“金砖四国”医疗卫生体制的比较研究
|
摘要
研究目的
“金砖国家”是指巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国这四个新兴的市场经济国家,也是正处于转型中的大国。国家转型的核心是政治、宪政规则的大规模改变与经济体制上的重大改革,而卫生体制只是转型的一部分。本研究旨在总结“金砖四国”卫生体制改革及其运行机制等文献资料和相关经验总结的基础上,分析比较“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系、制度和制度模式及其政治、经济发展等条件的相关性。通过分析比较,在研究未来医疗卫生体系发展变化趋势的基础上,根据我国国情,结合中国未来经济社会中、长期的发展规划和全面建设小康社会的目标,提出当前医疗卫生体系改革和完善的思路和政策建议,为建立适应中国国情的医疗卫生制度体系服务。
研究方法
(1)文献分析法
通过文献分析,归纳总结国际、国内已有研究成果,在此基础上,确立本论文的理论框架体系、明确研究方法及指标。通过查阅相关政策条文、统计数据等资料信息,全面了解“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度体系。
(2)比较分析法
本研究将大量采用比较分析法,通过比较定量、定性地区分差异、判断优劣,增强预测性,并提供有效政策借鉴。“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度体系及其具体国情,国家医疗卫生制度体系建立、发展的社会经济背景和制度运行的状况,以分析的方法进行归类,以比较的方法进行研究,总结相关的发展规律,为中国卫生体制改革提供实践经验。
(3)专家咨询法
收集和整理所调查国家的卫生事业发展的相关报表、报告和其他资料,同时,通过对多个国家的医疗卫生领域专家进行咨询和访谈,讨论卫生改革内容,过程及成效以及未来改革的方向等问题。
(4)历史分析法
以时间为主轴,重现过往的事实,具体分析金砖四国国家转型的这一具体的时间段,主要着眼于四国国家政治、经济和社会的结构性变迁中,医疗卫生体制的重大变化,然后加以归纳与总结。
研究内容
国家转型是一个长期的、不断发展的过程。直到现在,“金砖四国”的经济都还在转型之中。本研究以“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系为研究范围,以制度分析为研究主线,从历史发展的角度出发,研究卫生体制在国家政治、经济和社会的结构性变迁中的制度形成和演变的过程以及其中的重要推动力量,在对“金砖四国”医疗卫生体系进行深入分析和剖析的基础上,对各国的医疗卫生制度进行比较研究。本研究以“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系为研究范围,以制度分析为研究主线,从历史发展的角度研制度形成和演变的过程,从政治、社会和经济背景研究制度的理论基础,在分析医疗卫生体系的基础上,对其配套的制度进行比较研究。
(1)比较和分析“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度产生的背景、制度形成和演变的过程。
(2)比较和分析“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系的优点及缺点,总结其经验教训。
(3)比较“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系、制度等的内部相关性以及他们和社会经济、政治、文化等条件的外部相关性。
研究结果
(1)一个国家卫生保健体制建立和完善,不仅取决于经济发展水平,更取决于政府的政治意愿和社会价值取向。
(2)国家卫生保健制度不能只采取单一的模式,而是根据本国国情,借鉴国际经验,确定一种模式为主体、多种模式共存的复合型保健制度。
(3)政府是推动医疗卫生体制改革的决定性力量,在建立和完善卫生保健体制中发挥主导作用。
(4)扶持推动改革的动力,是加快医疗卫生体制改革的重要手段。
结论
(1)遵循“低水平、广覆盖”的原则,建立覆盖全人群的医疗保障制度。调动国家—市场—社会三方的共同力量,建立由政府、单位、社会、个人多方共同筹资、强制参保的社会医疗保险体制,真正体现医疗保险的公平性和互济性。
(2)建立“政事分开、管办分离”的管理体制和法人治理的公立医院治理结构。建立公立医院出资人制度,解决国有资产产权主体虚位问题,实现管办分离。在基本医疗服务体系中应保证公立医院的主导性,明确政府对公立医院的财政支持、高效管理责任,推进基本医疗服务的可及性、公平性。制定法律法规,允许社会资金参与社会公益事业,兴办非营利性、营利性的医院,使之成为公立医院的重要补充,考虑通过购买服务的形式来将其纳入基本医疗服务体系,积极鼓励公立医疗机构和私立医疗机构建立合作伙伴和公平竞争关系。
(3)通过扶持推动改革的动力来加快改革进程。中产阶级是提升国家健康水平的核心力量,应当通过完善医疗保障制度体系和提高教育的普及性,减少贫困人口,扩大中产阶段的数量,构建市民社会。同时,政府应积极引导农民形成自身群体组织,提高农民的自组织程度,完善农民的利益表达机制和方式,畅通和拓宽农民利益表达与沟通的公共渠道以充分反映其利益诉求。
研究特色与创新之处
(1)比较全面地对“金砖国家”转型中的医疗卫生体制进行了系统研究。对上述国家的政治环境、卫生筹资方式、组织管理、资源配置、服务提供、财务风险分担等,从各国制度沿革变迁的历史轨迹来总结和比较各国卫生体制改革的经验和教训,尚属国内首次对“金砖四国”卫生体制系统全面的阐述与比较。
(2)考虑了时间、制度以及政治和社会等因素,对国家转型中医疗卫生体制的复杂演化做出系统解释。通过比较和分析“金砖四国”卫生体制改革存在的共性问题,以及问题的解决方式与基本思路,定量、定性地区分差异、判断优劣,增强预测性,并提供有效政策借鉴,是国内首次对相关国家卫生体制系统深入的针对性比较和分析研究,得出的结论具有较高的科学借鉴意义。
(3)本研究通过分析推进改革深入和促进制度变迁的动力机制,发现统治精英、市民社会和中产阶级是推动医疗卫生体制改革的重要动力,因此扶持农民利益团体、扩大中产阶级数量及加强私立医院的发展将有利于促进医疗卫生体制的良性发展,本研究所提出的政策建议新颖,对于当前医疗卫生体系改革有较高的参考价值。
Research purposes
BRIC countries" refers to Brazil, Russia, India and China, four large emerging market economies in transition. The core of the transformation of a country is the large-scale institutional changes in political, constitutional rules and major economic system, and the changing in health system is just part of the transformation. This study aimed to summarize the "BRIC" health system and its operational mechanism and relevant literature on the basis of lessons learned, analysis and comparison of the "BRIC's" health systems, the system model and its political and economic development and other related conditions. Through analysis and comparison and the study of future trends in health system development and based on China's actual conditions, combined with China's future economy and society, long-term development planning and goal of building a moderately prosperous society, this research makes the current health system reform and improve ideas and policy recommendations for improving of China's health care system system services.
Research Methods
(1) litrature analysis Through literature, summarized the international and domestic research results, on this basis, this paper established the theoretical framework of the system, a clear methodology and indicators. Through access to relevant policy provisions, statistics and other data and information, a comprehensive understanding of the BRIC countries health system system.
(2) comparative analysis In this study, extensive use of comparative analysis, by comparing the quantitative and qualitative differences between sub-regions, to determine the strengths and weaknesses, enhance predictability, and provide a valid policy reference. From China, India, Brazil, Russia and China BRIC system and its health system specific national conditions, national health system, establishment of a system, the development of socio-economic background and status of system operation, in order to classify the methods of analysis to compare methods of research, summarizes the development of related laws, the Chinese health system to provide practical experience.
(3) The Delphi method
Collection and collation of the survey the development of national health-related statements, reports and other information at the same time, through multiple countries to consult medical experts in the field and interviews to discuss health reform content, process and effectiveness and future direction of reform the problem.
