大亚湾中微子实验PMT读出电子学研究
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摘要
读出电子学系统是高能物理实验的重要课题,一个成熟可靠、性能优良的读出电子学系统对于实验的成功起着关键性的作用。
本篇论文论述了大亚湾中微子实验PMT(光电倍增管)读出电子学的研究,以大亚湾中微子实验的具体需求为目标,在借鉴ATLAS与BESIII读出电子学的基础上,完成了大亚湾实验的PMT读出电子学；文中详细介绍了PMT读出电子学的设计方案。
与国内外同类电路相比,大亚湾PMT读出电子学具有动态范围大、测量精度高、死时间更短等优点；DAQ、模型探测器、中心探测器Dry run实验中FEE的测试结果表明,PMT读出电子学的设计是成功的,实现了既定设计目标,能够满足大亚湾实验对PMT信号读出的要求。
作为PMT读出电子学研究重要组成部分的PMT信号分析,发现了陶瓷电容在高压下的振荡现象,这是国内外高能物理实验中首次发现并解决陶瓷电容高压下的振荡现象,为实验设计提供最优化改进的方案。
而作为PMT读出电子学改进设计有效环节的FEE数据分析,既从物理角度研究了FEE的读出时间窗口长度对物理事例的影响,又从电子学的角度对Fadc插件性能进行了检验；同时基于LED事例下的触发效率研究更是对整个大亚湾实验的触发效率预测有着重要的参考作用。
目前大亚湾中微子实验的PMT读出电子学已经完成了基本的设计,基于反中微子探测器的PMT读出电子学系统的最终设计方案件在2009年通过了专家评审,并且成功应用在DryRun实验中。实验结果表明,PMT读出电子学的性能和可靠性满足大亚湾实验的设计要求。
Readout electronic system is an important research project in high energy physics experiments. A reliable and capable readout electronic system plays a key role in the experiments.
This dissertation demonstrated the research of photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout electronic system for Daya Bay neutrino experiment. The Front End Electronic (FEE) system for Daya Bay experiment had been developed based on ATLAS and BESⅢFEE. The design scheme of FEE is full introduced in this paper.
Comparing with other similar Front End Electronic systems designed in Europe and USA, our system has a larger dynamic range and a better resolution for small signals. The conclusion with FEE tested in DAQ、Prototype and Dryrun show that it is feasible to achieve a more accurate charge and time measurement resolution and a wider dynamic range when using our FEE board. The board design is successful and can meet the requirements of PMT readout for Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment.
Ringing was found in the PMT signal test, which was an important part of the PMT readout electronic study, and the piezoelectric effect of ceramic capacitors under high voltage was found as the cause of the ringing. That was the first time to find and solve such ringing signal problem in high energy physics experiment home and abroad.
The FEE data analysis which study the FEE readout time window、check the performance Flash ADC、analyze the LED event trigger efficiency is a effective way to improve the design of FEE.
The basic design of PMT readout electronic system for Daya Bay neutrino experiment has been completed. The final design of FEE system has passed the experts' review in 2009. FEE was applied successfully during DryRun experiment in 2010, and the results of the experiment showed that the capability and reliability of the FEE could fulfill the demand of Daya Bay experiment.
