乳酸链球菌菌素治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的研究
|
摘要
乳腺炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,发病率高,造成奶牛业巨大经济损失。奶牛隐性乳腺炎没有明显的临床症状,表现为牛奶体细胞数升高,产奶量下降,牛奶的成份发生改变,从而影响牛奶的品质。若不及时治疗或治疗不当会发展为临床型乳腺炎,甚至引起瞎奶头,严重时导致奶牛淘汰。由于发病率高和牛奶抗生素残留等问题,隐性乳腺炎一般不治疗。当因隐性乳腺炎使桶奶中的体细胞含量大幅度升高而影响牛奶出售时,仍然要采用抗生素进行治疗。但抗生素治疗易引起奶牛乳腺炎致病菌株产生抗药性、造成牛奶中药物残留及奶牛体内药物蓄积,从而危害人类健康。因此,研制高效、低毒以及无有害残留的新型抗菌药物成为奶牛隐性乳腺炎研究的热点。本论文首先对某奶牛场隐性乳腺炎的病菌进行调查,然后研究了Nisin对奶牛乳腺的刺激性、对奶牛隐性乳腺炎尤其是由金黄色葡萄球菌引起病例的治疗效果。
1.杭州近郊某奶牛场隐性乳腺炎主要病原菌的调查
为了解杭州近郊某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要病原菌,首先用杭州乳腺炎快速诊断试剂(HMT)对该牧场的两个牛棚进行隐性乳腺炎检测,采集检测结果为“+++”强阳性乳区奶样89个进行细菌学检验,并对分离的主要病原菌进行药敏试验以及牛奶中SCC和NAGase酶活性的测定。结果显示：在该牧场分离的奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(25.0%)、无乳链球菌(34.7%)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(31.9%)。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林和苯唑青霉素均有较高的耐药率(88.8%,83.3%和72.2%)；无乳链球菌对以上常规的抗生素保持着较高的敏感性；而凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑青霉素和链霉素均有较高的耐药率(86.4%,63.6%,77.3%和68.2%)。因此,该场引起奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌以及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,葡萄球菌对青霉素类药物已经产生耐药性。
2. Nisin Z对奶牛乳腺的刺激性
Nisin作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的药物在应用之前,必须要对其进行药物刺激性试验,以便筛选出治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的最佳剂量。本试验选择1头处于泌乳中期且四个乳区均健康的荷斯坦奶牛,分别将三个不同的剂量组(5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU、1.25×106IU)的Nisin制剂于挤奶结束后分别灌注于右前、右后以及左后乳区,左前乳区灌注250mL生理盐水作为对照组,然后在灌注结束后24h、48h、72h、96h以及1周时进行SCC及NAGase酶活性的检测。
试验结果表明,除了5.0×106IU剂量组有明显的临床症状外,其他剂量组与对照组均无明显的临床症状。灌注三种不同剂量的药物后,三个灌注乳区牛奶体细胞数在24h时均明显升高,但是24h后又逐渐下降,至1周时恢复正常水平,而对照组乳区则无显著变化。牛奶中NAGase酶活性检测结果表明,灌注药物后24h后,两个高剂量组(5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU) NAGase酶活性均升高,然后在24～72h保持稳定,随后NAGase酶活性恢复至正常水平；而1.25×106IU剂量组与对照组在灌注后24h、48h与72h时,NAGase酶活性则略微升高,随后便恢复至正常水平。上述结果表明,2.5×106IU与1.25×106IU对奶牛乳腺的刺激性最小,结合前期Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的抑菌效果,选择2.5×106IU作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的治疗剂量。
3. Nisin Z乳房灌注剂对奶牛隐性乳腺炎治疗效果
90头泌乳中期其患隐性乳腺炎的荷斯坦奶牛(90个患病乳区),被随机分成试验组(46个患病乳区),对照组(44个患病乳区)。试验组奶牛乳腺内灌注Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.5×106IU),每天一次,连续三天,对照组则按照牧场常规不采取治疗。通过检测治疗前后HMT变化、细菌学检查、牛奶体细胞计数、以及牛奶中NAGase酶活性变化,确定Nisin乳房灌注剂对奶牛隐性乳腺炎的治疗效果。
细菌学检查结果可以看出,患病乳区分离的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(27.8%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(31.1%)和无乳链球菌(33.3%)；经过Nisin治疗后第2周后,试验组与对照组细菌学转阴率分别为65.2%和15.9%,统计学差异极显著(P<0.01)；其中各试验组与对照组主要致病菌在治疗后第2周其细菌学转阴率分别为：金黄色葡萄球菌为50.0%和18.2%,无乳链球菌为90.9%和1.40%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为58.8%和27.3%,两组细菌学转阴率同期比较,金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌均无统计学差异,而无乳链球菌则差异极显著(P<0.01); NAGase酶活性检测结果表明,试验组在经Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗第1、2周后,牛奶中在NAGase酶活性均显著减低(P<0.01),而对照组则无显著差异；牛奶体细胞计数结果显示,试验组在治疗后第1、2周牛奶中体细胞≤5.0×105个／mL的百分比为41.3%和32.6%,而对照组则分别为18.2%和9.1%,两组同期比较差异均极显著(P<0.01)。因此,Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎具有良好的效果。
4.Nisin Z治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎降低桶奶体细胞含量
本试验在安徽试验基地选择两个牛棚,其中试验组牛棚含85头,对照组牛棚含90头,选择的奶牛均为处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛。3～7月对两个牛棚进行如下内容检查：桶奶体细胞数、桶奶乳成份、桶奶细菌数。8～12月用Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.5x106IU)对试验组中隐性乳腺炎病例进行治疗,每天一次,连续三天,对照组则按照牧场常规不采取治疗。然后每个月分别检测桶奶体细胞数、桶奶细菌数、桶奶中乳成份以及利用ECLIPSE50检测桶奶中Nisin Z的残留,以确定Nisin乳房灌注剂是否能够降低桶奶体细胞数。试验组隐性乳腺炎病例采取治疗措施后,桶奶体细胞数8～12月份均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；桶奶细菌数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；桶奶中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖与非脂质固体的含量均高于对照组。当试验牛群用Nisin灌注剂同时治疗隐性乳房炎病例少于10个时,桶奶ECLIPSE50法试验为阴性。因此,Nisin乳房灌注剂对牛群中奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例治疗后能够有效的降低桶奶体细胞数。
5. Nisin Z治疗奶牛隐性型乳腺炎后在牛奶中的残留
本试验通过选择3头泌乳中期患隐性乳腺炎的奶牛,用Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.50×106IU)治疗患病乳区,每天一次,连续三天；未治疗的相邻乳区作为对照。治疗结束后24h、48h、72h与96h后利用国标法检测治疗乳区与对照乳区的Nisin Z残留。结果表明,Nisin灌注剂治疗后24h牛奶中Nisin Z的残留量为75.81-36.50 IU／mL,远低于国家标准规定的乳制品中Nisin的最大允许添加量(0.5g／Kg,约合500IU／mL),而相邻乳区的混合奶样,则无Nisin检出。发酵培养试验结果表明,在治疗后24h采集治疗乳区牛奶经发酵培养会被抑制,但24h后检测均没有抑制发酵；而对照乳区采集的混合奶样经发酵培养均不会被抑制。本试验说明Nisin治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎后24h,治疗乳区牛奶中的Nisin Z的残留量远低于国家标准,但灌注乳区的牛奶在治疗后24h会抑制发酵培养。
6. Nisin Z在不同炎症程度牛奶中的降解
选择牛奶SCC在0～2.0×105个／mL的正常奶牛、SCC在1.0～2.0×10~6个／mL的隐性乳腺炎奶牛以及临床型乳腺炎奶牛各3头,然后分别采集正常乳区与患病乳区的牛奶各10mL,首先测定了三种不同炎症程度牛奶中NAGase酶的活性,然后在牛奶中加入Nisin (104IU),在37℃培养。分别检测0h、2h、4h、6h与8h后Nisin在牛奶中的残留量。结果表明：Nisin在不同牛奶中的降解速度不一,从高到低依次为：正常牛奶、隐性乳腺炎牛奶和临床型乳腺炎牛奶。随着时间的增加,Nisin活性减少。
7. Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合应用治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎
选择处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛75头,每头牛有一个隐性乳腺炎乳区。奶牛被随机分成三组,Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合治疗组,Nisin治疗组,对照组,且每组各25头。在Nisin与疫苗联合治疗组中,首先在挤奶结束后于奶牛乳腺上淋巴结注射金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗2mL,1周后对患病乳区开始灌注Nisin Z制剂(2.5×106IU／mL),每天一次,连续三天,灌注结束后1周第二次在乳腺淋巴结注射疫苗2mL; Nisin治疗组则是每天灌注Nisin Z制剂一次(2.5×106IU／mL),连续三天；对照组则不采取治疗。然后在处理前与治疗后第2、4和6周采集样品,分别检测HMT强阳性率、牛奶体细胞数、NAGase酶活性以及细菌学检查。
两个治疗组经治疗后第2、4和6周后其体细胞数≤5.0×105个／mL的百分比分别为(56.0%、48.0%、100%)、(64.0%、52.0%、100%)和(60.0%、48.0%、100%),两个治疗组同期比较均均无差异(P>0.05),但与治疗前及对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。两个治疗组与对照组在处理后第2、4和6周后其NAGase酶的活性分别为(34.2±9.8U／L、35.5±12.5U／L、56.5±17.8U／L)、(30.3±12.0U／L、31.7±13.5 U／L、56.0±16.3U／L)和(29.9±14.2U／L、32.2±15.4U／L、57.0±17.3U／L),两个治疗组同期比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),但是与治疗前及对照比较差异均极显著。细菌学检查表明,Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗治疗组、Nisin治疗组与对照组在第2、4和6周的细菌学治愈率分别为(68.0%、44.0%、0),(72.0%、40.0%、0)和(72.0%、40.0%、0),而两个治疗组同期比较,其中第2周比较差异不显著(P>0.05),第4周和第6周差异均显著(P<0.05),而与对照组比较差异均极显著(P<0.01)。对治疗前后牛奶中乳成份的变化进行分析可以看出,治疗后第2、4和6周牛奶中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖与总固体的含量均呈升高趋势,去治疗前以及对照组相比较差异均为显著(P<0.01),但是两个治疗组同期比较差异均不显著(P>0.05)。上述试验结果表明,利用Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例,尤其是由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的隐性乳腺炎病例,效果要优于单独用Nisin治疗。
综上所述,杭州近郊某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,且葡萄球类细菌已经对青霉素类药物产生耐药性。Nisin Z制剂对奶牛乳腺的刺激性试验表明,2.50×106IU适合作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的剂量。利用Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎均有良好的治疗效果,而且在治疗后24h牛奶中Nisin Z残留量低于国家允许在食品中添加的量,不影响酸奶发酵。在牛群中用Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗隐性乳腺炎病例,可以降低桶奶体细胞数、桶奶细菌数,同时使牛奶中脂肪、蛋白、乳糖及非脂质固体的含量升高；Nisin Z在炎症牛奶中的降解速度比正常牛奶快,有利于治疗后及时排出。用Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合应用治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎时,治愈率要高于单独使用Nisin Z制剂。
Mastitis, one of widespread disease for dairy cows, made a great loss to dairy production with high incidence. Subclinical mastitis can result in an elevated milk SCC and decrease milk yield, change the composition of milk to influnce milk quality. If not treated in time, it may lead to clinical mastitis, even teat blind or culling. In general, subclinical mastitis was not treated because of high incidence and antibiotic residues in milk. When bulk milk somatic cell count was obviously increased to influence milk sale, it was still treated with antibiotics. However, this could increase the resistance of mastitis pathogens, residues in milk and accumulation in vivo, which did harm to human health. As a result, it was necessary to develop a non-antibiotic preparation for the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis, which was more highly-efficient, low toxicity and residues free. This study was designed to identify the pathogens with the sensitive test for routine antibiotics, and use nisin to treat bovine subclinical mastits, especially Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis.