(4) Historical analysis
Using historical record and a detailed analysis of the BRIC countries at that specific transiting period, primarily focusing on four countries in the political, economic and social structural changes, the health care system, major changes, and then summarizing findings.
Research content
In this study, China, India, Brazil, Russia, the BRIC countries and China's health care system for the study of the scope of institutional analysis for the study of the main line of development from the perspective of historical development, degree of formation and evolution of the process, from the political, social and economic background the theoretical basis of the system, making health care system, BRIC-depth analysis and analysis based on a comparative study of two systems. In drawing on China, India, Brazil, Russia, the BRIC countries, based on lessons learned, the design of future institutional system of health care framework, proposed a reform and improve the current system of health care system reform ideas.
(1) analysis of China, India, Brazil, Russia and China(BRIC) health care system in the background, analysis of their system formation and evolution process.
(2) building performance evaluation of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC's health care system for comprehensive and objective evaluation.
(3) analysis and comparison of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC health system strengths and weaknesses to summarize the lessons learned.
(4) through the analysis and comparison of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC's health care system, the system of internal as well as their relevance and socio-economic, political and cultural conditions of the external dependencies. According to China's national conditions, combined with China's future economy and society, long-term development planning and community health objectives by the current health system reform and improve the ideas and policy recommendations.
The results
(1) establish a national health care system and improvement depends not only on the level of economic development, but also depend on the political will and social values.
(2) national health care system can not only take a single model, but according to their national conditions, drawing on international experience, to determine a model for the dominant and diverse modes of complex health care systems coexist.
(3) In establishing and improving health care systems play a leading role. The more developed the economy, the government's public funding accounted for the greater proportion of total health expenditure, government expenditure on health accounted for the total government budget, the greater the proportion of expenditures.
(4) National health care system is largely the same basic functions.
Conclusions
(1) follow the "low level and wider coverage" principle, establish the whole people health care system. To mobilize countries-market-the collective power of social three parties, set up by the government, the unit, the society and individual DuoFang common fundraising, forced ginseng protect social medical insurance system, and reflect medical insurance of fairness and sex of each other aid.
(2) Establish a "separate management office politics, separation" management system and of corporate governance of the public hospital governance structure. Establish a public hospital system for investors, solve the property right of state-owned assets absent subject and realize management office separation. In the basic medical service system in a public hospital should guarantee the dominant sex, clarifying government to public hospital financial support, efficient management responsibility, promote basic health care to the accessibility and fairness. Make laws and regulations, allow to social capital to participate in social public welfare and the establishment of the non-profit, for-profit hospitals, make it become the important supplement of the public hospital, consider the form of service by buying into the basic medical service system, and actively encourage public medical institutions and private medical agency partners and fair competition relations. At the same time to establish China's all-around doctor system, cultivate all-around doctor team, set up corresponding incentive mechanism, which enables the general practitioner in the community to long-term service, the realization "gatekeeper" role, gradually to the doctor's more practice.
(3)Through the support to promote the momentum of reform to speed up the reform process. The middle class is raising the national health level of the force at the core, shall be through the perfect medical security system and improve the education system of popularity, the reduction of poverty population, and expand the number of middle stage, the construction of the civil society. At the same time, the government should actively guide peasants to form their own group organization, improving farmers' self organization level, perfect the interests of farmers expressing mechanism and method, clear and broaden the interests of expression and communication channels to fully reflect the public interests and needs.
Research features and innovations
(1) more fully on the "BRIC" transformation in the health care system has been systematically studied. Political environment of these countries, health financing, organization and management, resource allocation, service delivery, financial risk-sharing, etc., from the evolution of national systems to track changes in the history of summary and comparison of national health reform experiences and lessons learned, is still China's first times on the "BRIC" health system, the system comprehensive exposition and comparison.
(2) to consider the time, institutional, and political and social factors, the national health system in transition to make the system to explain the complex evolution. By comparing and analyzing the "BRIC" health system common problems, and problem solving with the basic ideas, quantitative, qualitative differences between sub-regions, to determine the strengths and weaknesses, enhance predictability, and provide effective policy learning, is the first sub-systems of the countries health systems targeted depth comparison and analysis, concluded that high scientific reference.
(3) to promote reform in this study was to analyze in depth and dynamic mechanism to promote institutional change, that the ruling elites, civil society and the middle class is to promote health system reform, an important driving force, so to support the interests of farmers groups, to expand the number of middle class and strengthen the private Hospital development will help to promote the sound development of health systems, policy recommendations proposed in this study is novel, for the current health system reform has high reference value.
“金砖国家”是指巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国这四个新兴的市场经济国家,也是正处于转型中的大国。国家转型的核心是政治、宪政规则的大规模改变与经济体制上的重大改革,而卫生体制只是转型的一部分。本研究旨在总结“金砖四国”卫生体制改革及其运行机制等文献资料和相关经验总结的基础上,分析比较“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系、制度和制度模式及其政治、经济发展等条件的相关性。通过分析比较,在研究未来医疗卫生体系发展变化趋势的基础上,根据我国国情,结合中国未来经济社会中、长期的发展规划和全面建设小康社会的目标,提出当前医疗卫生体系改革和完善的思路和政策建议,为建立适应中国国情的医疗卫生制度体系服务。
研究方法
(1)文献分析法
通过文献分析,归纳总结国际、国内已有研究成果,在此基础上,确立本论文的理论框架体系、明确研究方法及指标。通过查阅相关政策条文、统计数据等资料信息,全面了解“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度体系。
(2)比较分析法
本研究将大量采用比较分析法,通过比较定量、定性地区分差异、判断优劣,增强预测性,并提供有效政策借鉴。“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度体系及其具体国情,国家医疗卫生制度体系建立、发展的社会经济背景和制度运行的状况,以分析的方法进行归类,以比较的方法进行研究,总结相关的发展规律,为中国卫生体制改革提供实践经验。
(3)专家咨询法
收集和整理所调查国家的卫生事业发展的相关报表、报告和其他资料,同时,通过对多个国家的医疗卫生领域专家进行咨询和访谈,讨论卫生改革内容,过程及成效以及未来改革的方向等问题。
(4)历史分析法
以时间为主轴,重现过往的事实,具体分析金砖四国国家转型的这一具体的时间段,主要着眼于四国国家政治、经济和社会的结构性变迁中,医疗卫生体制的重大变化,然后加以归纳与总结。
研究内容
国家转型是一个长期的、不断发展的过程。直到现在,“金砖四国”的经济都还在转型之中。本研究以“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系为研究范围,以制度分析为研究主线,从历史发展的角度出发,研究卫生体制在国家政治、经济和社会的结构性变迁中的制度形成和演变的过程以及其中的重要推动力量,在对“金砖四国”医疗卫生体系进行深入分析和剖析的基础上,对各国的医疗卫生制度进行比较研究。本研究以“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系为研究范围,以制度分析为研究主线,从历史发展的角度研制度形成和演变的过程,从政治、社会和经济背景研究制度的理论基础,在分析医疗卫生体系的基础上,对其配套的制度进行比较研究。
(1)比较和分析“金砖四国”的医疗卫生制度产生的背景、制度形成和演变的过程。