本篇论文论述了大亚湾中微子实验PMT(光电倍增管)读出电子学的研究,以大亚湾中微子实验的具体需求为目标,在借鉴ATLAS与BESIII读出电子学的基础上,完成了大亚湾实验的PMT读出电子学；文中详细介绍了PMT读出电子学的设计方案。
与国内外同类电路相比,大亚湾PMT读出电子学具有动态范围大、测量精度高、死时间更短等优点；DAQ、模型探测器、中心探测器Dry run实验中FEE的测试结果表明,PMT读出电子学的设计是成功的,实现了既定设计目标,能够满足大亚湾实验对PMT信号读出的要求。
作为PMT读出电子学研究重要组成部分的PMT信号分析,发现了陶瓷电容在高压下的振荡现象,这是国内外高能物理实验中首次发现并解决陶瓷电容高压下的振荡现象,为实验设计提供最优化改进的方案。
而作为PMT读出电子学改进设计有效环节的FEE数据分析,既从物理角度研究了FEE的读出时间窗口长度对物理事例的影响,又从电子学的角度对Fadc插件性能进行了检验；同时基于LED事例下的触发效率研究更是对整个大亚湾实验的触发效率预测有着重要的参考作用。
目前大亚湾中微子实验的PMT读出电子学已经完成了基本的设计,基于反中微子探测器的PMT读出电子学系统的最终设计方案件在2009年通过了专家评审,并且成功应用在DryRun实验中。实验结果表明,PMT读出电子学的性能和可靠性满足大亚湾实验的设计要求。
Readout electronic system is an important research project in high energy physics experiments. A reliable and capable readout electronic system plays a key role in the experiments.
This dissertation demonstrated the research of photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout electronic system for Daya Bay neutrino experiment. The Front End Electronic (FEE) system for Daya Bay experiment had been developed based on ATLAS and BESⅢFEE. The design scheme of FEE is full introduced in this paper.
Comparing with other similar Front End Electronic systems designed in Europe and USA, our system has a larger dynamic range and a better resolution for small signals. The conclusion with FEE tested in DAQ、Prototype and Dryrun show that it is feasible to achieve a more accurate charge and time measurement resolution and a wider dynamic range when using our FEE board. The board design is successful and can meet the requirements of PMT readout for Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment.
Ringing was found in the PMT signal test, which was an important part of the PMT readout electronic study, and the piezoelectric effect of ceramic capacitors under high voltage was found as the cause of the ringing. That was the first time to find and solve such ringing signal problem in high energy physics experiment home and abroad.
The FEE data analysis which study the FEE readout time window、check the performance Flash ADC、analyze the LED event trigger efficiency is a effective way to improve the design of FEE.
The basic design of PMT readout electronic system for Daya Bay neutrino experiment has been completed. The final design of FEE system has passed the experts' review in 2009. FEE was applied successfully during DryRun experiment in 2010, and the results of the experiment showed that the capability and reliability of the FEE could fulfill the demand of Daya Bay experiment.
引文
[1]大亚湾中微子实验初步设计报告,2007.8
[2]李秋菊,大亚湾中微子实验PMT电荷与时间测量的研究,硕士论文2008.4.1.
[3]阎石.数字电子技术基础(第四版)
[4]王铮,BESIII主漂移室电荷测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2002.4
[5]江晓山,BESIII主漂移室时间测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2003.4
[6]常劲帆,BESIII电磁量能器电荷测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2007.4
[7]BESIII电磁量能器读出电子学系统设计报告,2003
[8]Michael.Smith, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
[9]孙航,Xilinx可编程逻辑器件的高级应用与设计技巧
[10]康华光,电子技术基础模拟部分(第四版)
[11]康华光,电子技术基础数字部分(第四版)
[12]Howard Johnson, High-Speed Digital Design
[13]Berkeley Lab, FEI4设计报告
[14]C.L.Cowan, F.Reines, F.B.Harrison, H.W.Kruseand, A.D.McGuire, Science 124,103(1956); Phys.Rev.92,830(1953).
[15]G.Danby, J.M.Gaillard, K.Goulianos, L.M.Lederman, N.Mistry, M.Schwartzand J.Steinberger, Phys.Rev.Lett.9,36(1962).
[16]DONUT Collaboration, K.Kodama etal.,Phys.Lett.B504,218(2001),hep-ex/0012035.
[17]BenjaminW.Leeetal., Phys.Rev.Lett.39,165(1977)
[18]Pontecorvo,Sov.Phys.JETP26,984;V.N.GribovandB.Pontecorvo,Phys.Lett.28B,493(1969)
[19]Super-Kamiokande Collaboration, Y.Fukuda etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,1158, hep-ex/9805021.