1. The patogens of bovine subclinical mastitis was investigated in Jin Jiang Dairy Farm
To investigate the main pathogen of bovine subclnical mastitis, a survey had been conducted for 232 cows with HMT in a dairy farm of Hangzhou suburb.89 milk samples with HMT "+++" were collected to detect main pathogens, SCC and milk samples. Results showed the main pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (25.0%), CNS (31.7%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (34.9%) respectively. S. aureus and CNS had been resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Oxacillin, and the resistant rates were (88.8%,86.4%), (83.3%,77.3%) and (72.2%,68.2%), while Streptococcus agalactiae was sensitive to these routine antibiotics. This showed the main pathogens in the dairy farm were Staphylococcus aureus, CNS and Streptococcus agalactiae, which had been resitant to Penicillin Q Ampicillin and Oxacillin except Streptococcus agalactiae.
2. The irritancy test of Nisin for bovine quarters
In order to select the optimum dose to treat bovine subclinical mastitis, Nisin based formulation was evaluated for the dairy quarters before treatment. One heathy Holstein cow was selected to make an irritant test with three doses of nisin-based formulation (5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU、1.25×106IU), saline (250mL) as a control. Results indicated that the visible symptoms were observed in the quarter after treatment at the dose of 5.0×106IU alone. The acticity of NAGase in milk quarters was increased after 24h with infusion of Nisin for three groups, it was returned to the normal level after one week. All the results indicated that two doses (2.5×106IU, 1.25×106IU) had little irritative for dairy mammary glands. According to the efficacy of nisin-based formulation for clinica mastitis, the dose of 2.5×106IU was suitable to treat bovine subclinical mastitis.
3. Efficacy of nisin-based formulation in treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows
A total of 90 cows with 90 subclinical mastitic quarters were randomly assigned to Nisin treated group and control group. In nisin-based formulation treated group, the cows were received an intramammary infusion of Nisin Z at the dose of 2.5×106IU, the control group without treatment. The treatment was performed once daily for 3 days in the nisin treatded group. The main pathogens in all cases were Staphylococcus aureus (27.78%), CNS (31.11%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (33.33%) respectively. After treatment, the bacteriological cure rate of nisin-based group and control group were 65.2%and 15.9%in the 2nd week with significant difference (P<0.01) in the 2nd wk. And the bacteriological cure rates of the main pathogens in the nisin-treated group and control group were (50.0%,18.2%), (90.9%,1.40%) and (58.8%,27.3%) respectively including Staphylococcus aureus, CNS and Streptococcus agalactiae. No significant differences were observed for S.aureus and CNS between the two groups, while significant difference for S.agalactia. The NAGase acticvity in the nisin-treated group were decreased significantly (P<0.01), while no difference in the control group (P>0.05). And the percentage of SCC≤5.0×105/mL in the two groups were (41.3%, 18.2%) and (32.9%,9.1%) in the 1st and 2nd week after treatment, the differences at the same time point were both P<0.01. All data indicated that nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for bovine subclinical mastitis.
4. Efficacy of nisin-based formulation to decrease bulk tank somatic cell count after treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows.
Two cowsheds were selected to evaluat nisin-based formulation to decrease BTMCC, total 85 and 90 cows in nisin and control group. Before the treatment, a survey was conductecd to detect BTSCC, bulk bacteria and bulk milk composition from March to July. The high BTSCC herd was selected as the nisin-based group, and the low BTSCC herd was the control group. From August to December, nisin-based formulation was used to treat the subclinial cases once daily for 3 days in the treated group, while the control group without treatment. The efficacy of nisin-based formulation to treat subclinical mastitis was evaluated with BTSCC, bulk bacteria, bulk milk composition and Nisin Z residues detected by ECLIPSE50.
Results indicated that BTSCC, bulk bacteria in the treated group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), while bulk milk composition including fat, protein, and lactose was increased in the nisin-based formulation group. Nisin Z could not be detected by ECLIPSE50 in bulk tank milk when the number of quarters infused with nisin-based formulation was less 10. All results showed that nisin-based formulation could decrease bulk tank somatic cell counts effectively.
5. The residues of nisin-based formulation in mik samples after treatment for bovine subclinical mastitis
3 Holstein cows with subclinial mastitis were selected to evaluate nisin residues in treated quarters after treatment. The treatment was performed once daily for 3 days in the nisin treatded quarters at the dose of 2.50×106IU, while the control quarters without treatment. The results showed that Nisin Z in milk(75.81±36.50 IU/mL) was detected only in the treated group at 24h following intramammary infusion, which was much lower than the upper limit (0.5g/kg, equivalent to 500IU/mL) allowed as preservative in milk products by the China authority, while no residues of Nisin Z in milk samples from the control quarters. Reduced fermentation with low acidity from treated quarters was found in milk samples at 24h, where no inhibition was detected in fermentation from control quarters throughout the experiment. All the results showed that nisin-based formulation was safe and litte fermentation was found in a short time after treatment.
6. Degradation of Nisin Z in normal, subclinically and clinically mastitic milk samples in vitro
9 Holstein cows were selected and divided into 3 normal cases (SCC 0-2.0×105cells/mL),3 subclinical cases (SCC 1.0-2.0×106cells/mL) and 3 clinical cases. At first, the NAGase activities in different milk samples were detected after freezing and thawing, then Nisin Z (104IU) was added into lOmL milk samples to detect the residues at different time points (Oh,2h,4h,6h and 8h) after culture at 37℃in vitro. The results indicated that the NAGase activity in milk samples were increased from normal, subclinical and clinical mastitis cases in turn. Nisin residues were detected by National Standards to be decreased gradually after cultivation at 37℃in vitro from normal, subclinical and clinical mastitis cases.
