青少年社会网络结构及其对人际关系影响的初步研究
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摘要
基于“中国社会的人际关系模式”，本研究提出用社会网络分析的观点考察青少年人际关系的整体面貌与发展轨迹。采用半开放式的调查问卷——社会网络调查表(简称SNI)为主要研究工具，对分层抽取的170名被试进行调查研究。根据科学的编码原则确定的社会网络编码表极大的方便了对样本数据的整理与统计分析。本研究结合使用方差、回归等统计分析方法探讨青少年的社会网络构成、社会网络关系类型、社会网络关系力量以及青少年的社会网络规模与关系力量对青少年人际关系的影响。结果表明，从高中到大学，现在的朋友、同学，父母以及现在所在的班级都是青少年社会网络中极为重要的关系类型；作为社会网络关系力量中的重要指标之一，社会网络亲密度对于青少年的人际关系影响较大。本研究还提出针对青少年的社会网络结构特征，建立双层次、双途径的心理健康教育网络。在最后的研究展望中，笔者建议进一步完善从青少年的社会网络入手的心理支持系统与心理健康教育模式的建构，并将计算机网络与社会网络结合起来考察对青少年人际关系的影响。
Based on "Chinese social model of interpersonal relationship", this research put forward the SNA (Social Networks Analysis) to analyze the developmental features and trait during adolescence. The SNI (Social Networks Inventory) was adapted as a main tool to investigate 170 participators who were divided into different levels. The social network coding inventory stemmed from the scientific coding rules made a great contribution to the data collection and analyses. Meanwhile some statistics methods such as, ANOVA and Ridge Regression were used to discuss the structure, relation types and strength of adolescent social networks, which resulted in great impact on adolescence interpersonal relationship. The result indicated that parents, friends from high school to university and present class were all important relation factors in the networks; furthermore as the important guideline of the relation strength, network intimacy greatly influenced the interpersonal relationship among adolescents. Then the author suggests building up bi-level and bi-channel networks for adolescent mental health education. In the prospect research, reseacher also raised some realistic advice to improve the network construction of mental supporting system and education mode, inspecting the influences to adolescence with combing computer network and social network.
Based on "Chinese social model of interpersonal relationship", this research put forward the SNA (Social Networks Analysis) to analyze the developmental features and trait during adolescence. The SNI (Social Networks Inventory) was adapted as a main tool to investigate 170 participators who were divided into different levels. The social network coding inventory stemmed from the scientific coding rules made a great contribution to the data collection and analyses. Meanwhile some statistics methods such as, ANOVA and Ridge Regression were used to discuss the structure, relation types and strength of adolescent social networks, which resulted in great impact on adolescence interpersonal relationship. The result indicated that parents, friends from high school to university and present class were all important relation factors in the networks; furthermore as the important guideline of the relation strength, network intimacy greatly influenced the interpersonal relationship among adolescents. Then the author suggests building up bi-level and bi-channel networks for adolescent mental health education. In the prospect research, reseacher also raised some realistic advice to improve the network construction of mental supporting system and education mode, inspecting the influences to adolescence with combing computer network and social network.
引文
[1][37] Treadwell,T., Leach,E. & Stein,S. (1992). The Social Networks Inventory: A diagnostic instrument measuring interpersonal relationships. Journal of Small Group Research, 24(2).
[2] Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Tolson, J, M. (1995). The structure of adolescent peer network. Developmental Psychology, 31,540-547.
[3] 方晓义．青少年最亲密同性友伴的相似性．心理学报，1997(3)：278-284．
[4] 庞丽娟．论儿童亲子关系、同伴关系和师生关系的相互关系．心理发展与教育，1999(4)：50-57．
[5][9] [加]巴里·韦尔曼．网络分析：从方法和隐喻到理论和实质，张文宏摘译自巴里·韦尔曼和S.D.伯科威茨编《社会结构：一种网络探讨方法》，剑桥大学出版社，1988年版第二章：19-48．
[6] 阳志平，时勘．社会网络分析在社会心理学中的应用．社会心理研究，2002(3)：57-59．
[7][22] Kraut,R., Lundmark,V., Patterson,M., Kiesler,S. Mukopadhyay,T., & Schefiis,W. (1999), Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?. American Psychologist,53(9): 1017-1031.
