政治演说中的主位及主位推进研究
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摘要
政治演说是公众演说的一种重要形式。它是针对国家的内政事务和外交关系表明立场、阐明观点、宣传主张的一种演说,在其政治生活中扮演着极为重要的角色。
本论文在简要回顾对政治演说的相关研究的基础上,以韩礼德的主位理论及丹尼斯的主位推进理论为框架,采用了定性和定量研究相结合的方法,通过对6篇政治演说的主位及主位推进模式进行分析,得出了如下结论:
政治演说倾向于使用简单主位。这样既能够使听众更容易理解,同时也达到了缩短演讲者与听众之间距离的效果。
代词在主位的成分中所占的比例最大。非标记主位在公众演讲中占有绝对的优势,因为这样可以让听众迅速地理解内容。而演讲者有时也会为了强调、连贯而选择有标记主位。此外,政治演说倾向于使用主位同一型和线型的主位推进模式。
对政治演说的主位和主位推进模式的研究,可以帮助演说者更有效地组织语篇以达到交际效果,而且让听者更容易理解演讲内容迅速抓住演讲要点。同时,理解主位结构可以帮助译者更准确地理解和翻译政治演说。
Political speech is an important type of public speech. It is a kind ofspeech in which the speakers try to reveal their standpoints, expound theirviewpoints and publicize their positions in terms of internal affairs andforeign relations. It plays a very important part in the political life of theircountry.
After a brief review of the previous studies on political speeches andwith Halliday’s thematic theory and Dane’s thematic progression theory asthe theoretical framework, the present thesis focuses on the study of Themeand thematic progression in political speeches. Both the quantitative andqualitative researches are performed in this thesis. The major findings fromthe study of the six political speeches are as follows:
Political speeches tend to employ the simple Theme so as to make thehearers understand easily and narrow the distance between the speaker andthe hearers.
The pronouns are adopted most of the time in the political speeches.The unmarked Theme is dominant in political speeches. The reason is thatthe choice of unmarked Theme can help the hearers understand thespeaker’s intention quickly. But the speaker also chooses marked Theme tomake the speech more coherent. The political speeches also tend to employthe constant Theme pattern and the linear pattern through the analysis ofthematic progression.
The study on the analysis of thematic progression in political speechescan help the speakers organize the text effectively and arrange the speeches well in order to communicate successfully. It can also help the hearersunderstand the speech easily and then grasp the main points of the speeches.Understanding thematic structure can be helpful for interpreters andtranslators to comprehend, interpret and translate political speeches exactly.
本论文在简要回顾对政治演说的相关研究的基础上,以韩礼德的主位理论及丹尼斯的主位推进理论为框架,采用了定性和定量研究相结合的方法,通过对6篇政治演说的主位及主位推进模式进行分析,得出了如下结论:
政治演说倾向于使用简单主位。这样既能够使听众更容易理解,同时也达到了缩短演讲者与听众之间距离的效果。
代词在主位的成分中所占的比例最大。非标记主位在公众演讲中占有绝对的优势,因为这样可以让听众迅速地理解内容。而演讲者有时也会为了强调、连贯而选择有标记主位。此外,政治演说倾向于使用主位同一型和线型的主位推进模式。
对政治演说的主位和主位推进模式的研究,可以帮助演说者更有效地组织语篇以达到交际效果,而且让听者更容易理解演讲内容迅速抓住演讲要点。同时,理解主位结构可以帮助译者更准确地理解和翻译政治演说。
Political speech is an important type of public speech. It is a kind ofspeech in which the speakers try to reveal their standpoints, expound theirviewpoints and publicize their positions in terms of internal affairs andforeign relations. It plays a very important part in the political life of theircountry.
After a brief review of the previous studies on political speeches andwith Halliday’s thematic theory and Dane’s thematic progression theory asthe theoretical framework, the present thesis focuses on the study of Themeand thematic progression in political speeches. Both the quantitative andqualitative researches are performed in this thesis. The major findings fromthe study of the six political speeches are as follows:
Political speeches tend to employ the simple Theme so as to make thehearers understand easily and narrow the distance between the speaker andthe hearers.
The pronouns are adopted most of the time in the political speeches.The unmarked Theme is dominant in political speeches. The reason is thatthe choice of unmarked Theme can help the hearers understand thespeaker’s intention quickly. But the speaker also chooses marked Theme tomake the speech more coherent. The political speeches also tend to employthe constant Theme pattern and the linear pattern through the analysis ofthematic progression.
The study on the analysis of thematic progression in political speechescan help the speakers organize the text effectively and arrange the speeches well in order to communicate successfully. It can also help the hearersunderstand the speech easily and then grasp the main points of the speeches.Understanding thematic structure can be helpful for interpreters andtranslators to comprehend, interpret and translate political speeches exactly.