7. Efficacy of vaccination in combination with Nisin Z treatment against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows
Although nisin-based formulation could have been proved effective on bovine sublinical mastitis, how to improve the efficacy of Nisin Z had been a new concern in the following research. At first, Staphylococcus aureus vaccine was attempted to improve the effect of nisin-based formulation to treat bovine subclinical mastitis.75 Holstein cows with subclinical mastitis were divided into 3 groups, nisin combination with Staphylococcus aureus vaccine group (25), Nisin treated group (25) and control group (25). Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (2mL) was injected into lymph mammary gland, after one week, Nisin-based formulation (2.50×106IU) was infused to the mastitic quarters once daily for 3 days, then one week later,2mL Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for lymph mammary gland again; In the Nisin-treated group, Nisin-based formulation was performed once daily for 3 days with the dose of 2.50×106IU. The indicators of milk samples were HMT, SCC, NAGase, bacteriological exzamination and milk composition after treatment in the 2nd,4th and 6th week.
The percentage of SCC≤5.0×105cells/mL was (56.0%,48.0%,100%), (64.0%, 52.0%,100%) and (60.0%,48.0%,100%) among three groups at the same time point. And the NAGase activity in two treated groups were (34.2±9.8U/L,35.5±12.5U/L) (30.3±12.0U/L,31.7±13.5U/L)and(29.9±14.2U/L,32.2±15.4U/L)in the 2nd,4th and 6th wk after infusion. No significant differences were observed in the two treated groups after HMT, SCC and NAGase test at the same time point (P>0.05), while significant differences (P<0.01) compared with pretreatment and control group among three groups.
The bacteriological cure rates of three groups were (68.0%,44.0%,0) (72.0%,40.0%,0) and (72.0%,40.0%,0) at the same time point after treatment. No significant difference was observed between two treated groups in the 2nd week after infusion, while significant differences (P<0.05) in the 4th and 6th week after treatment. The percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose and NSF were all increased in the same time point after treatment. Compared with pre-treatment and the control group, significant differences (P<0.01) were observed, while no significant differences (P>0.05) between two treated groups. All the results indicated that Nisin combination with vaccine had a better therapeutic effect than nisin-based formulation alone for subclinical mastitis with Staphylococcus aureus treated.
In summary, the main pathogens of the dairy farm were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and CNS, and the Staphylococcus was resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Oxacillin. After the irritant test of nisin-based formulation for mammary gland, the dose of 2.50×106IU was suitable to treat bovine subclinical mastitis. Nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for bovine subclinical mastitis, and the residues of Nisin Z in milk after treatment was much lower than the upper limitallowed as preservative in milk products by the China authority. Nisin-based formulation could decrease BTSCC, bulk bacteria, and improve bulk milk compositions. Combination with Staphylococcus aureus vaccine, nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for subclinical mastitis, especially for those subclinical cases caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
1.杭州近郊某奶牛场隐性乳腺炎主要病原菌的调查
为了解杭州近郊某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要病原菌,首先用杭州乳腺炎快速诊断试剂(HMT)对该牧场的两个牛棚进行隐性乳腺炎检测,采集检测结果为“+++”强阳性乳区奶样89个进行细菌学检验,并对分离的主要病原菌进行药敏试验以及牛奶中SCC和NAGase酶活性的测定。结果显示：在该牧场分离的奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(25.0%)、无乳链球菌(34.7%)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(31.9%)。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林和苯唑青霉素均有较高的耐药率(88.8%,83.3%和72.2%)；无乳链球菌对以上常规的抗生素保持着较高的敏感性；而凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑青霉素和链霉素均有较高的耐药率(86.4%,63.6%,77.3%和68.2%)。因此,该场引起奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌以及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,葡萄球菌对青霉素类药物已经产生耐药性。
2. Nisin Z对奶牛乳腺的刺激性
Nisin作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的药物在应用之前,必须要对其进行药物刺激性试验,以便筛选出治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的最佳剂量。本试验选择1头处于泌乳中期且四个乳区均健康的荷斯坦奶牛,分别将三个不同的剂量组(5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU、1.25×106IU)的Nisin制剂于挤奶结束后分别灌注于右前、右后以及左后乳区,左前乳区灌注250mL生理盐水作为对照组,然后在灌注结束后24h、48h、72h、96h以及1周时进行SCC及NAGase酶活性的检测。
试验结果表明,除了5.0×106IU剂量组有明显的临床症状外,其他剂量组与对照组均无明显的临床症状。灌注三种不同剂量的药物后,三个灌注乳区牛奶体细胞数在24h时均明显升高,但是24h后又逐渐下降,至1周时恢复正常水平,而对照组乳区则无显著变化。牛奶中NAGase酶活性检测结果表明,灌注药物后24h后,两个高剂量组(5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU) NAGase酶活性均升高,然后在24～72h保持稳定,随后NAGase酶活性恢复至正常水平；而1.25×106IU剂量组与对照组在灌注后24h、48h与72h时,NAGase酶活性则略微升高,随后便恢复至正常水平。上述结果表明,2.5×106IU与1.25×106IU对奶牛乳腺的刺激性最小,结合前期Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的抑菌效果,选择2.5×106IU作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的治疗剂量。
3. Nisin Z乳房灌注剂对奶牛隐性乳腺炎治疗效果
90头泌乳中期其患隐性乳腺炎的荷斯坦奶牛(90个患病乳区),被随机分成试验组(46个患病乳区),对照组(44个患病乳区)。试验组奶牛乳腺内灌注Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.5×106IU),每天一次,连续三天,对照组则按照牧场常规不采取治疗。通过检测治疗前后HMT变化、细菌学检查、牛奶体细胞计数、以及牛奶中NAGase酶活性变化,确定Nisin乳房灌注剂对奶牛隐性乳腺炎的治疗效果。
细菌学检查结果可以看出,患病乳区分离的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(27.8%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(31.1%)和无乳链球菌(33.3%)；经过Nisin治疗后第2周后,试验组与对照组细菌学转阴率分别为65.2%和15.9%,统计学差异极显著(P<0.01)；其中各试验组与对照组主要致病菌在治疗后第2周其细菌学转阴率分别为：金黄色葡萄球菌为50.0%和18.2%,无乳链球菌为90.9%和1.40%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为58.8%和27.3%,两组细菌学转阴率同期比较,金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌均无统计学差异,而无乳链球菌则差异极显著(P<0.01); NAGase酶活性检测结果表明,试验组在经Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗第1、2周后,牛奶中在NAGase酶活性均显著减低(P<0.01),而对照组则无显著差异；牛奶体细胞计数结果显示,试验组在治疗后第1、2周牛奶中体细胞≤5.0×105个／mL的百分比为41.3%和32.6%,而对照组则分别为18.2%和9.1%,两组同期比较差异均极显著(P<0.01)。因此,Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎具有良好的效果。
4.Nisin Z治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎降低桶奶体细胞含量
本试验在安徽试验基地选择两个牛棚,其中试验组牛棚含85头,对照组牛棚含90头,选择的奶牛均为处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛。3～7月对两个牛棚进行如下内容检查：桶奶体细胞数、桶奶乳成份、桶奶细菌数。8～12月用Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.5x106IU)对试验组中隐性乳腺炎病例进行治疗,每天一次,连续三天,对照组则按照牧场常规不采取治疗。然后每个月分别检测桶奶体细胞数、桶奶细菌数、桶奶中乳成份以及利用ECLIPSE50检测桶奶中Nisin Z的残留,以确定Nisin乳房灌注剂是否能够降低桶奶体细胞数。试验组隐性乳腺炎病例采取治疗措施后,桶奶体细胞数8～12月份均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；桶奶细菌数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)；桶奶中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖与非脂质固体的含量均高于对照组。当试验牛群用Nisin灌注剂同时治疗隐性乳房炎病例少于10个时,桶奶ECLIPSE50法试验为阴性。因此,Nisin乳房灌注剂对牛群中奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例治疗后能够有效的降低桶奶体细胞数。
5. Nisin Z治疗奶牛隐性型乳腺炎后在牛奶中的残留
本试验通过选择3头泌乳中期患隐性乳腺炎的奶牛,用Nisin乳房灌注剂(2.50×106IU)治疗患病乳区,每天一次,连续三天；未治疗的相邻乳区作为对照。治疗结束后24h、48h、72h与96h后利用国标法检测治疗乳区与对照乳区的Nisin Z残留。结果表明,Nisin灌注剂治疗后24h牛奶中Nisin Z的残留量为75.81-36.50 IU／mL,远低于国家标准规定的乳制品中Nisin的最大允许添加量(0.5g／Kg,约合500IU／mL),而相邻乳区的混合奶样,则无Nisin检出。发酵培养试验结果表明,在治疗后24h采集治疗乳区牛奶经发酵培养会被抑制,但24h后检测均没有抑制发酵；而对照乳区采集的混合奶样经发酵培养均不会被抑制。本试验说明Nisin治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎后24h,治疗乳区牛奶中的Nisin Z的残留量远低于国家标准,但灌注乳区的牛奶在治疗后24h会抑制发酵培养。