[8][34] 杨中芳．中国人人际信任的概念化：一个人际关系的观点．社会学研究，1999(2)：1-21．
[10] 陈成文、潘泽泉．论社会支持的社会学意义．湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2000(6)：25-31．
[11][16] 庞丽娟．同伴提名法与幼儿同伴交往研究．教育科学研究，1991(2)：35-39．
[12] 周宗奎．儿童社会技能的测评方法．心理发展与教育，1996(3)：24-29
[13] 黄希庭、时勘．大学班集体人际关系的心理学研究．心理学报，1984(4)：455-465．
[14][17] 方晓义．青少年吸烟行为研究中同伴团体界定方法的发展．心理学动态，2000(1)：35-40．
[15] Van der Poel,Mart,G.M.(1993), Delineating personal support networks. Social Networks,15.(马特·G·M·范德普尔，“个人支持网概述”，肖鸿译，国外社会学，
1994年第4期)．
[18] 方晓义．不同年级青少年的友伴网络结构．心理学报，1995(4)：363-370．
[19] 岑国桢、刘京海等．8-12岁儿童道德判断的从众现象．心理学报，1992(3)．
[20][23] 肖鸿．试析当代社会网研究的若干进展．社会学研究，1999(3)：1-11．
[21] John L.,(1994), Analyzing the strength of supportive ties in adolescent social supports, in: Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann, ed., Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence.(New York:de Gruyter)257-267.
[24] Salzinger, S., Antrobus, J., & Hammer, M. (ed.) (1988), Social Networks of Children, Adolescents, and College Students, LEA.
[25] Belle,D.(ed.)(1989), Children's Social Networks and Social Supports. New York:Wiley.
[26] Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann (ed.)(1994), Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence. —Berllin; New York:de Gruyter.
[27][28] Mary J Levit, Jerome Levit, G.L.Bustos, Noel A.Crooks, Avidan Milevsky, Jennifer D.Santos, Paige Telan (2001), Patterns of social support and school adaptation across the child to adolescent transition. Division E:Section 2:Human Development.
[29][30][31] Wim Meeus(1994), Psychosocial problem and social support in adolescence, in: Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann, ed., Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence. (New York:de Gruyter)
[32] Margareta A.K.Samuelsson (1997), Social networks of children in single-parent families:differences according to sex,age,socioeconomic status and housing-type and their associations with behavioural disturbances. Social Networks,19:113-127.
[33] 张文新．儿童社会性发展．北京师范大学出版社，2000：25．
[35][36] 梁建、王重鸣．中国背景下的人际关系及其对组织绩效的影响．心理学动态，2001(2)：173-178．
[38] Stephen p. Robbins(1996).Organizational behavior:concepts,controversies and applications.:Prentice Hall,Inc.
[39] 杨昭宁．高师学生人际关系紧张情境的应对方式与心理健康的相关初探．中国心理卫生杂志，1995(4)：151-152．
1、沃建中、林崇德等．中学生人际关系发展特点的研究．心理发展与教育，2001(3)：9-15
2、邹泓．中学生的社会支持系统与同伴关系．北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)，1999(1)：34-42．
3、易进．儿童社会支持系统——一个重要的研究课题．心理发展与教育，1999(2)：58-61．
4、陈会昌、叶子．群体社会化发展理论述评．教育理论与实践，1997(4)：48-52
5、金盛华．当代青少年同辈交往的影响机制及其引导．北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)，2000(5)：102-108．
6、方晓义．不同年级青少年的友伴网络结构．心理学报，1995(4)：363-370．
7、林崇德主编．人际关系心理学，99年第1版：70-77．
8、侯志瑾．中学生社会支持及其与心理健康关系的研究．北京师范大学出版社，1997．
9、张其仔．新经济社会学．中国社会科学出版社，2001．
10、周谦．心理科学方法学．中国科学技术出版社，2000：246-271．
11、章志光、金盛华．社会心理学．人民教育出版社，2000：305-316．
12、李春苗．人际关系协调与冲突解决．广东经济出版社，2001：13-14．
13、程利国 儿童发展心理学．福建教育出版社，1997．
14、张日昇．青年心理学．北京师范大学出版社，1993．
15、张文彤主编．SPSS11统计分析教程(高级篇)．北京希望电子出版社，2002：331-336．
16、Treadwell,T., Leach,E. & Stein,S. (1989). The Social Atom Test-Revised. International Journal of Small Group Research.