引文
[1] Aristotle, 1954. Rhetoric [M]. New York: The Modern Library.
[2] Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: AHallidayan Approach [M]. London: Edward Arnold.81: 66.
[3] Brown, Gillian. & Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Brown, Gillian. & Yule, George. 2000. Discourse Analysis [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press? Edward Arnold(Publishers) Limited.
[5] Butler, C. S. 1985. Systemic Linguistic Theory and Application [M].Londong: Batsford Ltd.
[6] Cheng Xiaotang. 2005. A Functional Approach to Discourse Coherence[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[7] Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. 1997. Genres and Registers of Discourse [A].In Van Dijk (eds.) Discourse as Social Interaction [C]. London:SAGE Publications Ltd.: 206231.
[8] Danes, F. 1974. Functional Sentence and the Organization of the Text.Papers in Functional Perspective [M]. Acadeania.
[9] Danes, F. 1974. Papers on Functional Sentence Perspective [C]. Prague:Academia, 114.
[10] Downing, A. 2001. Thematic Progression as a Functional Resource inAnalyzing Text. http://www.ucm.es/info/circulo/no5/downing.htm.
[11] Dubois, B.L. 1987. A Reformulation of Thematic Progression Typology [M]. Text 72.
[12] Edelman, M. 1996. Constructing the Political Spectacle [M], Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[13] Edward Sapir. 2002. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[14] Fang, Yan. 1993. A Contrastive Study of Theme and Rheme Structure inEnglish and Chinese in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Texts and Language Research [C]. Xi’an: Xi’anJiaotong University Press.
[15] Feldman, O. & Landtsheer, C.D. 1998. Politically speaking, AWorldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere[M]. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
[16] Francis, G. 1989. Thematic Selection and Distribution in WrittenDiscourse [J]. WORD.
[17] Firbas, Jan. 1992. Functional Sentence Perspective in Written andSpoken Communication [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
[18] Francis, G. 1990. Theme in the daily press [J].Occasional Papers inSystemic Linguistics 4.
[19] Fries, P. H. & Hasan, R. 1995. On Subject and Theme: A DiscourseFunctional Perspective [M]. Amsterdam: John BenjaminPublishers.
[20] Gaitet, Pascale. 1992. Political Stylistics [M]. London and New York:Routledge.
[21] Gee, James Paul. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theoryand Method [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press.
[22] Geis, M. L. 1987. The Language of Politics [M]. New York:SpringerVerlag:26.
[23] Geoff Thompson. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. London:Arnold.
[24] George Rodman. 1986. Public Speaking (third edition) [M]. New York:CBS College Publishing.
[25] Gill, A. & Whedbee, K. 1997. Rhetoric. In Wan Dijk (ed.), Discourseas Structure and Process [M]. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
[26] Grice, George L. & Skinner, John F. 1995. Mastering Public Speaking[M]. Allyn: A Simon & Schuster Company.
[27] Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M].London: Edward Arnold: 275.
[28] Halliday, M.A.K. 2000. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M].(2 nd Edition). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress: 37, 41, 44, 55, 57, 58.
[29] Halliday, M.A.K. & Mattheissen Christian. 2004. An Introduction toFunctional Grammar [M]. (3 rd edition). London: Arnold.
[30] Halliday, M.A.K. 2002. On Grammar [M]. London:Newyork.2002,Volume 1.
[31] Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English [M]. Londonand New York: Longman.
[32] Halliday and Matthiessen. 1997. Systemic Functional Grammar: AFirst Step into the Theory [M]. From Internet: 93.
[33] Hasling, J. 1993. The Audience, the Message, and the Speaker [A].New York: McGrawHill.Inc.: 1925
[34] Hatim & Basil. 2001. Communication across CulturesTranslationandContrastive Text Linguistics [M]. Shanghai Foreign LanguageEducation Press: 218.
[35] Hatim, Basil & Mason. 2001. Discourse and Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[36] Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. 2003. Working with Discourse—MeaningBeyond the Clause, London: Continuum.
[37] Mathesius, V. 1939. On socalledfunctional sentence perspective [J].Slovl a slovensnort Vol. 7.
[38] McCarthy, M.＆Carter, R. 1994. Language as Discourse: Perspectivesfor Language Teaching [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
[39] Nwogu, K. N. 1990. Discourse Variation in Medical Texts: Schema,Theme and Cohesion in Profesional and Journalistic Accounts [J].Nottingham: University of Nottingham.