6. Nisin Z在不同炎症程度牛奶中的降解
选择牛奶SCC在0～2.0×105个／mL的正常奶牛、SCC在1.0～2.0×10~6个／mL的隐性乳腺炎奶牛以及临床型乳腺炎奶牛各3头,然后分别采集正常乳区与患病乳区的牛奶各10mL,首先测定了三种不同炎症程度牛奶中NAGase酶的活性,然后在牛奶中加入Nisin (104IU),在37℃培养。分别检测0h、2h、4h、6h与8h后Nisin在牛奶中的残留量。结果表明：Nisin在不同牛奶中的降解速度不一,从高到低依次为：正常牛奶、隐性乳腺炎牛奶和临床型乳腺炎牛奶。随着时间的增加,Nisin活性减少。
7. Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合应用治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎
选择处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛75头,每头牛有一个隐性乳腺炎乳区。奶牛被随机分成三组,Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合治疗组,Nisin治疗组,对照组,且每组各25头。在Nisin与疫苗联合治疗组中,首先在挤奶结束后于奶牛乳腺上淋巴结注射金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗2mL,1周后对患病乳区开始灌注Nisin Z制剂(2.5×106IU／mL),每天一次,连续三天,灌注结束后1周第二次在乳腺淋巴结注射疫苗2mL; Nisin治疗组则是每天灌注Nisin Z制剂一次(2.5×106IU／mL),连续三天；对照组则不采取治疗。然后在处理前与治疗后第2、4和6周采集样品,分别检测HMT强阳性率、牛奶体细胞数、NAGase酶活性以及细菌学检查。
两个治疗组经治疗后第2、4和6周后其体细胞数≤5.0×105个／mL的百分比分别为(56.0%、48.0%、100%)、(64.0%、52.0%、100%)和(60.0%、48.0%、100%),两个治疗组同期比较均均无差异(P>0.05),但与治疗前及对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。两个治疗组与对照组在处理后第2、4和6周后其NAGase酶的活性分别为(34.2±9.8U／L、35.5±12.5U／L、56.5±17.8U／L)、(30.3±12.0U／L、31.7±13.5 U／L、56.0±16.3U／L)和(29.9±14.2U／L、32.2±15.4U／L、57.0±17.3U／L),两个治疗组同期比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),但是与治疗前及对照比较差异均极显著。细菌学检查表明,Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗治疗组、Nisin治疗组与对照组在第2、4和6周的细菌学治愈率分别为(68.0%、44.0%、0),(72.0%、40.0%、0)和(72.0%、40.0%、0),而两个治疗组同期比较,其中第2周比较差异不显著(P>0.05),第4周和第6周差异均显著(P<0.05),而与对照组比较差异均极显著(P<0.01)。对治疗前后牛奶中乳成份的变化进行分析可以看出,治疗后第2、4和6周牛奶中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖与总固体的含量均呈升高趋势,去治疗前以及对照组相比较差异均为显著(P<0.01),但是两个治疗组同期比较差异均不显著(P>0.05)。上述试验结果表明,利用Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例,尤其是由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的隐性乳腺炎病例,效果要优于单独用Nisin治疗。
综上所述,杭州近郊某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,且葡萄球类细菌已经对青霉素类药物产生耐药性。Nisin Z制剂对奶牛乳腺的刺激性试验表明,2.50×106IU适合作为治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的剂量。利用Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎均有良好的治疗效果,而且在治疗后24h牛奶中Nisin Z残留量低于国家允许在食品中添加的量,不影响酸奶发酵。在牛群中用Nisin乳房灌注剂治疗隐性乳腺炎病例,可以降低桶奶体细胞数、桶奶细菌数,同时使牛奶中脂肪、蛋白、乳糖及非脂质固体的含量升高；Nisin Z在炎症牛奶中的降解速度比正常牛奶快,有利于治疗后及时排出。用Nisin与金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗联合应用治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎时,治愈率要高于单独使用Nisin Z制剂。
Mastitis, one of widespread disease for dairy cows, made a great loss to dairy production with high incidence. Subclinical mastitis can result in an elevated milk SCC and decrease milk yield, change the composition of milk to influnce milk quality. If not treated in time, it may lead to clinical mastitis, even teat blind or culling. In general, subclinical mastitis was not treated because of high incidence and antibiotic residues in milk. When bulk milk somatic cell count was obviously increased to influence milk sale, it was still treated with antibiotics. However, this could increase the resistance of mastitis pathogens, residues in milk and accumulation in vivo, which did harm to human health. As a result, it was necessary to develop a non-antibiotic preparation for the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis, which was more highly-efficient, low toxicity and residues free. This study was designed to identify the pathogens with the sensitive test for routine antibiotics, and use nisin to treat bovine subclinical mastits, especially Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis.
1. The patogens of bovine subclinical mastitis was investigated in Jin Jiang Dairy Farm
To investigate the main pathogen of bovine subclnical mastitis, a survey had been conducted for 232 cows with HMT in a dairy farm of Hangzhou suburb.89 milk samples with HMT "+++" were collected to detect main pathogens, SCC and milk samples. Results showed the main pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (25.0%), CNS (31.7%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (34.9%) respectively. S. aureus and CNS had been resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Oxacillin, and the resistant rates were (88.8%,86.4%), (83.3%,77.3%) and (72.2%,68.2%), while Streptococcus agalactiae was sensitive to these routine antibiotics. This showed the main pathogens in the dairy farm were Staphylococcus aureus, CNS and Streptococcus agalactiae, which had been resitant to Penicillin Q Ampicillin and Oxacillin except Streptococcus agalactiae.
2. The irritancy test of Nisin for bovine quarters
In order to select the optimum dose to treat bovine subclinical mastitis, Nisin based formulation was evaluated for the dairy quarters before treatment. One heathy Holstein cow was selected to make an irritant test with three doses of nisin-based formulation (5.0×106IU、2.5×106IU、1.25×106IU), saline (250mL) as a control. Results indicated that the visible symptoms were observed in the quarter after treatment at the dose of 5.0×106IU alone. The acticity of NAGase in milk quarters was increased after 24h with infusion of Nisin for three groups, it was returned to the normal level after one week. All the results indicated that two doses (2.5×106IU, 1.25×106IU) had little irritative for dairy mammary glands. According to the efficacy of nisin-based formulation for clinica mastitis, the dose of 2.5×106IU was suitable to treat bovine subclinical mastitis.
3. Efficacy of nisin-based formulation in treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows
A total of 90 cows with 90 subclinical mastitic quarters were randomly assigned to Nisin treated group and control group. In nisin-based formulation treated group, the cows were received an intramammary infusion of Nisin Z at the dose of 2.5×106IU, the control group without treatment. The treatment was performed once daily for 3 days in the nisin treatded group. The main pathogens in all cases were Staphylococcus aureus (27.78%), CNS (31.11%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (33.33%) respectively. After treatment, the bacteriological cure rate of nisin-based group and control group were 65.2%and 15.9%in the 2nd week with significant difference (P<0.01) in the 2nd wk. And the bacteriological cure rates of the main pathogens in the nisin-treated group and control group were (50.0%,18.2%), (90.9%,1.40%) and (58.8%,27.3%) respectively including Staphylococcus aureus, CNS and Streptococcus agalactiae. No significant differences were observed for S.aureus and CNS between the two groups, while significant difference for S.agalactia. The NAGase acticvity in the nisin-treated group were decreased significantly (P<0.01), while no difference in the control group (P>0.05). And the percentage of SCC≤5.0×105/mL in the two groups were (41.3%, 18.2%) and (32.9%,9.1%) in the 1st and 2nd week after treatment, the differences at the same time point were both P<0.01. All data indicated that nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for bovine subclinical mastitis.
4. Efficacy of nisin-based formulation to decrease bulk tank somatic cell count after treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows.