17、Urberg, K. A., Tolson, J. M., Degirmencioglu, S. M. & Halliday_Scher, K. (2000). Adolescent social croweds. Journal of Research in Adolescence.
18、Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Tolson, J, M. (1995). The structure of adolescent peer networks. Developmenttal Psychology, 31,540-547.
19、Wellman,B.,et al.(1996), Computer networks as social networks: collaborative work, telework,and virtual communiry. Annual Review of Sociology 22:213-238.
20、Wellman(2001), Does the internet increase,decrease,or supplement social capital? Social Networks,Participation,and Community Commitment. To be published in the special issue on "The Internet in Everyday Life", American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 45, November.
21、Mitchell(ed.)(1969), The Concept and Use of Social Networks. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
22、Moreno, J.l.(1932), Group Methods and Group Psychotherapy. Sociometry Monograph No5,Beacon House,Beacon.
23、Ruan, Dabching(1993), Social Networks in Urban China. Doctorate dissertation, Columbia University.
24、Carollee Howes, Claire E.Hamilton, Catherine C.Matheson (1995), Children's relationships with peers: Differential associations with aspects of the teacher-child relationship. Child Development,66,253-263.
25、Wellman,Barry & Barry Leighton(1979), Networks,neighborhoods and communities: approaches to the study of the community question. Urban Affairs Quarterly,15.
26、Wellman,B.(1988). Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. In Wellman andBerkowize(eds.) Social structures: Network approach.19-61.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[2] Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Tolson, J, M. (1995). The structure of adolescent peer network. Developmental Psychology, 31,540-547.
[3] 方晓义．青少年最亲密同性友伴的相似性．心理学报，1997(3)：278-284．
[4] 庞丽娟．论儿童亲子关系、同伴关系和师生关系的相互关系．心理发展与教育，1999(4)：50-57．
[5][9] [加]巴里·韦尔曼．网络分析：从方法和隐喻到理论和实质，张文宏摘译自巴里·韦尔曼和S.D.伯科威茨编《社会结构：一种网络探讨方法》，剑桥大学出版社，1988年版第二章：19-48．
[6] 阳志平，时勘．社会网络分析在社会心理学中的应用．社会心理研究，2002(3)：57-59．
[7][22] Kraut,R., Lundmark,V., Patterson,M., Kiesler,S. Mukopadhyay,T., & Schefiis,W. (1999), Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?. American Psychologist,53(9): 1017-1031.
[8][34] 杨中芳．中国人人际信任的概念化：一个人际关系的观点．社会学研究，1999(2)：1-21．
[10] 陈成文、潘泽泉．论社会支持的社会学意义．湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2000(6)：25-31．
[11][16] 庞丽娟．同伴提名法与幼儿同伴交往研究．教育科学研究，1991(2)：35-39．
[12] 周宗奎．儿童社会技能的测评方法．心理发展与教育，1996(3)：24-29
[13] 黄希庭、时勘．大学班集体人际关系的心理学研究．心理学报，1984(4)：455-465．
[14][17] 方晓义．青少年吸烟行为研究中同伴团体界定方法的发展．心理学动态，2000(1)：35-40．
[15] Van der Poel,Mart,G.M.(1993), Delineating personal support networks. Social Networks,15.(马特·G·M·范德普尔，“个人支持网概述”，肖鸿译，国外社会学，
1994年第4期)．
[18] 方晓义．不同年级青少年的友伴网络结构．心理学报，1995(4)：363-370．
[19] 岑国桢、刘京海等．8-12岁儿童道德判断的从众现象．心理学报，1992(3)．
[20][23] 肖鸿．试析当代社会网研究的若干进展．社会学研究，1999(3)：1-11．
[21] John L.,(1994), Analyzing the strength of supportive ties in adolescent social supports, in: Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann, ed., Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence.(New York:de Gruyter)257-267.
[24] Salzinger, S., Antrobus, J., & Hammer, M. (ed.) (1988), Social Networks of Children, Adolescents, and College Students, LEA.
[25] Belle,D.(ed.)(1989), Children's Social Networks and Social Supports. New York:Wiley.