[20]SNO Collaboration,Q.R.Ahmad etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.87,071301(2001),nucl-ex/0106015;
[21]KamLAND Collaboration, K.Eguchi etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.90,021802(2003),hep-ex/0212021.
[22]KamLAND Collaboration,T.Araki etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.94,081801(2005),hep-ex/0406035
[23]L.Wolfenstein, Phys.Rev.D17,2369(1978); S.P.Mikheyev and A.Yu.Smirnov, Sov.J. Nucl.Phys.42,913(1985). Forareview,see:T.K.Kuo ndJ.Pantaleone,Rev.Mod.Phys.61,937(1989).
[24]Kamiokande-Ⅱ Collaboration, K.S.Hirata etal., Phys.Lett.B205,416(1988); Phys.Lett.B280,146(1992); KamiokandeCollaboration,Y. Fukuda tal.,Phys.Lett.B335,237(1994).
[25]D.Casper etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.66,2561(1991);R.Becker-Szendyetal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.69, 1010(1992); Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.38,331(1995).
[26]Soudan2Collaboration,W.W.M.Allison etal.,Phys.Lett.B391,491(1997).
[27]MARCO Collaboration,M.Ambrosio etal.,Phys.Lett.B434,451(1998).
[28]Super-KamiokandeCollaboration,Y.Fukuda etal.,Phys.Lett.B436,33(1998), hep-ex/9805006;Phys.Rev.Lett.81,1562(1998),hep-ex/9807003.
[29]K2K Collaboration, M.H.Ahn etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.90,041801(2003),hep-ex/0212007.
[30]CHOOZ Collaboration, M.Apollonio etal.,Phys.Lett.B420,397(1998),hep-ex/9711002; Phys.Lett.B466,415(1999),hep-ex/9907037.
[31]Palo Verd Collaboration, F.Boehm etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,3764(2000),hep-ex/9912050.
[32]B,Kayser,"NeutrinoMass,Mixing,AndFlavorChange",.Phys.G:Nucl.Part.Phys.33, (2006)
[33]KamLAND Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett.100 § 221803(2008);
[34]SNO Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett.101§111301(2008);
[35]MINOS Collaboration,FERMILAB-PUB-08-168-E,arXiv:hep-ex/0806.2237(2008)
[36]K2KCollaboration,arXiv:hep-ex/0606032v3(2006)(Dated:February4,2008)
[37]钟伟丽,大亚湾实验中心探测器和△m312精度的研究,
[38]Daya Bay Collaboration, arXiv:hep-ex/0701029,2007
[39]R. Santonico, R. Cardarelli. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 187 (1981)
[40]PMT FEE Board Technical Design Report
[41]黄隆锦,大亚湾反应堆中微子振荡实验RPC读出电子学光纤数据传输系统设计,中国科学技术大学硕士论文,2009.5
[42]袁苑,大亚湾中微子实验RPC电子学原型机读出插件的研制,中国科学技术大学硕士论文,2009.5
[43]杨衍,大亚湾中微子实验中RPC电子学前端读出板和读出插件的研制,中国科学技术大学博士论文,2010.4
[44]DAQ Technical Design Report
[45]DCS Technical Design Report
[46]曾治槐等译,光电倍增管基础及应用,北京浜松光子技术有限公司,1995
[47]虞孝麒,《核电子学方法》,中国科学技术大学,内部教材
[48]王经谨等,《核电子学》
[49]The VMEbus Specification,VMEbus ITA,1987
[50]Virtex-4系列概述,XILINX Inc,2007
[51]http://www.hamamatsu.com/
[52]http://www.linear.com/
[53]http://www.kemet.com/kemet/web/homepage/kfbk3.nsf/vaFeedbackFAQ/242F5F2E6 9DCEC7485256EDF004CA495
[54]http://www.wiener-d.com/