(2)比较和分析“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系的优点及缺点,总结其经验教训。
(3)比较“金砖四国”的医疗卫生体系、制度等的内部相关性以及他们和社会经济、政治、文化等条件的外部相关性。
研究结果
(1)一个国家卫生保健体制建立和完善,不仅取决于经济发展水平,更取决于政府的政治意愿和社会价值取向。
(2)国家卫生保健制度不能只采取单一的模式,而是根据本国国情,借鉴国际经验,确定一种模式为主体、多种模式共存的复合型保健制度。
(3)政府是推动医疗卫生体制改革的决定性力量,在建立和完善卫生保健体制中发挥主导作用。
(4)扶持推动改革的动力,是加快医疗卫生体制改革的重要手段。
结论
(1)遵循“低水平、广覆盖”的原则,建立覆盖全人群的医疗保障制度。调动国家—市场—社会三方的共同力量,建立由政府、单位、社会、个人多方共同筹资、强制参保的社会医疗保险体制,真正体现医疗保险的公平性和互济性。
(2)建立“政事分开、管办分离”的管理体制和法人治理的公立医院治理结构。建立公立医院出资人制度,解决国有资产产权主体虚位问题,实现管办分离。在基本医疗服务体系中应保证公立医院的主导性,明确政府对公立医院的财政支持、高效管理责任,推进基本医疗服务的可及性、公平性。制定法律法规,允许社会资金参与社会公益事业,兴办非营利性、营利性的医院,使之成为公立医院的重要补充,考虑通过购买服务的形式来将其纳入基本医疗服务体系,积极鼓励公立医疗机构和私立医疗机构建立合作伙伴和公平竞争关系。
(3)通过扶持推动改革的动力来加快改革进程。中产阶级是提升国家健康水平的核心力量,应当通过完善医疗保障制度体系和提高教育的普及性,减少贫困人口,扩大中产阶段的数量,构建市民社会。同时,政府应积极引导农民形成自身群体组织,提高农民的自组织程度,完善农民的利益表达机制和方式,畅通和拓宽农民利益表达与沟通的公共渠道以充分反映其利益诉求。
研究特色与创新之处
(1)比较全面地对“金砖国家”转型中的医疗卫生体制进行了系统研究。对上述国家的政治环境、卫生筹资方式、组织管理、资源配置、服务提供、财务风险分担等,从各国制度沿革变迁的历史轨迹来总结和比较各国卫生体制改革的经验和教训,尚属国内首次对“金砖四国”卫生体制系统全面的阐述与比较。
(2)考虑了时间、制度以及政治和社会等因素,对国家转型中医疗卫生体制的复杂演化做出系统解释。通过比较和分析“金砖四国”卫生体制改革存在的共性问题,以及问题的解决方式与基本思路,定量、定性地区分差异、判断优劣,增强预测性,并提供有效政策借鉴,是国内首次对相关国家卫生体制系统深入的针对性比较和分析研究,得出的结论具有较高的科学借鉴意义。
(3)本研究通过分析推进改革深入和促进制度变迁的动力机制,发现统治精英、市民社会和中产阶级是推动医疗卫生体制改革的重要动力,因此扶持农民利益团体、扩大中产阶级数量及加强私立医院的发展将有利于促进医疗卫生体制的良性发展,本研究所提出的政策建议新颖,对于当前医疗卫生体系改革有较高的参考价值。
Research purposes
BRIC countries" refers to Brazil, Russia, India and China, four large emerging market economies in transition. The core of the transformation of a country is the large-scale institutional changes in political, constitutional rules and major economic system, and the changing in health system is just part of the transformation. This study aimed to summarize the "BRIC" health system and its operational mechanism and relevant literature on the basis of lessons learned, analysis and comparison of the "BRIC's" health systems, the system model and its political and economic development and other related conditions. Through analysis and comparison and the study of future trends in health system development and based on China's actual conditions, combined with China's future economy and society, long-term development planning and goal of building a moderately prosperous society, this research makes the current health system reform and improve ideas and policy recommendations for improving of China's health care system system services.
Research Methods
(1) litrature analysis Through literature, summarized the international and domestic research results, on this basis, this paper established the theoretical framework of the system, a clear methodology and indicators. Through access to relevant policy provisions, statistics and other data and information, a comprehensive understanding of the BRIC countries health system system.
(2) comparative analysis In this study, extensive use of comparative analysis, by comparing the quantitative and qualitative differences between sub-regions, to determine the strengths and weaknesses, enhance predictability, and provide a valid policy reference. From China, India, Brazil, Russia and China BRIC system and its health system specific national conditions, national health system, establishment of a system, the development of socio-economic background and status of system operation, in order to classify the methods of analysis to compare methods of research, summarizes the development of related laws, the Chinese health system to provide practical experience.
(3) The Delphi method
Collection and collation of the survey the development of national health-related statements, reports and other information at the same time, through multiple countries to consult medical experts in the field and interviews to discuss health reform content, process and effectiveness and future direction of reform the problem.
(4) Historical analysis
Using historical record and a detailed analysis of the BRIC countries at that specific transiting period, primarily focusing on four countries in the political, economic and social structural changes, the health care system, major changes, and then summarizing findings.
Research content
In this study, China, India, Brazil, Russia, the BRIC countries and China's health care system for the study of the scope of institutional analysis for the study of the main line of development from the perspective of historical development, degree of formation and evolution of the process, from the political, social and economic background the theoretical basis of the system, making health care system, BRIC-depth analysis and analysis based on a comparative study of two systems. In drawing on China, India, Brazil, Russia, the BRIC countries, based on lessons learned, the design of future institutional system of health care framework, proposed a reform and improve the current system of health care system reform ideas.
(1) analysis of China, India, Brazil, Russia and China(BRIC) health care system in the background, analysis of their system formation and evolution process.
(2) building performance evaluation of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC's health care system for comprehensive and objective evaluation.
(3) analysis and comparison of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC health system strengths and weaknesses to summarize the lessons learned.
(4) through the analysis and comparison of China, India, Brazil, Russia, BRIC's health care system, the system of internal as well as their relevance and socio-economic, political and cultural conditions of the external dependencies. According to China's national conditions, combined with China's future economy and society, long-term development planning and community health objectives by the current health system reform and improve the ideas and policy recommendations.
The results
(1) establish a national health care system and improvement depends not only on the level of economic development, but also depend on the political will and social values.
(2) national health care system can not only take a single model, but according to their national conditions, drawing on international experience, to determine a model for the dominant and diverse modes of complex health care systems coexist.
(3) In establishing and improving health care systems play a leading role. The more developed the economy, the government's public funding accounted for the greater proportion of total health expenditure, government expenditure on health accounted for the total government budget, the greater the proportion of expenditures.
(4) National health care system is largely the same basic functions.
Conclusions
(1) follow the "low level and wider coverage" principle, establish the whole people health care system. To mobilize countries-market-the collective power of social three parties, set up by the government, the unit, the society and individual DuoFang common fundraising, forced ginseng protect social medical insurance system, and reflect medical insurance of fairness and sex of each other aid.
(2) Establish a "separate management office politics, separation" management system and of corporate governance of the public hospital governance structure. Establish a public hospital system for investors, solve the property right of state-owned assets absent subject and realize management office separation. In the basic medical service system in a public hospital should guarantee the dominant sex, clarifying government to public hospital financial support, efficient management responsibility, promote basic health care to the accessibility and fairness. Make laws and regulations, allow to social capital to participate in social public welfare and the establishment of the non-profit, for-profit hospitals, make it become the important supplement of the public hospital, consider the form of service by buying into the basic medical service system, and actively encourage public medical institutions and private medical agency partners and fair competition relations. At the same time to establish China's all-around doctor system, cultivate all-around doctor team, set up corresponding incentive mechanism, which enables the general practitioner in the community to long-term service, the realization "gatekeeper" role, gradually to the doctor's more practice.