[26] Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann (ed.)(1994), Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence. —Berllin; New York:de Gruyter.
[27][28] Mary J Levit, Jerome Levit, G.L.Bustos, Noel A.Crooks, Avidan Milevsky, Jennifer D.Santos, Paige Telan (2001), Patterns of social support and school adaptation across the child to adolescent transition. Division E:Section 2:Human Development.
[29][30][31] Wim Meeus(1994), Psychosocial problem and social support in adolescence, in: Frank Nestmann & Klaus Hurrelmann, ed., Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence. (New York:de Gruyter)
[32] Margareta A.K.Samuelsson (1997), Social networks of children in single-parent families:differences according to sex,age,socioeconomic status and housing-type and their associations with behavioural disturbances. Social Networks,19:113-127.
[33] 张文新．儿童社会性发展．北京师范大学出版社，2000：25．
[35][36] 梁建、王重鸣．中国背景下的人际关系及其对组织绩效的影响．心理学动态，2001(2)：173-178．
[38] Stephen p. Robbins(1996).Organizational behavior:concepts,controversies and applications.:Prentice Hall,Inc.
[39] 杨昭宁．高师学生人际关系紧张情境的应对方式与心理健康的相关初探．中国心理卫生杂志，1995(4)：151-152．
1、沃建中、林崇德等．中学生人际关系发展特点的研究．心理发展与教育，2001(3)：9-15
2、邹泓．中学生的社会支持系统与同伴关系．北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)，1999(1)：34-42．
3、易进．儿童社会支持系统——一个重要的研究课题．心理发展与教育，1999(2)：58-61．
4、陈会昌、叶子．群体社会化发展理论述评．教育理论与实践，1997(4)：48-52
5、金盛华．当代青少年同辈交往的影响机制及其引导．北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)，2000(5)：102-108．
6、方晓义．不同年级青少年的友伴网络结构．心理学报，1995(4)：363-370．
7、林崇德主编．人际关系心理学，99年第1版：70-77．
8、侯志瑾．中学生社会支持及其与心理健康关系的研究．北京师范大学出版社，1997．
9、张其仔．新经济社会学．中国社会科学出版社，2001．
10、周谦．心理科学方法学．中国科学技术出版社，2000：246-271．
11、章志光、金盛华．社会心理学．人民教育出版社，2000：305-316．
12、李春苗．人际关系协调与冲突解决．广东经济出版社，2001：13-14．
13、程利国 儿童发展心理学．福建教育出版社，1997．
14、张日昇．青年心理学．北京师范大学出版社，1993．
15、张文彤主编．SPSS11统计分析教程(高级篇)．北京希望电子出版社，2002：331-336．
16、Treadwell,T., Leach,E. & Stein,S. (1989). The Social Atom Test-Revised. International Journal of Small Group Research.
17、Urberg, K. A., Tolson, J. M., Degirmencioglu, S. M. & Halliday_Scher, K. (2000). Adolescent social croweds. Journal of Research in Adolescence.
18、Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Tolson, J, M. (1995). The structure of adolescent peer networks. Developmenttal Psychology, 31,540-547.
19、Wellman,B.,et al.(1996), Computer networks as social networks: collaborative work, telework,and virtual communiry. Annual Review of Sociology 22:213-238.
20、Wellman(2001), Does the internet increase,decrease,or supplement social capital? Social Networks,Participation,and Community Commitment. To be published in the special issue on "The Internet in Everyday Life", American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 45, November.
21、Mitchell(ed.)(1969), The Concept and Use of Social Networks. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
22、Moreno, J.l.(1932), Group Methods and Group Psychotherapy. Sociometry Monograph No5,Beacon House,Beacon.
23、Ruan, Dabching(1993), Social Networks in Urban China. Doctorate dissertation, Columbia University.
24、Carollee Howes, Claire E.Hamilton, Catherine C.Matheson (1995), Children's relationships with peers: Differential associations with aspects of the teacher-child relationship. Child Development,66,253-263.
25、Wellman,Barry & Barry Leighton(1979), Networks,neighborhoods and communities: approaches to the study of the community question. Urban Affairs Quarterly,15.
26、Wellman,B.(1988). Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. In Wellman andBerkowize(eds.) Social structures: Network approach.19-61.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.