Two cowsheds were selected to evaluat nisin-based formulation to decrease BTMCC, total 85 and 90 cows in nisin and control group. Before the treatment, a survey was conductecd to detect BTSCC, bulk bacteria and bulk milk composition from March to July. The high BTSCC herd was selected as the nisin-based group, and the low BTSCC herd was the control group. From August to December, nisin-based formulation was used to treat the subclinial cases once daily for 3 days in the treated group, while the control group without treatment. The efficacy of nisin-based formulation to treat subclinical mastitis was evaluated with BTSCC, bulk bacteria, bulk milk composition and Nisin Z residues detected by ECLIPSE50.
Results indicated that BTSCC, bulk bacteria in the treated group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), while bulk milk composition including fat, protein, and lactose was increased in the nisin-based formulation group. Nisin Z could not be detected by ECLIPSE50 in bulk tank milk when the number of quarters infused with nisin-based formulation was less 10. All results showed that nisin-based formulation could decrease bulk tank somatic cell counts effectively.
5. The residues of nisin-based formulation in mik samples after treatment for bovine subclinical mastitis
3 Holstein cows with subclinial mastitis were selected to evaluate nisin residues in treated quarters after treatment. The treatment was performed once daily for 3 days in the nisin treatded quarters at the dose of 2.50×106IU, while the control quarters without treatment. The results showed that Nisin Z in milk(75.81±36.50 IU/mL) was detected only in the treated group at 24h following intramammary infusion, which was much lower than the upper limit (0.5g/kg, equivalent to 500IU/mL) allowed as preservative in milk products by the China authority, while no residues of Nisin Z in milk samples from the control quarters. Reduced fermentation with low acidity from treated quarters was found in milk samples at 24h, where no inhibition was detected in fermentation from control quarters throughout the experiment. All the results showed that nisin-based formulation was safe and litte fermentation was found in a short time after treatment.
6. Degradation of Nisin Z in normal, subclinically and clinically mastitic milk samples in vitro
9 Holstein cows were selected and divided into 3 normal cases (SCC 0-2.0×105cells/mL),3 subclinical cases (SCC 1.0-2.0×106cells/mL) and 3 clinical cases. At first, the NAGase activities in different milk samples were detected after freezing and thawing, then Nisin Z (104IU) was added into lOmL milk samples to detect the residues at different time points (Oh,2h,4h,6h and 8h) after culture at 37℃in vitro. The results indicated that the NAGase activity in milk samples were increased from normal, subclinical and clinical mastitis cases in turn. Nisin residues were detected by National Standards to be decreased gradually after cultivation at 37℃in vitro from normal, subclinical and clinical mastitis cases.
7. Efficacy of vaccination in combination with Nisin Z treatment against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows
Although nisin-based formulation could have been proved effective on bovine sublinical mastitis, how to improve the efficacy of Nisin Z had been a new concern in the following research. At first, Staphylococcus aureus vaccine was attempted to improve the effect of nisin-based formulation to treat bovine subclinical mastitis.75 Holstein cows with subclinical mastitis were divided into 3 groups, nisin combination with Staphylococcus aureus vaccine group (25), Nisin treated group (25) and control group (25). Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (2mL) was injected into lymph mammary gland, after one week, Nisin-based formulation (2.50×106IU) was infused to the mastitic quarters once daily for 3 days, then one week later,2mL Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for lymph mammary gland again; In the Nisin-treated group, Nisin-based formulation was performed once daily for 3 days with the dose of 2.50×106IU. The indicators of milk samples were HMT, SCC, NAGase, bacteriological exzamination and milk composition after treatment in the 2nd,4th and 6th week.
The percentage of SCC≤5.0×105cells/mL was (56.0%,48.0%,100%), (64.0%, 52.0%,100%) and (60.0%,48.0%,100%) among three groups at the same time point. And the NAGase activity in two treated groups were (34.2±9.8U/L,35.5±12.5U/L) (30.3±12.0U/L,31.7±13.5U/L)and(29.9±14.2U/L,32.2±15.4U/L)in the 2nd,4th and 6th wk after infusion. No significant differences were observed in the two treated groups after HMT, SCC and NAGase test at the same time point (P>0.05), while significant differences (P<0.01) compared with pretreatment and control group among three groups.
The bacteriological cure rates of three groups were (68.0%,44.0%,0) (72.0%,40.0%,0) and (72.0%,40.0%,0) at the same time point after treatment. No significant difference was observed between two treated groups in the 2nd week after infusion, while significant differences (P<0.05) in the 4th and 6th week after treatment. The percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose and NSF were all increased in the same time point after treatment. Compared with pre-treatment and the control group, significant differences (P<0.01) were observed, while no significant differences (P>0.05) between two treated groups. All the results indicated that Nisin combination with vaccine had a better therapeutic effect than nisin-based formulation alone for subclinical mastitis with Staphylococcus aureus treated.
In summary, the main pathogens of the dairy farm were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and CNS, and the Staphylococcus was resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin and Oxacillin. After the irritant test of nisin-based formulation for mammary gland, the dose of 2.50×106IU was suitable to treat bovine subclinical mastitis. Nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for bovine subclinical mastitis, and the residues of Nisin Z in milk after treatment was much lower than the upper limitallowed as preservative in milk products by the China authority. Nisin-based formulation could decrease BTSCC, bulk bacteria, and improve bulk milk compositions. Combination with Staphylococcus aureus vaccine, nisin-based formulation had a better therapeutic effect for subclinical mastitis, especially for those subclinical cases caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
引文
Aarestrup, F.M., H.C. Wegener, and V.T. Rosdahl.1995. A Comparative Study of Staphylococcus-aureus Strains Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis during 1952-1956 and 1992. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36:237-243.
Aarestrup, F. M., H. D. Larsen, and N. E. Jensen.1999. Characterization of Staphylococcus simulans strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology 66:165-170.
Abee, T., L. Krockel, and C. Hill.1995. Bacteriocins:Modes of action and potentials in food preservation and control of food poisoning. International Journal of Food Microbiology 28:169-185.
Acuna, C.N., R.E. Chertoff. M.B. Martinez, and J.M Nimo.2001. Udder pathogens prevalence in dairy cows from Argentina.40th Ann Meet. Natl Mastitis Council. Reno, Nevada, pp. 177-178.
Agger, J. F., C. Priou, A. Huda, and K. Aagaard.1994. Risk-Factors for Transmission of Streptococcus-Agalactiae Infection between Danish Dairy Herds-a Case-Control Study. Veterinary Research 25:227-234.
Akerstedt, M., K. P. Waller, and A. Sternesjo.2007. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in relation to the somatic cell count in quarter, cow composite and bulk tank milk samples. Journal of Dairy Research 74:198-203.
Almeida, R. A., and S. P. Oliver.2006. Trafficking of Streptococcus uberis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 41:80-9.
Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, S. J. Kumar, L. F. Calvinho, M. S. Bronze, and S. P. Oliver.1996. Adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells and to extracellular matrix proteins. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 43:385-392.
Almeida, R. A., W. Fang, and S. P. Oliver.1999. Adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells are mediated by host cell proteoglycans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 177:313-7.
Al-Nabulsi, A. A., T. M. Osaili, M. A. Al-Holy, R. R. Shaker, M. M. Ayyash, A. N. Olaimat, and R. A. Holley.2009. Influence of desiccation on the sensitivity of Cronobacter spp. to lactoferrin or nisin in broth and powdered infant formula. Int J Food Microbiol 136:221-6.
Alsemgeest, S. P. M., H. C. Kalsbeek, T. Wensing, J. P. Koeman, A. M. Vanederen, and E. Gruys. 1994. Concentrations of Serum Amyloid-a (Saa) and Haptoglobin (Hp) as Parameters of Inflammatory Diseases in Cattle. Veterinary Quarterly 16:21-23.
Anaya-Lopez, J. L., O. E. Contreras-Guzman, A. Carabez-Trejo, V. M. Baizabal-Aguirre, J. E. Lopez-Meza, J. J. Valdez-Alarcon, and A. Ochoa-Zarzosa.2006. Invasive potential of bacterial isolates associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. Res Vet Sci 81:358-61.
Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, W. E. Owens, and C. Norman.2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet Microbiol 134:150-6.
Aranha, C., S. Gupta, and K. V. Reddy.2004. Contraceptive efficacy of antimicrobial peptide Nisin: in vitro and in vivo studies. Contraception 69:333-8.
Atalla, H., C. Gyles, C. L. Jacob, H. Moisan, F. Malouin, and B. Mallard.2008. Characterization of a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant (SCV) associated with persistent bovine mastitis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:785-99.
Auldist, M. J., S. Coats, B. J. Sutherland, J. J. Mayes, G. H. McDowell, and G. L. Rogers.1996. Effects of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on raw milk composition and the yield and quality of Cheddar cheese. J Dairy Res 63:269-80.