[55]M. Vanden Bossche, J. Schoukens, J. Renneboog, Dynamic Testing and Diagnostics of A/D Converters, IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst., Vol. CAS-33, No.8,August 1986
[56]Joey Doernberg et al., Full-Speed Testing of A/D Converters, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-19, No.6, December 1984
[57]Walt. Kestes, Flash ADCs Provide the Basis for High-Speed Conversion(Flash-ADC Testing Part 1), EDN January 4,1990
[58]H.B.Crawley et al.Testing ADC'S at sample rates from 20 to 120 MSPS, IEEE NS-40, No.4, p729, Aug.1993
[59]工志民,中微子探测器模型的研究,2009.4
[60]季筱璐,大亚湾中微了实验数据获取系统的研究与实现,2010.4
[61]陆浩奇,大亚湾反符合水切伦科夫探测器及其模型的研究,2009.4
[62]向海生,高速波形取样技术研究及应用,2010.4
[63]Von der Fakultat fur Mathematik et al., DESIGN STUDIESFORTHE DOUBLE CHOOZ TRIGGER
[2]李秋菊,大亚湾中微子实验PMT电荷与时间测量的研究,硕士论文2008.4.1.
[3]阎石.数字电子技术基础(第四版)
[4]王铮,BESIII主漂移室电荷测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2002.4
[5]江晓山,BESIII主漂移室时间测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2003.4
[6]常劲帆,BESIII电磁量能器电荷测量的研究,中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2007.4
[7]BESIII电磁量能器读出电子学系统设计报告,2003
[8]Michael.Smith, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
[9]孙航,Xilinx可编程逻辑器件的高级应用与设计技巧
[10]康华光,电子技术基础模拟部分(第四版)
[11]康华光,电子技术基础数字部分(第四版)
[12]Howard Johnson, High-Speed Digital Design
[13]Berkeley Lab, FEI4设计报告
[14]C.L.Cowan, F.Reines, F.B.Harrison, H.W.Kruseand, A.D.McGuire, Science 124,103(1956); Phys.Rev.92,830(1953).
[15]G.Danby, J.M.Gaillard, K.Goulianos, L.M.Lederman, N.Mistry, M.Schwartzand J.Steinberger, Phys.Rev.Lett.9,36(1962).
[16]DONUT Collaboration, K.Kodama etal.,Phys.Lett.B504,218(2001),hep-ex/0012035.
[17]BenjaminW.Leeetal., Phys.Rev.Lett.39,165(1977)
[18]Pontecorvo,Sov.Phys.JETP26,984;V.N.GribovandB.Pontecorvo,Phys.Lett.28B,493(1969)
[19]Super-Kamiokande Collaboration, Y.Fukuda etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,1158, hep-ex/9805021.
[20]SNO Collaboration,Q.R.Ahmad etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.87,071301(2001),nucl-ex/0106015;
[21]KamLAND Collaboration, K.Eguchi etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.90,021802(2003),hep-ex/0212021.
[22]KamLAND Collaboration,T.Araki etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.94,081801(2005),hep-ex/0406035
[23]L.Wolfenstein, Phys.Rev.D17,2369(1978); S.P.Mikheyev and A.Yu.Smirnov, Sov.J. Nucl.Phys.42,913(1985). Forareview,see:T.K.Kuo ndJ.Pantaleone,Rev.Mod.Phys.61,937(1989).
[24]Kamiokande-Ⅱ Collaboration, K.S.Hirata etal., Phys.Lett.B205,416(1988); Phys.Lett.B280,146(1992); KamiokandeCollaboration,Y. Fukuda tal.,Phys.Lett.B335,237(1994).
[25]D.Casper etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.66,2561(1991);R.Becker-Szendyetal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.69, 1010(1992); Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.38,331(1995).