(3)Through the support to promote the momentum of reform to speed up the reform process. The middle class is raising the national health level of the force at the core, shall be through the perfect medical security system and improve the education system of popularity, the reduction of poverty population, and expand the number of middle stage, the construction of the civil society. At the same time, the government should actively guide peasants to form their own group organization, improving farmers' self organization level, perfect the interests of farmers expressing mechanism and method, clear and broaden the interests of expression and communication channels to fully reflect the public interests and needs.
Research features and innovations
(1) more fully on the "BRIC" transformation in the health care system has been systematically studied. Political environment of these countries, health financing, organization and management, resource allocation, service delivery, financial risk-sharing, etc., from the evolution of national systems to track changes in the history of summary and comparison of national health reform experiences and lessons learned, is still China's first times on the "BRIC" health system, the system comprehensive exposition and comparison.
(2) to consider the time, institutional, and political and social factors, the national health system in transition to make the system to explain the complex evolution. By comparing and analyzing the "BRIC" health system common problems, and problem solving with the basic ideas, quantitative, qualitative differences between sub-regions, to determine the strengths and weaknesses, enhance predictability, and provide effective policy learning, is the first sub-systems of the countries health systems targeted depth comparison and analysis, concluded that high scientific reference.
(3) to promote reform in this study was to analyze in depth and dynamic mechanism to promote institutional change, that the ruling elites, civil society and the middle class is to promote health system reform, an important driving force, so to support the interests of farmers groups, to expand the number of middle class and strengthen the private Hospital development will help to promote the sound development of health systems, policy recommendations proposed in this study is novel, for the current health system reform has high reference value.
引文
1张冉燃：《权威报告：中国医疗卫生体制改革总体上不成功》,载《医院领导决策参考》2005年第14期
2葛延风：《中国医疗服务体系改革反思》,载《中国卫生产业》2005年第9期
3葛延风：《反思中国医疗卫生体制改革》,载《中国经济时报》2005年6月6日
[1]Ensor, T. Informal Payments for Health Care in Transition Economies[J]. Social Science & Medicine,2004,58(1):237-246.
[2]Hsiao,W. C. Why is a Systemic View of Health Financing Necessary? [J]. Health Affairs,2007,26(4):950-961.
[3]Krishna,A. Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor:Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why[J]. World Development,2004,32(1):121-136.
[4]World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2000—Health Systems:Improving Performance, Geneva[M]. World Health Organization,2000.
[5]Marg Gomes de Oliveira Karnikowsk, Janeth de Oliveira Silva Naves, Lynn Dee Silver. Access to Essential Drugs in Brazilian Cities:A community based Evaluation and Action Method[J]. Journal of Public Health Policy,2004,(25):3-4.
[6]Historical Event during 2001-2004 of Universal Coverage in Thai land[R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:National Health Security Office; 2005.
[7]Prakongsai P. "Health insurance system in Thailand:targeting or universality" In:Jongudomsuk P, editor. Five Interesting Issues Learned from Achieving Universal Coverage of Health Care[R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:National Health Security Office; 2004.
[8]National Health Security Office, ABAC Poll and Suan Dusit Poll. Report of Survey of Opinions of Clients and Providers under the Universal Coverage Scheme in 2004 [R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:SPS Printing,2005.
[9]Guy Carrin, Chris James. Reaching universal coverage via social health insurance:key design features in the transition period [R]. WHO, Geneva,2004.
[10]Bhatia, J.,and J. Cleland. Health Care of Female Outpatients in South-Central India: Comparing Public and Private Sector Provision[J]. Health Policy and Planning,2007,19(6):402-409.
[11]Interregional meeting on implementation of the strategy on health care financing. [R].WHO, Geneva,2006.
[12]Krishna, A., "Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor:Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why?" World Development, Vol.32, No.1, January 2004, pp.121-136.
[13]Kutzin J. A descriptive frainework for country level analysis of health eare financing arrangements[J]. Heath Policy,2001,56(3):171-204.
[14]饶克勤,刘新明.国外医疗卫生体制的比较研究对我国卫生改革发展的经验借鉴[M].北京：中国协和医科大学出版社,2006.
[15]Barnum, H., J. Kutzin, H. Saxenian. Incentives and Provider Payment Methods[J]. International Journal of Health Planning and Management,1995,10(1):23-45.
[16]Robert Jervis. System Effects:Complexity in Political and Social Life[R]. New Jersey. Princeton University Press,1997.
[17]石光,雷海潮,高卫中.巴西和智利卫生改革考察报告[J].卫生经济研究,2008(6)：13-15.
[18]Ensor, T. Informal Payments for Health Care in Transition Economies[J]Social Science & Medicine,2004,58(2):237-246.
[19]Tragakes E. Lesso. Health Care Systems in Transition:Russian Federation. [M]. Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe,2003.
[20]杨光斌,郑伟铭.国家形态与国家治理：苏联-俄罗斯转型经验研究[J].中国社会科学,2007(4)：35.
[21]De Costa, A., and V. Diwan. Where Is the Public Health Sector? Public and Private Sector Healthcare Provision in Madhya Pradesh, India[J] Health Policy,2007, 84(2):269-276.
[22]Bhatia, J., J. Cleland. Health Care of Female Outpatients in South-Central India: Comparing Public and Private Sector Provision[J] Health Policy and Planning 2004,19(6):402-409.
[23]Prasanna Hota. National Rural Health Mission[J]. Indian Journal of Pediatrics,2006, 73 (4):193.
[24]Ashok VikhePatil, K. V. Somasundaram, R. C, Goyal. Current health scenario in rural India[J]. Rural-Health,2002,34(5):653-667.
[25]World Bank. India, Raising the Sights:Better Health Systems for India's Poor[R]. The World Bank Report,2001.
[26]Duggal R. Poverty & health:criticality of public financing[R]. Indian Med Res,2007
[27]唐朱昌,杨特.试论政府在经济转型和改革过程中的作用：中俄印三国之比较分析[J].世界经济研究.2007(3)：73.
[28]Jing Huang. Factionalism in Chinese Comnninisity Politics[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2000:1-39.
[29]Minxin Pei. From reform to revolution:The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union[M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994.
[30]Dingxin Zhao. China's Prolonged Stability and Political Future:Same Political System, Different Policies and Methods [J]. Journal of Conlen:porary China. 2001.10(28):441.
[31]Pauly, M. V., P. Zweifel, R. M. Scheffler, A. S. Preker, M. Bassett. Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries[J]Health Affairs,2006,25(2):369-379.
[32]Lester M. Salamon. The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector[J]. Foreign Affairs. 1994.73 (4):109-122.
[33]谢婷婷.印度当代中产阶级的发展及其作用[J].国际资料信息.2008(12)：24.
[34]Miranda. Intergovernmental health policy decisions in Brazil cooperation strategies for political mediation [J]. Alcides S Health Policy and Planning,2007,22(3): 186-192.
[35]普拉迪普·库马·鲍斯.印度和中国的中产阶级兴起：比较视野下的中产阶级形成—过程、影响及社会经济后果[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[36]赵定东.中俄中产阶层：构成、趋势与功能的宏观比较分析：比较视野下的中产阶级形成—过程、影响及社会经济后果[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[37]中华人民共和国卫生部编.2009中国卫生统计年鉴[M].2009.
[38]Dror, D. M., R. Radermacher, R. Koren. Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance Among Rural and Poor Persons:Field Evidence from Seven Micro Health Insurance Units in India[J] Health Policy,2007,82 (1):12-27.
[39]VM Katoch. National Institute of Nutrition, Annual Report [R]. Indian Council of Medical Research.2009.
[40]Sanjay Kumar. M uch Health Care in Rural India Comes from Unqualified Practitioners [J]. BM J,2004(328):975.