Babaei, H., L. Mansouri-Najand, M. M. Molaei, A. Kheradmand, and M. Sharifan.2007. Assessment of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in cow's milk as an indicator of subclinical mastitis. Veterinary Research Communications 31:419-425.
Badaoui Najjar, M., D. Kashtanov, and M. L. Chikindas.2007. Epsilon-poly-L-lysine and nisin A act synergistically against Gram-positive food-borne pathogens Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:13-8.
Bajwa, N. S., B. K. Bansal, A. K. Srivastava, and R. Ranjan.2007. Pharmacokinetic profile of erythromycin after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows with specific mastitis. Veterinary Research Communications 31:603-610.
Bannerman, D.D. and Wall, R.J. A novel strategy for the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in dairy cows. Information Systems for Biotechnology (ISB) News Report. May 2005, Issue:1-4.
Bar, D., L. W. Tauer, G. Bennett, R. N. Gonzalez, J. A. Hertl, Y. H. Schukken, H. F. Schulte, F. L. Welcome, and Y. T. Grohn.2008. The cost of generic clinical mastitis in dairy cows as estimated by using dynamic programming. Journal of Dairy Science 91:2205-2214.
Barkema, H. W., J. D. Van der Ploeg, Y. H. Schukken, T. J. G. M. Lam, G. Benedictus, and A. Brands.1999. Management style and its association with bulk milk somatic cell count and incidence rate of clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 82:1655-1663.
Bar-Moshe, B., Weiss, I., Abuhanna, F., Hativ, N., Shine, Y. A regional program for the eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae in Israeli dairy herds [J]. Isr. J. Vet. Med.,1987,43:236-241.
Barrett, D. J., A. M. Healy, F. C. Leonard, and M. L. Doherty.2005. Prevalence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in 15 dairy herds in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal 58:333-337.
Barth, K., and H. Worstorff.2000. Influence of different milking intervals on electrical conductivity before alveolar milk ejection in cows. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International 55:363-365.
Bartlett, P. C., G. Y. Miller, C. R. Anderson, and J. H. Kirk.1990. Milk production and somatic cell count in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 73:2794-800.
Bartoloni, A., A. Mantella, B. P. Goldstein, R. Dei, M. Benedetti, S. Sbaragli, and F. Paradisi.2004. In-vitro activity of nisin against clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. J Chemother 16:119-21.
Bauer, R., and L. M. Dicks.2005. Mode of action of lipid Ⅱ-targeting lantibiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 101:201-16.
Bellamy, W., M. Takase, K. Yamauchi, H. Wakabayashi, K. Kawase, and M. Tomita.1992. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1121:130-6.
Bengtsson, B., H. E. Unnerstad, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and K. P. Waller.2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Microbiology 136:142-149.
Bengtsson, B., H. E. Unnerstad, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and K. P. Waller.2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 136:142-9.
Benkerroum, N., and W. E. Sandine.1988. Inhibitory action of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes. J Dairy Sci 71:3237-45.
Blackburn, P., Projan, S.J. and Goldberg, E.B. US Patent 5334582-pharmaceutical bacteriocin combinations and methods for using the same. United States Patent No:5,304,540. Applied Microbiology, Inc,1994, New York, USA.
Blake, C. C. F., D. F. Koenig, G. A. Mair, A. C. T. North, D. C. Phillips, and V. R. Sarma.1965. Structure of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme-a 3-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2a Resolution. Nature 206:757-&.
Blosser, T. H.1979. Economic losses from and the national research program on mastitis in the United States. J Dairy Sci 62:119-27.
Bluarddeconinck, J. M., J. Williams, R. W. Evans, J. Vansnick, P. A. Osinski, and P. L. Masson. 1978. Iron-Binding Fragments from N-Terminal and C-Terminal Regions of Human Lactoferrin. Biochemical Journal 171:321-327.
Bogin, E., G. Ziv, J. Avidar, B. Rivetz, S. Gordin, and A. Saran.1977. Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in normal and inflamed bovine udders and milk. Res Vet Sci 22:198-200.
Boughton, E., and C. D. Wilson.1978. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis. Vet Rec 103:70-1.
Bouksaim, M., C. Lacroix, R. Bazin, and R. E. Simard.1999. Production and utilization of polyclonal antibodies against nisin in an ELISA and for immuno-location of nisin in producing and sensitive bacterial strains. J Appl Microbiol 87:500-10.
Bouksaim, M., I. Fliss, J. Meghrous, R. Simard, and C. Lacroix.1998. Immunodot detection of nisin Z in milk and whey using enhanced chemiluminescence. Journal of Applied Microbiology 84:176-184.
Bradley, A.2002. Bovine mastitis:an evolving disease. Vet J 164:116-28.
Bradley, A. J., K. A. Leach, J. E. Breen, L. E. Green, and M. J. Green.2007. Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales. Vet Rec 160:253-7.
Branen, J. K., and P. M. Davidson.2004. Enhancement of nisin, lysozyme, and monolaurin antimicrobial activities by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and lactoferrin. Int J Food Microbiol 90:63-74.
Breukink, E., and B. de Kruijff.1999. The lantibiotic nisin, a special case or not? Biochim Biophys Acta 1462:223-34.
Broadbent, J. R., Y. C. Chou, K. Gillies, and J. K. Kondo.1989. Nisin inhibits several gram-positive, mastitis-causing pathogens. J Dairy Sci 72:3342-5.
Brotz, H., and H. G. Sahl.2000. New insights into the mechanism of action of lantibiotics-diverse biological effects by binding to the same molecular target. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46:1-6.
Buchman, G. W., S. Banerjee, and J. N. Hansen.1988. Structure, Expression, and Evolution of a Gene Encoding the Precursor of Nisin, a Small Protein Antibiotic. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:16260-16266.
Burvenich, C., V. Van Merris, J. Mehrzad, A. Diez-Fraile, and L. Duchateau.2003. Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors. Vet Res 34:521-64.
Bushnell, R. B.1984. Mycoplasma mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:301-12.
Buzzola, F. R., L. P. Alvarez, L. P. N. Tuchscherr, M. S. Barbagelata, S. M. Lattar, L. Calvinho, and D. O. Sordelli.2007. Differential abilities of capsulated and noncapsulated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diverse agr groups to invade mammary epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 75:886-891.
Callaway, T. R., A. M. Carneiro De Melo, and J. B. Russell.1997. The effect of nisin and monensin on ruminal fermentations In vitro. Curr Microbiol 35:90-6.
Calzolari, A., J. A. Giraudo, H. Rampone, L. Odierno, A. T. Giraudo, C. Frigerio, S. Bettera, C. Raspanti, J. Hernandez, M. Wehbe. M. Mattea, M. Ferrari, A. Larriestra, and R. Nagel.1997. Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis.2. Evaluation in two commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 80:854-8.
Cameron, A. R., and G. A. Anderson.1993. Relationship between Milk-Production and Somatic-Cell Count in Dairy-Cows in East Gippsland. Australian Veterinary Journal 70:13-17.
Cannarsi, M., A. Baiano, M. Sinigaglia, L. Ferrara, R. Baculo, and M. A. Del Nobile.2008. Use of nisin, lysozyme and EDTA for inhibiting microbial growth in chilled buffalo meat. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 43:573-578.
Cao, L. T., J. Q. Wu, F. Xie, S. H. Hu, and Y. Mo.2007. Efficacy of nisin in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90:3980-3985.
Cao-Hoang, L., P. A. Marechal, M. Le-Thanh, and P. Gervais.2008. Synergistic action of rapid chilling and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology 79:105-109.
Chagunda, M. G. G., Larsen, T., Bjerring, M., Ingvartsen, K. L. Changes in lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and somatic cell count in relation to development of mastitis in daily cows[J]. J Dairy Res,2006,73 (4):431-40.
Chagunda, M. G., T. Larsen, M. Bjerring, and K. L. Ingvartsen.2006. L-lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities in bovine milk as indicators of non-specific mastitis. J Dairy Res 73:431-40.
Chaves, C.J., L.Tirante, M.Pol., D. Bas, R. Vandoni, and R. Olivieri.2001. Prevalence of intramammary infections in 74 dairy herds located in Argentina.40th Annu Meet Natl. Mastitis Council, Reno, Nevada, pp.205-206.
Cintas L M,Herranz C,Hernandez P E, et al. Review:Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria.Food Sci Tech Int,2001,7:281-305
Cleveland, J., T. J. Montville, I. F. Nes, and M. L. Chikindas.2001. Bacteriocins:safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int J Food Microbiol 71:1-20.
Cleveland, J., T. J. Montville, I. F. Nes, and M. L. Chikindas.2001. Bacteriocins:safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 71:1-20.