[26]Soudan2Collaboration,W.W.M.Allison etal.,Phys.Lett.B391,491(1997).
[27]MARCO Collaboration,M.Ambrosio etal.,Phys.Lett.B434,451(1998).
[28]Super-KamiokandeCollaboration,Y.Fukuda etal.,Phys.Lett.B436,33(1998), hep-ex/9805006;Phys.Rev.Lett.81,1562(1998),hep-ex/9807003.
[29]K2K Collaboration, M.H.Ahn etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.90,041801(2003),hep-ex/0212007.
[30]CHOOZ Collaboration, M.Apollonio etal.,Phys.Lett.B420,397(1998),hep-ex/9711002; Phys.Lett.B466,415(1999),hep-ex/9907037.
[31]Palo Verd Collaboration, F.Boehm etal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,3764(2000),hep-ex/9912050.
[32]B,Kayser,"NeutrinoMass,Mixing,AndFlavorChange",.Phys.G:Nucl.Part.Phys.33, (2006)
[33]KamLAND Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett.100 § 221803(2008);
[34]SNO Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett.101§111301(2008);
[35]MINOS Collaboration,FERMILAB-PUB-08-168-E,arXiv:hep-ex/0806.2237(2008)
[36]K2KCollaboration,arXiv:hep-ex/0606032v3(2006)(Dated:February4,2008)
[37]钟伟丽,大亚湾实验中心探测器和△m312精度的研究,
[38]Daya Bay Collaboration, arXiv:hep-ex/0701029,2007
[39]R. Santonico, R. Cardarelli. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 187 (1981)
[40]PMT FEE Board Technical Design Report
[41]黄隆锦,大亚湾反应堆中微子振荡实验RPC读出电子学光纤数据传输系统设计,中国科学技术大学硕士论文,2009.5
[42]袁苑,大亚湾中微子实验RPC电子学原型机读出插件的研制,中国科学技术大学硕士论文,2009.5
[43]杨衍,大亚湾中微子实验中RPC电子学前端读出板和读出插件的研制,中国科学技术大学博士论文,2010.4
[44]DAQ Technical Design Report
[45]DCS Technical Design Report
[46]曾治槐等译,光电倍增管基础及应用,北京浜松光子技术有限公司,1995
[47]虞孝麒,《核电子学方法》,中国科学技术大学,内部教材
[48]王经谨等,《核电子学》
[49]The VMEbus Specification,VMEbus ITA,1987
[50]Virtex-4系列概述,XILINX Inc,2007
[51]http://www.hamamatsu.com/
[52]http://www.linear.com/
[53]http://www.kemet.com/kemet/web/homepage/kfbk3.nsf/vaFeedbackFAQ/242F5F2E6 9DCEC7485256EDF004CA495
[54]http://www.wiener-d.com/
[55]M. Vanden Bossche, J. Schoukens, J. Renneboog, Dynamic Testing and Diagnostics of A/D Converters, IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst., Vol. CAS-33, No.8,August 1986
[56]Joey Doernberg et al., Full-Speed Testing of A/D Converters, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-19, No.6, December 1984
[57]Walt. Kestes, Flash ADCs Provide the Basis for High-Speed Conversion(Flash-ADC Testing Part 1), EDN January 4,1990
[58]H.B.Crawley et al.Testing ADC'S at sample rates from 20 to 120 MSPS, IEEE NS-40, No.4, p729, Aug.1993
[59]工志民,中微子探测器模型的研究,2009.4
[60]季筱璐,大亚湾中微了实验数据获取系统的研究与实现,2010.4
[61]陆浩奇,大亚湾反符合水切伦科夫探测器及其模型的研究,2009.4
[62]向海生,高速波形取样技术研究及应用,2010.4
[63]Von der Fakultat fur Mathematik et al., DESIGN STUDIESFORTHE DOUBLE CHOOZ TRIGGER