[40] Nwogu, K.and Bloor, T. 1991. Thematic progression in professionaland popular medical texts [A]. In Ventola, E. (eds.), Functionaland Systemic Linguistics: Approaches and Uses [C]. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
[41] Punch, K. F. 1998. Introduction to social research: Quantitative＆qualitative approaches [M]. London: SAGE.
[42] Quirk et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English [M]. London:Longman.
[43] Schiffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.
[44] Thompson, G. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[45] Wilson, D. 1994. Relevance and Understanding [M]. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
[46] Wood, J. 1998. Speaking Effectively [M]. New York: Random House.
[47] Xu, Y. Zh. 1997. Modern English Stylistics. Kaifeng: Henan University.
[48] 陈安玲，2000，小句复合体的语篇功能[J]，《 外语与外语教学》第五期。
[49] 陈脑冲，1995，主语和主位[J]。广州：《 现代外语》第二期。
[50] 胡壮麟，1989，语用功能语法概论[M]。长沙：湖南教育出版社。
[51] 胡壮麟，1994，语篇的衔接与连贯[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
[52] 胡壮麟，2001，语言学教程(修订版)[M]。北京：北京大学出版社。
[53] 黄国文，1997，语篇分析概要[M]。湖南：湖南教育出版社。
[54] 黄国文，王宗炎，2003，语篇与语言的功能[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
[55] 黄衍，1985，试论英语主位和述位[J]。《 外国语》第五期。
[56] 刘润清，2002，西方语言学流派[M]。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
[57] 项兰，2002，主位推进模式在阅读教学中的应用[J]。《 外语与外语教学》第三期。
[58] 谢晓莺，1998，主位推进模式与广告英语的语篇分析[J]。《 广西大学学报》第十期。
[59] 徐盛桓，1982，主位和述位[J]。《 外语教学与研究》第一期。
[60] 徐盛桓，1985，再论主位与述位[J]。《 外语教学与研究》第四期。
[61] 杨斐翡，2004，主位推进与语篇连贯[J]。《 西安外国语学院院报》第四期。
[62] 张德禄，1999，语篇连贯研究纵谈[J]。《 外国语》第六期。
[63] 赵建成、余毓国，1993，广告英语主位模式与模式选择初探[A]，朱永生（编）， 语言·语篇·语境[C]。北京：清华大学出版社。
[64] 朱永生，1995，主位推进模式与语篇分析[J]。 《外语教学与研究》第三期。
[65] 朱永生，2001，系统功能语言学学位思考[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
[2] Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: AHallidayan Approach [M]. London: Edward Arnold.81: 66.
[3] Brown, Gillian. & Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4] Brown, Gillian. & Yule, George. 2000. Discourse Analysis [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press? Edward Arnold(Publishers) Limited.
[5] Butler, C. S. 1985. Systemic Linguistic Theory and Application [M].Londong: Batsford Ltd.
[6] Cheng Xiaotang. 2005. A Functional Approach to Discourse Coherence[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[7] Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. 1997. Genres and Registers of Discourse [A].In Van Dijk (eds.) Discourse as Social Interaction [C]. London:SAGE Publications Ltd.: 206231.
[8] Danes, F. 1974. Functional Sentence and the Organization of the Text.Papers in Functional Perspective [M]. Acadeania.
[9] Danes, F. 1974. Papers on Functional Sentence Perspective [C]. Prague:Academia, 114.
[10] Downing, A. 2001. Thematic Progression as a Functional Resource inAnalyzing Text. http://www.ucm.es/info/circulo/no5/downing.htm.
[11] Dubois, B.L. 1987. A Reformulation of Thematic Progression Typology [M]. Text 72.
[12] Edelman, M. 1996. Constructing the Political Spectacle [M], Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[13] Edward Sapir. 2002. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[14] Fang, Yan. 1993. A Contrastive Study of Theme and Rheme Structure inEnglish and Chinese in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Texts and Language Research [C]. Xi’an: Xi’anJiaotong University Press.
[15] Feldman, O. & Landtsheer, C.D. 1998. Politically speaking, AWorldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere[M]. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
[16] Francis, G. 1989. Thematic Selection and Distribution in WrittenDiscourse [J]. WORD.
[17] Firbas, Jan. 1992. Functional Sentence Perspective in Written andSpoken Communication [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
[18] Francis, G. 1990. Theme in the daily press [J].Occasional Papers inSystemic Linguistics 4.
[19] Fries, P. H. & Hasan, R. 1995. On Subject and Theme: A DiscourseFunctional Perspective [M]. Amsterdam: John BenjaminPublishers.
[20] Gaitet, Pascale. 1992. Political Stylistics [M]. London and New York:Routledge.