Coleman. Marilyn A. Oral administration of chicken yolk immunoglobulins to lower somatic cell count in the milk of lactating ruminants[P]. US Patent,1996,5, 585,098.
Coulon, J. B., P. Gasqui, J. Barnouin, A. Ollier, P. Pradel, and D. Pomies.2002. Effect of mastitis and related-germ on milk yield and composition during naturally-occurring udder infections in dairy cows. Animal Research 51:383-393.
Crispie, F., D. Twomey, J. Flynn, C. Hill, P. Ross, and W. Meaney.2005. The lantibiotic lacticin 3147 produced in a milk-based medium improves the efficacy of a bismuth-based teat seal in cattle deliberately infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Research 72:159-167.
Crispie, F., M. Alonso-Gomez, C. O'Loughlin, K. Klostermann, J. Flynn, S. Arkins, W. Meaney, R. Paul Ross, and C. Hill.2008. Intramammary infusion of a live culture for treatment of bovine mastitis:effect of live lactococci on the mammary immune response. J Dairy Res 75:374-84.
da Silva Malheiros, P., D. J. Daroit, N. P. da Silveira, and A. Brandelli. Effect of nanovesicle-encapsulated nisin on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Food Microbiol 27:175-8.
D'Aimmo, M. R., M. Modesto, and B. Biavati.2007. Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from dairy and pharmaceutical products. Int J Food Microbiol 115:35-42.
Daley, M. J., G. Furda, R. Dougherty, P. A. Coyle, T. J. Williams, and P. Johnston.1992. Potentiation of antibiotic therapy for bovine mastitis by recombinant bovine interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 75:3330-8.
Daley, M. J., P. A. Coyle, T. J. Williams, G. Furda, R. Dougherty, and P. W. Hayes.1991. Staphylococcus aureus mastitis:pathogenesis and treatment with bovine interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 74:4413-24.
Datta, S., M. E. Janes, Q. G. Xue, J. Losso, and J. F. La Peyre.2008. Control of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella anatum on the surface of smoked salmon coated with calcium alginate coating containing oyster lysozyme and nisin. J Food Sci 73:M67-71.
de Arauz, L. J., A. F. Jozala, P. G. Mazzola, and T. C. V. Penna.2009. Nisin biotechnological production and application:a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 20:146-154.
De Kwaadsteniet, M., K. T. Doeschate, and L. M. Dicks.2009. Nisin F in the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 48:65-70.
De Oliveira, A. P., J. L. Watts, S. A. Salmon, and F. M. Aarestrup.2000. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Europe and the United States. J Dairy Sci 83:855-62.
De Vliegher, S., H. Laevens, L. A. Devriese, G. Opsomer, J. L. M. Leroy, H. W. Barkema, and A. de Kruif.2003. Prepartum teat apex colonization with Staphylococcus chromogenes in dairy heifers is associated with low somatic cell count in early lactation. Veterinary Microbiology 92:245-252.
Deegan, L. H., P. D. Cotter, C. Hill, and P. Ross.2006. Bacterlocins:Biological tools for bio-preservation and shelf-life extension. International Dairy Journal 16:1058-1071.
DeLucca, A. J., J. M. Bland, T. J. Jacks, C. Grimm, T. E. Cleveland, and T. J. Walsh.1997. Fungicidal activity of cecropin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:481-3.
Deluyker, H. A., S. N. Van Oye, and J. F. Boucher.2005. Factors affecting cure and somatic cell count after pirlimycin treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 88:604-14.
Deluyker, H. A., S. T. Chester, and S. N. Van Oye.1999. A multilocation clinical trial in lactating dairy cows affected with clinical mastitis to compare the efficacy of treatment with intramammary infusions of a lincomycin/neomycin combination with an ampicillin/cloxacillin combination. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 22:274-82.
Delvesbroughton, J.1990. Nisin and Its Application as a Food Preservative. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 43:73-76.
Delvesbroughton, J.1990. Nisin and Its Uses as a Food Preservative. Food Technology 44:100-&.
Delves-Broughton, J., P. Blackburn, R. J. Evans, and J. Hugenholtz.1996. Applications of the bacteriocin, nisin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69:193-202.
Devos, W. M., J. W. M. Mulders, R. J. Siezen, J. Hugenholtz, and O. P. Kuipers.1993. Properties of Nisin-Z and Distribution of Its Gene, Nisz, in Lactococcus-Lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59:213-218.
Diarra, M. S., D. Petitclerc, and P. Lacasse.2002. Effect of lactoferrin in combination with penicillin on the morphology and the physiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 85:1141-1149.
Diarra, M. S., D. Petitclerc, and P. Lacasse.2002. Effect of lactoferrin in combination with penicillin on the morphology and the physiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 85:1141-9.
Dingwell, R. T., K. E. Leslie, Y. H. Schukken, J. M. Sargeant, L. L. Timms, T. F. Duffield, G. P. Keefe, D. F. Kelton, K. D. Lissemore, and J. Conklin.2004. Association of cow and quarter-level factors at drying-off with new intramammary infections during the dry period. Prev Vet Med 63:75-89.
Djabri, B., N. Bareille, F. Beaudeau, and H. Seegers.2002. Quarter milk somatic cell count in infected dairy cows:a meta-analysis. Veterinary Research 33:335-357.
Donaszi-Ivanov, A., P. Scharek, A. Falus, and A. K. Fulop.2004. Hepatic acute-phase reaction in histamine-deficient gene targeted mice. Inflammopharmacology 12:47-55.
Dunney S, Shuster D, Russonielloc, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage coloning-stimulating factor for the control of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci,1994,77 (suppⅡ):255-311
Eberhart R.J., L.J. Hutchinson and S.B. Spencer. Relationships of bulk tank somatic cell count to Prevalence of intramammary infection and to indices of herd production [J]. J.Food Prot, 1982,45:1125-1128
Eberhart, R. J.1984. Coliform mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:287-300.
Eberhart, R. J., L. J. Hutchinson, and S. B. Spencer.1982. Relationships of Bulk Tank Somatic-Cell Counts to Prevalence of Intra-Mammary Infection and to Indexes of Herd Production. Journal of Food Protection 45:1125-1128.
Eckersall, P. D., and J. G. Conner.1988. Bovine and canine acute phase proteins. Vet Res Commun 12:169-78.
Eckersall, P. D., F. J. Young, A. M. Nolan, C. H. Knight, C. McComb, M. M. Waterston, C. J. Hogarth, E. M. Scott, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2006. Acute phase proteins in bovine milk in an experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 89:1488-501.
Eckersall, P. D., F. J. Young, C. McComb, C. J. Hogarth, S. Safi, A. Weber, T. McDonald, A. M. Nolan, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2001. Acute phase proteins in serum and milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Vet Rec 148:35-41.
Economou, T., N. Pournis, A. Ntzimani, and I. N. Savvaidis.2009. Nisin-EDTA treatments and modified atmosphere packaging to increase fresh chicken meat shelf-life. Food Chemistry 114:1470-1476.
El Jastimi, R., K. Edwards, and M. Lafleur.1999. Characterization of permeability and morphological perturbations induced by nisin on phosphatidylcholine membranes. Biophys J 77:842-52.
Emanuelson, U., and H. Funke.1991. Effect of milk yield on relationship between bulk milk somatic cell count and prevalence of mastitis. J Dairy Sci 74:2479-83.
Enserink, M.1999. Promising antibiotic candidate identified. Science 286:2245,2247.
Ericsson Unnerstad, H., A. Lindberg, K. Persson Waller, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and B. Bengtsson.2009. Microbial aetiology of acute clinical mastitis and agent-specific risk factors. Vet Microbiol 137:90-7.
Erskine, R. J., P. C. Bartlett, S. R. Tavernier, L. H. Fowler, R. D. Walker, J. H. Seguin, and D. Shuster.1998. Recombinant bovine interleukin-2 and dry cow therapy:efficacy to cure and prevent intramammary infections, safety, and effect on gestation. J Dairy Sci 81:107-15.
Ettayebi, K., J. El Yamani, and B. Rossi-Hassani.2000. Synergistic effects of nisin and thymol on antimicrobial activities in Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 183:191-5.
Falahee, M. B., and M. R. Adams.1992. Cross-reactivity of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria and lantibiotics in a nisin bioassay and ELISA. Lett Appl Microbiol 15:214-6.
Falahee, M. B., M. R. Adams, J. W. Dale, and B. A. Morris.1990. An Enzyme-Immunoassay for Nisin. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 25:590-595.
Federal Register. Nisin preparation:affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human food ingredient. Fed. Regist.,1988,53:11247-11251.