[4l]Ashok Vikhe Patil, K.V. Somasun daram and R. C. Goyal. Current Health Scenario in Rural India[J]. Aust. J. Rural Health,2002(10):129-135.
[42]De Costa, A., V. Diwan, Where Is the Public Health Sector? Public and Private Sector Healthcare Provision in Madhya Pradesh [J]. India, Health Policy,2007,84 (2): 269-276.
[43]Datar, A., A. Mukherji, N. Sood, Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India [J]. Indian Journal of Medical Research,2007,125(1):31-42.
[44]Devadasan, N., M. Boelaert, B. Criel, W. Van Damme, B. Gryseels. The Need for Strong General Health Services in India and Elsewhere [J]. Lancet,2007,369 (9):638-639.
[45]Das Gupta, M., M. Rani. India's Public Health System:How Well Does It Function at the National Level [R]. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No.3447.2008.
[46]Devadasan, N., B. Criel, W. Van Damme, K. Ranson, P. Van der Stuyft. Indian Community Health Insurance Schemes Provide Partial Protection Against Catastrophic Health Expenditure [J]. BioMed Central Health Services Research,2007,7(43):99-100.
[47]Andrea Cornwall, Alex Shaknland. Engaginging citizens:Lessons from building Brazil'(?) national health system [J]. Social Science & Medicine,2008,66:2173-2184.
[48]Elton Fernandes Heloisa. An analysis of the supplementary health sector in Brazil [J]. Health Policy,2007(81):242-257.
[49]Rio de Janeiro. Fellowship-sponsored Chinese study tour:Health Systems reforms in Brazil and Chile [R]. WHO:Ministry of Health of Brazil.2007.
[50]冯显威,王慧,程刚.巴西医疗卫生体制改革及其对我国的启示[J].医学与社会,2007,20(12)：31-32.
[51]姜相春,徐杰.巴西医疗卫生体制考察与思考[J].中国初级卫生保健,2003(7)：93-95.
[52]王东升,饶克勤.巴西、阿根廷卫生保健体制改革与发展[J].中国卫生经济,2006,(11)：78-80
[53]Francisco Goncalves. A cross country explanation of performance of heath care systems:The consumer point of view using the Euro Health Consumer Index[J]. Economic Modelling 2010,28:196-200.
[54]初笑宇,黄丽佳,韩鹏飞,等.俄罗斯卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志,2009(8)：21-22.
[55]戴卫东.“金砖四国”医疗卫生体制改革比较及思考[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)：51-52.
[56]陈鑫.中国医疗体制改革的制度分析[D].济南：山东大学,2007.
[57]Wagstaff, A. N., N. Watanabe, and E. Van Doorslaer, "Impoverishment, Insurance, and Health Care Payments," Health, Nutrition, and Population Discussion Paper, Washington, D. C.:World Bank,2001.
[58]王玲,吴雯,张翔.新医改下公立医院战略管理探讨[J].医学与社会,2010.23(6)：48-50.
[59]饶克勤.国外卫生体制比较研究与我国卫生改革发展的政策思考：改革与创新我国卫生保健体制的政策建议(上)[J].内蒙古卫生,2007(3).
[60]Health & NHS Performance Indicators, National Figures[Z]. London:Department of Health, 2002.
[61]Health performance measurement and improvement in OECD health systems overview of issues and challenges [Z]. Ottawa:OECD,2002.
[62]Roadmap Initiative. Launching the Process:2 Years Later[R]. Ottawa:Canadian Institute for Health Information,2001.
[63]Healthy People 2010:Understanding and Improving HeAth[Z]. Washington D. C.:US Government printing Office.2000.
[64]Arab A, Klazinga N S, Delnoi j D M. Conceptual f lameworks for health systems performance: a quest for effectiveness, quality, and improvement[J]. International Journal for Quality in Health Care,2003,15(5):377-398.
[65]Health care in Canada[Z]. Ottawa:Canadian Institute for Health Information,2001.
[66]Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm:A New Health System for the 21st century [R]. Washington D.C.:National Academy,2001.
[67]National Health Performance committee. National health performance framework report[R]. Brisbane:Queensland health,2001.
[68]张萌,王家耀,吴建,等.我国农村公共卫生服务提供机制的历史变化与问题[J].中国卫生经济,2010.29(9)：13-14.
[69]高建民,周忠良,闫菊娥,等.我国基本医疗保障制度卫生服务可及性实证研究[J].中国卫生经济,2010.29(7)：6-8.
[70]World Health Organization. Annual Report 2010[R]. Switzerland WHO,2011.
[71]张洁欣,李淼,龚勋,等.我国城乡初级卫生保健的问题及策略选择[J].中国社会医学杂志,2008,25(1)：14-15.
[72]王玲,吴雯,张翔.新医改下公立医院战略管理探讨[J].医学与社会,2010.23(6)：48-50.
[73]王燕,韩东,杨洪,等,新时期农村初级卫生保健事业发展的思考[J].中国初级卫生保健,2007,21(1)：2-4.
[74]许梦博,任倩倩.新医改方案的内容解析及其对策思考[J].医学与社会,2010.23(4)：61-63.
[75]张良吉.中印医疗保障制度的比较与思考[J].医学与哲学,2007,28(8)：16-17
[76]Devadasan, N., K. Ranson, W. Van Damme,et al. The Landscape of Community Health Insurance in India:An Overview Based on 10 Case Studies [J]. Health Policy,2006, 78(2):224-234.
[77]The World Bank. India Raising the Sights:Better Health System for India's Poor [R] Washington DC,2001.
[78]Peters David. Better Health Systems for India's Poor:Findings, Analysis and Options, Health Nutrition, and Population Series [R]. World Bank:Washington DC,2002.
[79]Patrick Krause. Non-Profit Insurance Schemes for the Unorganized Sector in India[R]. Social Policy, Working Papers,2008.
[80]马丹,任苒.巴西医疗保障体系[J].医学与哲学,2007,28(10)：1-3.
[81]许梦博,任倩倩.新医改方案的内容解析及其对策思考[J].医学与社会,2010.23(4)：61-63.
[82]沈伟娟.国外医疗保障模式对我国医疗改革的启发[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,6(8)：75-76.
[83]Drechsler, D., J. P. Jutting. Private Health Insurance in Low and Middle-Income Countries:Scope, Limitations, and Policy Responses, Issy-les-Moulineaux [R]. France:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2005.
[1]李妍嫣,袁祥飞.主要发达国家医疗卫生体制模式比较及启示--以英国、美国和德国为例[J].价格理论与实践,2009,5.
[2]孙洁.英国的政党政治与福利制度[M].北京：商务印书馆：2008.
[3]Busse R, R iesberg A. Health Systems in Transition(Germany) [M]. Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe,2004.
[4]马里恩·卡斯佩斯,梅尔克.德国的卫生体制——特点、问题与解决方案[J].社会保障研究,2006,12,(31).
[5]初笑宇,黄丽佳,韩鹏飞等.俄罗斯卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志,2009,26(4).
[6]葛恒云.印度医疗卫生体制及其对我国的启示[J].医院领导决策参考,2009,11.
[7]周伟,徐杰.巴西医疗卫生体制与改革给我们的启示[J].江苏卫生事业管理,2003,14(4).
[8]中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见.[EB/OL]. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-04-06/165217556355.shtml.(2011,06.09)
[9]Clark R美国的医疗卫生体制[J].当代医学,2005,11.
[10]杨科,高倩.德国卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志2006,26(3).