[21] Gee, James Paul. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theoryand Method [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press.
[22] Geis, M. L. 1987. The Language of Politics [M]. New York:SpringerVerlag:26.
[23] Geoff Thompson. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. London:Arnold.
[24] George Rodman. 1986. Public Speaking (third edition) [M]. New York:CBS College Publishing.
[25] Gill, A. & Whedbee, K. 1997. Rhetoric. In Wan Dijk (ed.), Discourseas Structure and Process [M]. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
[26] Grice, George L. & Skinner, John F. 1995. Mastering Public Speaking[M]. Allyn: A Simon & Schuster Company.
[27] Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M].London: Edward Arnold: 275.
[28] Halliday, M.A.K. 2000. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M].(2 nd Edition). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress: 37, 41, 44, 55, 57, 58.
[29] Halliday, M.A.K. & Mattheissen Christian. 2004. An Introduction toFunctional Grammar [M]. (3 rd edition). London: Arnold.
[30] Halliday, M.A.K. 2002. On Grammar [M]. London:Newyork.2002,Volume 1.
[31] Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English [M]. Londonand New York: Longman.
[32] Halliday and Matthiessen. 1997. Systemic Functional Grammar: AFirst Step into the Theory [M]. From Internet: 93.
[33] Hasling, J. 1993. The Audience, the Message, and the Speaker [A].New York: McGrawHill.Inc.: 1925
[34] Hatim & Basil. 2001. Communication across CulturesTranslationandContrastive Text Linguistics [M]. Shanghai Foreign LanguageEducation Press: 218.
[35] Hatim, Basil & Mason. 2001. Discourse and Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[36] Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. 2003. Working with Discourse—MeaningBeyond the Clause, London: Continuum.
[37] Mathesius, V. 1939. On socalledfunctional sentence perspective [J].Slovl a slovensnort Vol. 7.
[38] McCarthy, M.＆Carter, R. 1994. Language as Discourse: Perspectivesfor Language Teaching [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
[39] Nwogu, K. N. 1990. Discourse Variation in Medical Texts: Schema,Theme and Cohesion in Profesional and Journalistic Accounts [J].Nottingham: University of Nottingham.
[40] Nwogu, K.and Bloor, T. 1991. Thematic progression in professionaland popular medical texts [A]. In Ventola, E. (eds.), Functionaland Systemic Linguistics: Approaches and Uses [C]. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
[41] Punch, K. F. 1998. Introduction to social research: Quantitative＆qualitative approaches [M]. London: SAGE.
[42] Quirk et al. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English [M]. London:Longman.
[43] Schiffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.
[44] Thompson, G. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[45] Wilson, D. 1994. Relevance and Understanding [M]. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
[46] Wood, J. 1998. Speaking Effectively [M]. New York: Random House.
[47] Xu, Y. Zh. 1997. Modern English Stylistics. Kaifeng: Henan University.
[48] 陈安玲，2000，小句复合体的语篇功能[J]，《 外语与外语教学》第五期。
[49] 陈脑冲，1995，主语和主位[J]。广州：《 现代外语》第二期。
[50] 胡壮麟，1989，语用功能语法概论[M]。长沙：湖南教育出版社。
[51] 胡壮麟，1994，语篇的衔接与连贯[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
[52] 胡壮麟，2001，语言学教程(修订版)[M]。北京：北京大学出版社。
[53] 黄国文，1997，语篇分析概要[M]。湖南：湖南教育出版社。
[54] 黄国文，王宗炎，2003，语篇与语言的功能[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。
[55] 黄衍，1985，试论英语主位和述位[J]。《 外国语》第五期。
[56] 刘润清，2002，西方语言学流派[M]。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
[57] 项兰，2002，主位推进模式在阅读教学中的应用[J]。《 外语与外语教学》第三期。
[58] 谢晓莺，1998，主位推进模式与广告英语的语篇分析[J]。《 广西大学学报》第十期。
[59] 徐盛桓，1982，主位和述位[J]。《 外语教学与研究》第一期。
[60] 徐盛桓，1985，再论主位与述位[J]。《 外语教学与研究》第四期。
[61] 杨斐翡，2004，主位推进与语篇连贯[J]。《 西安外国语学院院报》第四期。
[62] 张德禄，1999，语篇连贯研究纵谈[J]。《 外国语》第六期。
[63] 赵建成、余毓国，1993，广告英语主位模式与模式选择初探[A]，朱永生（编）， 语言·语篇·语境[C]。北京：清华大学出版社。
[64] 朱永生，1995，主位推进模式与语篇分析[J]。 《外语教学与研究》第三期。
[65] 朱永生，2001，系统功能语言学学位思考[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社。