.
[19]曹会超.网络政治参与的新特点及功能研究.2008.20.
[20]网络信访解诉求高效服务促文明.湖北省黄石市桥西街道信访办.2008.8.25
[21]“网络监督”的力量不容小觑.大众网2009.12.23
[22]2009-2010中国移动互联网市场状况与网民行为调查报告.2010.1.25.
[23]手机互联网市场状况与网民行为调查报告
[24]江苏淮安利用党建手机网络强化基层党建.新华网江苏频道南京2010.1.21.
[25]网络政治参与发展状况调查问卷报表.搜智调查网www.idea360.net
[26]新浪科技.互联网与政治及电子政务：互联网与政治参与.2007.12.21.
[27]塞缪尔.P.亨廷顿.变动社会中的政治秩序[M].北京：三联书店,1989.1.
[28]马歇尔.麦克卢汉.理解媒介[M].何道宽译.商务印书馆2000.102.
[29]陈戈寒.试论中国网络政治参与.湖北行政学院学报[J].2008.04.
[30]胡同新.网络政治参与的民主价值透视[J].求实,2005.9.7-9.
[31]郭旭.当代中国公民网络政治参与研究[J].学理论.2008.08.
[32]孙飞.浅析网络政治参与[J].新西部.2007.22.
[33]李斌.论网络时代的政治参与[J].理论导刊,2004.6
[34]徐琪.网络公民参与的问题、对策及前景[J].网络出版.2007.7.20
[35]梁彩香.网络政治参与研究[M].四川省社会科学院.2007.
[36]郭旭.当代中国公民网络政治参与研究.学理论.2008.08.
[37]刘学松.网络政治参与对执政能力提出了新要求.人民网-理论频道.2009.8.22
[2][美]阿尔温·托夫勒.预测与前提[M].沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社,1984.
[3]王浦劬.政治学基础[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1995.207.
[4]李斌.网络政治学导论.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[5]王浦劬.政治学基础[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1995.
[6]杨光斌.政治学导论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2004.
[7]塞缪尔.P.亨廷顿.变动社会中的政治秩序[M].北京：三联书店.1989
[8]陶东明.当代中国政治参与[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社出版.1998.12.
[9]刘文富.网络政治——网络社会与国家治理[M].北京：商务印书馆.2002.
[10]陶文昭.电子政府研究[M].北京：商务印书馆.2005.
[11]黄晨灏. 网络选举是未来的发展方向.人民网强国社区(http:／／bbs.people.com.cn) 2007.8.10.
[12]陶建钟.我国网络政治参与的发展条件分析及前景展望[J].学习与实践,2008.5.
[13]化建琼.当代中国公民网络政治参与的主体及形式[J].哈尔滨市委党校学报.2009.1.
[14]李祥.公民网络政治参与的影响及对策[J].行政论坛.2009.1.
[15]昝玉林.网络政治参与中的‘群体极化’探析[J].思想政治教育.上半月.2005.10.
[16]郑曙村.互联网给民主带来的机遇与挑战[J].政治学研究.2001.2
[17]王青松.网络政治参与的规范化发展路径[J].中国发展观察.2010.1.21.
[18]规范当前公民网络政治参与的相应对策.中国论文下载中心.09.7.12.
[19]曹会超.网络政治参与的新特点及功能研究.2008.20.
[20]网络信访解诉求高效服务促文明.湖北省黄石市桥西街道信访办.2008.8.25
[21]“网络监督”的力量不容小觑.大众网2009.12.23
[22]2009-2010中国移动互联网市场状况与网民行为调查报告.2010.1.25.
[23]手机互联网市场状况与网民行为调查报告
[24]江苏淮安利用党建手机网络强化基层党建.新华网江苏频道南京2010.1.21.
[25]网络政治参与发展状况调查问卷报表.搜智调查网www.idea360.net
[26]新浪科技.互联网与政治及电子政务：互联网与政治参与.2007.12.21.
[27]塞缪尔.P.亨廷顿.变动社会中的政治秩序[M].北京：三联书店,1989.1.
[28]马歇尔.麦克卢汉.理解媒介[M].何道宽译.商务印书馆2000.102.
[29]陈戈寒.试论中国网络政治参与.湖北行政学院学报[J].2008.04.
[30]胡同新.网络政治参与的民主价值透视[J].求实,2005.9.7-9.
[31]郭旭.当代中国公民网络政治参与研究[J].学理论.2008.08.
[32]孙飞.浅析网络政治参与[J].新西部.2007.22.
[33]李斌.论网络时代的政治参与[J].理论导刊,2004.6
[34]徐琪.网络公民参与的问题、对策及前景[J].网络出版.2007.7.20
[35]梁彩香.网络政治参与研究[M].四川省社会科学院.2007.
[36]郭旭.当代中国公民网络政治参与研究.学理论.2008.08.
[37]刘学松.网络政治参与对执政能力提出了新要求.人民网-理论频道.2009.8.22