[11]周雁翎.公平、效率与经济增长：转型期中国卫生保健投资问题研究[M],武汉：武汉出版社,2003
[12]Ghatak A, Hazlewood J,Lee T. How private health care can help Africa 2008(03)
[13]McIntyre D,Garshong B,Mtei G. Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage:insights from Ghana,South Africa and Tanzania 2008
[14]Yadav Vineeta. An Information Model of Interest Group Dynamics in Developing Countries:A Comparison of Brazil, China and India. UMI Microform.,2006.
[15]WHO Everybody's Business:Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes:WHO's Framework for Action 2007
[16]葛延风.反思中国医疗卫生体制改革[J].新华文摘,2005(16)：21.
[17]贡森,葛延风.清醒认识城镇医疗保障制度建设中的问题[J].新华文摘,2005(16)：21.
[18]Gottret P,Scheiber G. Health Financing Revisited[R].A Practitioner's Guide,2006
[19]Kutzin J. A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements,2001 (03)
[20]Wagstaff A. Measuring equity in health care financing:reflections on and alternatives to the World Health Organization's Fairness of Financing Index 2000
[21]De Savigny D,Adam T. Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening 2009
[22]Roemer M. National Health Systems of the World,1991
[23]OECD.The Reform of Health Care:A Comparative Analysis of Seven OECD Countries, 1992
[24]Gilson L,McIntyre D. Removing user fees for primary care in Africa:the need for careful action,2005(7519)
[25]Wagstaff A,Van Doorslaer E. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care:with applications to Vietnam,1993-1998,2003(11)
[26]Coovadia H,Jewkes R;Barron P. The health and health system of South Africa:historical roots of current public health challenges,2009(9692)
[27]WHO Sustainable health financing,universal coverage and social health insurance:World Health Assembly resolution WHA58.332005
[28]WHO.The World Health Report 2000:Health Systems[R].Improving Performance, 2000
[29]Xu K,Evans D,Kawabata K. Household catastrophic health expenditure:a multicountry analysis,2003
[30]Bennett S,Creese A,Monasch R. Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment,1998
[31]McIntyre D. Learning from Experience:Health Care Financing in Low-and Middle-Income Countries,2007
[32]Wagstaff A. Measuring financial protection in health,2008
[33]WHO. The World Health Report 2000:Health Systems:Improving Performance[R]. Geneva,2000.
[34]Coovadia H,Jewkes R,Barron P,et al. The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges[J].The Lancet,2009,374(9692):817-834.
[35]Kutzin J. A descriptive frainework for country level analysis Of health eare financing arrangements[J]. Heath Policy,2001,56(3):171-204.
[36]Gottret P, Scheiber G Health Financing Revisited:A Pracfitioner's Guide[S]. Washington DC:The World Bank,2006.
[37]McIntyre D. Learning from Experience:Health Care Financing in Low and Midge Income Countries[R]. Geneva,2007.
[38]邹子健.马爱霞构建我国和谐的医疗保障制度[J].中国药事2008(12)
[39]姜红玲.从医生费用控制视角谈杜区卫生事业发展方向—基于英国全科医生制度的经济分析[J]中南财经政法大学报,2007(6).
[40]潘常刚.中国医疗保障制度改革的困境与出路[J].地方财政研究,2009(6)：6.
[41]村进,余央央.医疗卫生体制改革：市场化.激励机制与政府的作用[J].世界经济文汇,2008(1)：23-25.
[42]Vasilyeva,Natalia A. BRIC's Institutionalization:Russia's world Political Strategy thesis Presented in The World Congress of Political Science[R]. Santiago, Chile.2009.
[43]马爱霞.邹子健国外医疗保障制度典型模式比较分析[J].中国药业2008(24)：47-50.
[44]肖远鸿.成都市社区卫生服务多渠道筹资研究[D].硕士研究生论文,2005
[45]王根贤.关于医疗需求的经济学分析[J].商业研究,2007(5)：18-20.
[46]孙洛平.市场竞争性和我国的医疗体制改革——经济学视角下的医疗体制改革模式[J].财贸研究,2008.
[47]赵曼,吕国营.社会医疗保险中的道德风险[M]北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.
[48]杨团.关于我国医疗卫生体制改革的综述[J].中国经贸导刊,2007(1)：24-26.
[49]崔树起,杨珺,路孝琴.我国全科医疗服务中的若干问题探讨[J].中国全科医学,2004(10)：18-21.
[50]李淑萍.医院财务管理问题之我见[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008(7)：15-17.
[51]郝模,林尚立,刘俊.解决看病贵等技术非常成熟,关键是政府的决心[J].中国卫资源,2007(5)：3-6.
2葛延风：《中国医疗服务体系改革反思》,载《中国卫生产业》2005年第9期
3葛延风：《反思中国医疗卫生体制改革》,载《中国经济时报》2005年6月6日
[1]Ensor, T. Informal Payments for Health Care in Transition Economies[J]. Social Science & Medicine,2004,58(1):237-246.
[2]Hsiao,W. C. Why is a Systemic View of Health Financing Necessary? [J]. Health Affairs,2007,26(4):950-961.
[3]Krishna,A. Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor:Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why[J]. World Development,2004,32(1):121-136.
[4]World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2000—Health Systems:Improving Performance, Geneva[M]. World Health Organization,2000.
[5]Marg Gomes de Oliveira Karnikowsk, Janeth de Oliveira Silva Naves, Lynn Dee Silver. Access to Essential Drugs in Brazilian Cities:A community based Evaluation and Action Method[J]. Journal of Public Health Policy,2004,(25):3-4.
[6]Historical Event during 2001-2004 of Universal Coverage in Thai land[R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:National Health Security Office; 2005.
[7]Prakongsai P. "Health insurance system in Thailand:targeting or universality" In:Jongudomsuk P, editor. Five Interesting Issues Learned from Achieving Universal Coverage of Health Care[R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:National Health Security Office; 2004.
[8]National Health Security Office, ABAC Poll and Suan Dusit Poll. Report of Survey of Opinions of Clients and Providers under the Universal Coverage Scheme in 2004 [R]. Nonthaburi, Thailand:SPS Printing,2005.
[9]Guy Carrin, Chris James. Reaching universal coverage via social health insurance:key design features in the transition period [R]. WHO, Geneva,2004.
[10]Bhatia, J.,and J. Cleland. Health Care of Female Outpatients in South-Central India: Comparing Public and Private Sector Provision[J]. Health Policy and Planning,2007,19(6):402-409.
[11]Interregional meeting on implementation of the strategy on health care financing. [R].WHO, Geneva,2006.
[12]Krishna, A., "Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor:Who Gains, Who Loses, and Why?" World Development, Vol.32, No.1, January 2004, pp.121-136.
[13]Kutzin J. A descriptive frainework for country level analysis of health eare financing arrangements[J]. Heath Policy,2001,56(3):171-204.
[14]饶克勤,刘新明.国外医疗卫生体制的比较研究对我国卫生改革发展的经验借鉴[M].北京：中国协和医科大学出版社,2006.
[15]Barnum, H., J. Kutzin, H. Saxenian. Incentives and Provider Payment Methods[J]. International Journal of Health Planning and Management,1995,10(1):23-45.
[16]Robert Jervis. System Effects:Complexity in Political and Social Life[R]. New Jersey. Princeton University Press,1997.
[17]石光,雷海潮,高卫中.巴西和智利卫生改革考察报告[J].卫生经济研究,2008(6)：13-15.
[18]Ensor, T. Informal Payments for Health Care in Transition Economies[J]Social Science & Medicine,2004,58(2):237-246.
[19]Tragakes E. Lesso. Health Care Systems in Transition:Russian Federation. [M]. Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe,2003.
[20]杨光斌,郑伟铭.国家形态与国家治理：苏联-俄罗斯转型经验研究[J].中国社会科学,2007(4)：35.
[21]De Costa, A., and V. Diwan. Where Is the Public Health Sector? Public and Private Sector Healthcare Provision in Madhya Pradesh, India[J] Health Policy,2007, 84(2):269-276.
[22]Bhatia, J., J. Cleland. Health Care of Female Outpatients in South-Central India: Comparing Public and Private Sector Provision[J] Health Policy and Planning 2004,19(6):402-409.
[23]Prasanna Hota. National Rural Health Mission[J]. Indian Journal of Pediatrics,2006, 73 (4):193.
[24]Ashok VikhePatil, K. V. Somasundaram, R. C, Goyal. Current health scenario in rural India[J]. Rural-Health,2002,34(5):653-667.
[25]World Bank. India, Raising the Sights:Better Health Systems for India's Poor[R]. The World Bank Report,2001.
[26]Duggal R. Poverty & health:criticality of public financing[R]. Indian Med Res,2007
[27]唐朱昌,杨特.试论政府在经济转型和改革过程中的作用：中俄印三国之比较分析[J].世界经济研究.2007(3)：73.
[28]Jing Huang. Factionalism in Chinese Comnninisity Politics[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2000:1-39.
[29]Minxin Pei. From reform to revolution:The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union[M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994.
[30]Dingxin Zhao. China's Prolonged Stability and Political Future:Same Political System, Different Policies and Methods [J]. Journal of Conlen:porary China. 2001.10(28):441.
[31]Pauly, M. V., P. Zweifel, R. M. Scheffler, A. S. Preker, M. Bassett. Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries[J]Health Affairs,2006,25(2):369-379.
[32]Lester M. Salamon. The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector[J]. Foreign Affairs. 1994.73 (4):109-122.
[33]谢婷婷.印度当代中产阶级的发展及其作用[J].国际资料信息.2008(12)：24.
[34]Miranda. Intergovernmental health policy decisions in Brazil cooperation strategies for political mediation [J]. Alcides S Health Policy and Planning,2007,22(3): 186-192.
[35]普拉迪普·库马·鲍斯.印度和中国的中产阶级兴起：比较视野下的中产阶级形成—过程、影响及社会经济后果[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[36]赵定东.中俄中产阶层：构成、趋势与功能的宏观比较分析：比较视野下的中产阶级形成—过程、影响及社会经济后果[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[37]中华人民共和国卫生部编.2009中国卫生统计年鉴[M].2009.
[38]Dror, D. M., R. Radermacher, R. Koren. Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance Among Rural and Poor Persons:Field Evidence from Seven Micro Health Insurance Units in India[J] Health Policy,2007,82 (1):12-27.
[39]VM Katoch. National Institute of Nutrition, Annual Report [R]. Indian Council of Medical Research.2009.
[40]Sanjay Kumar. M uch Health Care in Rural India Comes from Unqualified Practitioners [J]. BM J,2004(328):975.
[4l]Ashok Vikhe Patil, K.V. Somasun daram and R. C. Goyal. Current Health Scenario in Rural India[J]. Aust. J. Rural Health,2002(10):129-135.
[42]De Costa, A., V. Diwan, Where Is the Public Health Sector? Public and Private Sector Healthcare Provision in Madhya Pradesh [J]. India, Health Policy,2007,84 (2): 269-276.
[43]Datar, A., A. Mukherji, N. Sood, Health Infrastructure and Immunization Coverage in Rural India [J]. Indian Journal of Medical Research,2007,125(1):31-42.
[44]Devadasan, N., M. Boelaert, B. Criel, W. Van Damme, B. Gryseels. The Need for Strong General Health Services in India and Elsewhere [J]. Lancet,2007,369 (9):638-639.
[45]Das Gupta, M., M. Rani. India's Public Health System:How Well Does It Function at the National Level [R]. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No.3447.2008.
[46]Devadasan, N., B. Criel, W. Van Damme, K. Ranson, P. Van der Stuyft. Indian Community Health Insurance Schemes Provide Partial Protection Against Catastrophic Health Expenditure [J]. BioMed Central Health Services Research,2007,7(43):99-100.
[47]Andrea Cornwall, Alex Shaknland. Engaginging citizens:Lessons from building Brazil'(?) national health system [J]. Social Science & Medicine,2008,66:2173-2184.
[48]Elton Fernandes Heloisa. An analysis of the supplementary health sector in Brazil [J]. Health Policy,2007(81):242-257.
[49]Rio de Janeiro. Fellowship-sponsored Chinese study tour:Health Systems reforms in Brazil and Chile [R]. WHO:Ministry of Health of Brazil.2007.
[50]冯显威,王慧,程刚.巴西医疗卫生体制改革及其对我国的启示[J].医学与社会,2007,20(12)：31-32.
[51]姜相春,徐杰.巴西医疗卫生体制考察与思考[J].中国初级卫生保健,2003(7)：93-95.
[52]王东升,饶克勤.巴西、阿根廷卫生保健体制改革与发展[J].中国卫生经济,2006,(11)：78-80
[53]Francisco Goncalves. A cross country explanation of performance of heath care systems:The consumer point of view using the Euro Health Consumer Index[J]. Economic Modelling 2010,28:196-200.
[54]初笑宇,黄丽佳,韩鹏飞,等.俄罗斯卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志,2009(8)：21-22.
[55]戴卫东.“金砖四国”医疗卫生体制改革比较及思考[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)：51-52.
[56]陈鑫.中国医疗体制改革的制度分析[D].济南：山东大学,2007.
[57]Wagstaff, A. N., N. Watanabe, and E. Van Doorslaer, "Impoverishment, Insurance, and Health Care Payments," Health, Nutrition, and Population Discussion Paper, Washington, D. C.:World Bank,2001.
[58]王玲,吴雯,张翔.新医改下公立医院战略管理探讨[J].医学与社会,2010.23(6)：48-50.
[59]饶克勤.国外卫生体制比较研究与我国卫生改革发展的政策思考：改革与创新我国卫生保健体制的政策建议(上)[J].内蒙古卫生,2007(3).
[60]Health & NHS Performance Indicators, National Figures[Z]. London:Department of Health, 2002.
[61]Health performance measurement and improvement in OECD health systems overview of issues and challenges [Z]. Ottawa:OECD,2002.
[62]Roadmap Initiative. Launching the Process:2 Years Later[R]. Ottawa:Canadian Institute for Health Information,2001.
[63]Healthy People 2010:Understanding and Improving HeAth[Z]. Washington D. C.:US Government printing Office.2000.
[64]Arab A, Klazinga N S, Delnoi j D M. Conceptual f lameworks for health systems performance: a quest for effectiveness, quality, and improvement[J]. International Journal for Quality in Health Care,2003,15(5):377-398.
[65]Health care in Canada[Z]. Ottawa:Canadian Institute for Health Information,2001.
[66]Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm:A New Health System for the 21st century [R]. Washington D.C.:National Academy,2001.
[67]National Health Performance committee. National health performance framework report[R]. Brisbane:Queensland health,2001.
[68]张萌,王家耀,吴建,等.我国农村公共卫生服务提供机制的历史变化与问题[J].中国卫生经济,2010.29(9)：13-14.
[69]高建民,周忠良,闫菊娥,等.我国基本医疗保障制度卫生服务可及性实证研究[J].中国卫生经济,2010.29(7)：6-8.
[70]World Health Organization. Annual Report 2010[R]. Switzerland WHO,2011.
[71]张洁欣,李淼,龚勋,等.我国城乡初级卫生保健的问题及策略选择[J].中国社会医学杂志,2008,25(1)：14-15.
[72]王玲,吴雯,张翔.新医改下公立医院战略管理探讨[J].医学与社会,2010.23(6)：48-50.
[73]王燕,韩东,杨洪,等,新时期农村初级卫生保健事业发展的思考[J].中国初级卫生保健,2007,21(1)：2-4.
[74]许梦博,任倩倩.新医改方案的内容解析及其对策思考[J].医学与社会,2010.23(4)：61-63.
[75]张良吉.中印医疗保障制度的比较与思考[J].医学与哲学,2007,28(8)：16-17
[76]Devadasan, N., K. Ranson, W. Van Damme,et al. The Landscape of Community Health Insurance in India:An Overview Based on 10 Case Studies [J]. Health Policy,2006, 78(2):224-234.
[77]The World Bank. India Raising the Sights:Better Health System for India's Poor [R] Washington DC,2001.
[78]Peters David. Better Health Systems for India's Poor:Findings, Analysis and Options, Health Nutrition, and Population Series [R]. World Bank:Washington DC,2002.
[79]Patrick Krause. Non-Profit Insurance Schemes for the Unorganized Sector in India[R]. Social Policy, Working Papers,2008.
[80]马丹,任苒.巴西医疗保障体系[J].医学与哲学,2007,28(10)：1-3.
[81]许梦博,任倩倩.新医改方案的内容解析及其对策思考[J].医学与社会,2010.23(4)：61-63.
[82]沈伟娟.国外医疗保障模式对我国医疗改革的启发[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,6(8)：75-76.
[83]Drechsler, D., J. P. Jutting. Private Health Insurance in Low and Middle-Income Countries:Scope, Limitations, and Policy Responses, Issy-les-Moulineaux [R]. France:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2005.
[1]李妍嫣,袁祥飞.主要发达国家医疗卫生体制模式比较及启示--以英国、美国和德国为例[J].价格理论与实践,2009,5.
[2]孙洁.英国的政党政治与福利制度[M].北京：商务印书馆：2008.
[3]Busse R, R iesberg A. Health Systems in Transition(Germany) [M]. Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe,2004.
[4]马里恩·卡斯佩斯,梅尔克.德国的卫生体制——特点、问题与解决方案[J].社会保障研究,2006,12,(31).
[5]初笑宇,黄丽佳,韩鹏飞等.俄罗斯卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志,2009,26(4).
[6]葛恒云.印度医疗卫生体制及其对我国的启示[J].医院领导决策参考,2009,11.
[7]周伟,徐杰.巴西医疗卫生体制与改革给我们的启示[J].江苏卫生事业管理,2003,14(4).
[8]中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见.[EB/OL]. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-04-06/165217556355.shtml.(2011,06.09)
[9]Clark R美国的医疗卫生体制[J].当代医学,2005,11.
[10]杨科,高倩.德国卫生体制改革概况[J].中国社会医学杂志2006,26(3).
[11]周雁翎.公平、效率与经济增长：转型期中国卫生保健投资问题研究[M],武汉：武汉出版社,2003
[12]Ghatak A, Hazlewood J,Lee T. How private health care can help Africa 2008(03)
[13]McIntyre D,Garshong B,Mtei G. Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage:insights from Ghana,South Africa and Tanzania 2008
[14]Yadav Vineeta. An Information Model of Interest Group Dynamics in Developing Countries:A Comparison of Brazil, China and India. UMI Microform.,2006.
[15]WHO Everybody's Business:Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes:WHO's Framework for Action 2007
[16]葛延风.反思中国医疗卫生体制改革[J].新华文摘,2005(16)：21.
[17]贡森,葛延风.清醒认识城镇医疗保障制度建设中的问题[J].新华文摘,2005(16)：21.
[18]Gottret P,Scheiber G. Health Financing Revisited[R].A Practitioner's Guide,2006
[19]Kutzin J. A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements,2001 (03)
[20]Wagstaff A. Measuring equity in health care financing:reflections on and alternatives to the World Health Organization's Fairness of Financing Index 2000
[21]De Savigny D,Adam T. Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening 2009
[22]Roemer M. National Health Systems of the World,1991
[23]OECD.The Reform of Health Care:A Comparative Analysis of Seven OECD Countries, 1992
[24]Gilson L,McIntyre D. Removing user fees for primary care in Africa:the need for careful action,2005(7519)
[25]Wagstaff A,Van Doorslaer E. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care:with applications to Vietnam,1993-1998,2003(11)
[26]Coovadia H,Jewkes R;Barron P. The health and health system of South Africa:historical roots of current public health challenges,2009(9692)
[27]WHO Sustainable health financing,universal coverage and social health insurance:World Health Assembly resolution WHA58.332005
[28]WHO.The World Health Report 2000:Health Systems[R].Improving Performance, 2000
[29]Xu K,Evans D,Kawabata K. Household catastrophic health expenditure:a multicountry analysis,2003
[30]Bennett S,Creese A,Monasch R. Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment,1998
[31]McIntyre D. Learning from Experience:Health Care Financing in Low-and Middle-Income Countries,2007
[32]Wagstaff A. Measuring financial protection in health,2008
[33]WHO. The World Health Report 2000:Health Systems:Improving Performance[R]. Geneva,2000.
[34]Coovadia H,Jewkes R,Barron P,et al. The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges[J].The Lancet,2009,374(9692):817-834.
[35]Kutzin J. A descriptive frainework for country level analysis Of health eare financing arrangements[J]. Heath Policy,2001,56(3):171-204.
[36]Gottret P, Scheiber G Health Financing Revisited:A Pracfitioner's Guide[S]. Washington DC:The World Bank,2006.
[37]McIntyre D. Learning from Experience:Health Care Financing in Low and Midge Income Countries[R]. Geneva,2007.
[38]邹子健.马爱霞构建我国和谐的医疗保障制度[J].中国药事2008(12)
[39]姜红玲.从医生费用控制视角谈杜区卫生事业发展方向—基于英国全科医生制度的经济分析[J]中南财经政法大学报,2007(6).
[40]潘常刚.中国医疗保障制度改革的困境与出路[J].地方财政研究,2009(6)：6.
[41]村进,余央央.医疗卫生体制改革：市场化.激励机制与政府的作用[J].世界经济文汇,2008(1)：23-25.
[42]Vasilyeva,Natalia A. BRIC's Institutionalization:Russia's world Political Strategy thesis Presented in The World Congress of Political Science[R]. Santiago, Chile.2009.
[43]马爱霞.邹子健国外医疗保障制度典型模式比较分析[J].中国药业2008(24)：47-50.
[44]肖远鸿.成都市社区卫生服务多渠道筹资研究[D].硕士研究生论文,2005
[45]王根贤.关于医疗需求的经济学分析[J].商业研究,2007(5)：18-20.
[46]孙洛平.市场竞争性和我国的医疗体制改革——经济学视角下的医疗体制改革模式[J].财贸研究,2008.
[47]赵曼,吕国营.社会医疗保险中的道德风险[M]北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007.
[48]杨团.关于我国医疗卫生体制改革的综述[J].中国经贸导刊,2007(1)：24-26.
[49]崔树起,杨珺,路孝琴.我国全科医疗服务中的若干问题探讨[J].中国全科医学,2004(10)：18-21.
[50]李淑萍.医院财务管理问题之我见[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008(7)：15-17.
[51]郝模,林尚立,刘俊.解决看病贵等技术非常成熟,关键是政府的决心[J].中国卫资源,2007(5)：3-6.