Ferguson, J. D., G. Azzaro, M. Gambina, and G. Licitra.2007. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in Ragusa, Sicily, from 2000 to 2006. J Dairy Sci 90:5798-813.
Fernandez, L., S. Delgado, H. Herrero, A. Maldonado, and J. M. Rodriguez.2008. The bacteriocin nisin, an effective agent for the treatment of staphylococcal mastitis during lactation. J Hum Lact 24:311-6.
Fleming A. On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. P Soc Lond B Biol Sci,1922,93:306-313
Fogaca, A. C., P. I. da Silva, Jr., M. T. Miranda, A. G. Bianchi, A. Miranda, P. E. Ribolla, and S. Daffre.1999. Antimicrobial activity of a bovine hemoglobin fragment in the tick Boophilus microplus. J Biol Chem 274:25330-4.
Foster, T. J.1991. Potential for vaccination against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine 9:221-7.
Fox, L. K., J. H. Kirk, and A. Britten.2005. Mycoplasma mastitis:a review of transmission and control. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:153-60.
Frazer, A. C., J. R. Hickman, and M. Sharratt.1962. Biological Effects of Food Additives.1. Nisin. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 13:32-&.
Galvez, A., H. Abriouel, R. L. Lopez, and N. Ben Omar.2007. Bacteriocin-based strategies for food biopreservation. Int J Food Microbiol 120:51-70.
Garneau, S., N. I. Martin, and J. C. Vederas.2002. Two-peptide bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Biochimie 84:577-92.
Gentilini, E., G. Denamiel, A. Betancor, M. Rebuelto, M. Rodriguez Fermepin, and R. A. De Torrest.2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina. J Dairy Sci 85:1913-7.
Giacometti, A.,O. Cirioni, F. Barchiesi, M. S. Del Prete, and G. Scalise.1999. Antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides. Peptides 20:1265-1273.
Giacometti, A.,O. Cirioni, M. S. Del Prete, A. M. Paggi, M. M. D'Errico, and G. Scalise.2000. Combination studies between polycationic peptides and clinically used antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Peptides 21:1155-60.
Gianneechini, R. E., C. Concha, and A. Franklin.2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens isolated from dairy herds in the west littoral region of Uruguay. Acta Vet Scand 43:31-41.
Gianneechini, R., C. Concha, R. Rivero, I. Delucci, and J. Moreno Lopez.2002. Occurrence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay. Acta Vet Scand 43:221-30.
Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver.2009. Prevalence and persistence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in three dairy research herds. Vet Microbiol 134:65-72.
Giraudo, J. A., A. Calzolari, H. Rampone, A. Rampone, A. T. Giraudo, C. Bogni, A. Larriestra, and R. Nagel.1997. Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis.1. Evaluation in heifers. J Dairy Sci 80:845-53.
Gonzalez, R. N., D. E. Jasper, R. B. Bushnell, and T. B. Farver.1986. Relationship between Mastitis Pathogen Numbers in Bulk Tank Milk and Bovine Udder Infections in California Dairy Herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189:442-445.
Govaris, A., N. Solomakos, A. Pexara, and P. S. Chatzopoulou. The antimicrobial effect of oregano essential oil, nisin and their combination against Salmonella Enteritidis in minced sheep meat during refrigerated storage. Int J Food Microbiol 137:175-80.
Gronlund, U., C. Hallen Sandgren, and K. Persson Waller.2005. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk from dairy cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis. Vet Res 36:191-8.
Gronlund, U., C. Hulten, P. D. Eckersall, C. Hogarth, and K. Persson Waller.2003. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Res 70:379-86.
Gruet, P., P. Maincent, X. Berthelot, and V. Kaltsatos.2001. Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery:review and perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 50:245-59.
Grunwald, L., and M. Petz.2003. Food processing effects on residues:penicillins in milk and yoghurt. Analytica Chimica Acta 483:73-79.
Gruys, E., Obwolo, M. J.,& Toussaint, M. J. M. (1994). Diagnostic significance of the major acute phase proteins in veterinary clinical chemistry:A review. Veterinary Bulletin,64,1009-1018.
Haddadi, K., C. Prin-Mathieu, F. Moussaoui, G. C. Faure, F. Vangroenweghe, C. Burvenich, and Y. Le Roux.2006. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and Escherichia coli proteases involved in proteolysis of casein during experimental E-coli mastitis. International Dairy Journal 16:639-647.
Hagiwara, S., K. Kawai, A. Anri, and H. Nagahata.2003. Lactoferrin concentrations in milk from normal and subclinical mastitic cows. J Vet Med Sci 65:319-23.
Halasa, T., K. Huijps,O. Osteras, and H. Hogeveen.2007. Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management:a review. Vet Q 29:18-31.
Haltia, L., T. Honkanen-Buzalski, I. Spiridonova, A. Olkonen, and V. Myllys.2006. A study of bovine mastitis, milking procedures and management practices on 25 Estonian dairy herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 48:-.
Hamann, J., A. Zecconi (1998). Evaluation of the electrical conductivity of milk as a mastitis indicator. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed.334,5-22.
Hamann, J., and P. Gyodi.1999. Electrical conductivity in fraction-collected quarter milk samples with low somatic cell counts. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International 54:487-491.
Hamann, J., and V. Kromker.1997. Potential of specific milk composition variables for cow health management. Livestock Production Science 48:201-208.
Hansen J.N. Nisin and related antimicrobial peptides. In:Strohl WR, editor. Biotechnology of antibiotics. New York:Marcel Dekker Inc,1997. p.437-70.
Hansen, J.N. (1993). The molecular biology of nisin and its structural analogues. In:Bacteriocins of Lacic Acid Bacteria (Hoover, D. and Steenson, L., Eds.), cademic Press, New York, NY, pp. 93-120.
Hara S, Yakazu K, Nakakawaji K, Takenohi T, Kobayashi T, Sata M, lmai Z & Shibuya T (1962) An investigation of the toxicity of nisin. Tokyo Med. Univ. J.20:175-207
Harmon, R. J.1994. Physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci 77:2103-12.
Harmon, R. J., F. L. Schanbacher, L. C. Ferguson, and K. L. Smith.1976. Changes in lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, and alpha-lactalbumin during acute experimental and natural coliform mastitis in cows. Infect Immun 13:533-42.
Hensen, S. M., M. J. A. M. P. Pavicic, J. A. C. M. Lohuis, and B. Poutrel.2000. Use of bovine primary mammary epithelial cells for the comparison of adherence and invasion ability of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Journal of Dairy Science 83:418-429.
Hogan, J., and K. Larry Smith.2003. Coliform mastitis. Vet Res 34:507-19.
Hogeveen, H. and O.(?)steras.2005. Mastitis management in an economic framework. In Hogeveen, H. (ed), Proc.4th Int. Mastitis Conf., Maastrich, the Netherlands, pp.41-52.
Honkanen-Buzalski T., Kaartinen L., Pyorala S. (Eds.), The bovine udder and mastitis, Gummerus, Jyvaskyla, Finland,1995, pp.89-104.
Hulse, E. C., and J. E. Lancaster.1951. The treatment with nisin of chronic bovine mastitis caused by Str. uberis and staphylococci. Vet Rec 63:477-80.
Hurst, A., and G. J. Dring.1968. Relation of Length of Lag Phase of Growth to Synthesis of Nisin and Other Basic Proteins by Streptococcus Lactis Grown under Different Cultural Conditions. Journal of General Microbiology 50:383-&.
IDF,1979. Somatic cells in milk:their significance and recommended methods for counting. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed.114,4-20.
Jack, R. W., and G. Jung.2000. Lantibiotics and microcins:polypeptides with unusual chemical diversity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 4:310-7.
Jaglic, Z., E. Michu, M. Holasova, H. Vlkova, V. Babak, M. Kolar, J. Bardon, and J. Schlegelova. Epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from humans, raw bovine milk and a dairy plant. Epidemiol Infect 138:772-82.
Jakob, H., and O. Distl,1997. Tierarztkosten beim Milchvieh.l.Mitteilung:Analyse von systematischen Variationsursachen. Zu'chtungskunde 69,334-348.
James, M. E., and M. G. Johnson.2001. Food grade additives and garlic enhance the activity of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes invitro and on chicken. Presented at the 23-27
Jasper, D. E.1981. Bovine mycoplasmal mastitis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 25:121-57.
Jayarao, B. M., B. E. Gillespie, M. J. Lewis, H. H. Dowlen, and S. P. Oliver.1999. Epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis intramammary infections in a dairy herd. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:433-42.
Jin, T., L. Liu, C. H. Sommers, G. Boyd, and H. Zhang.2009. Radiation sensitization and postirradiation proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat deli meat in the presence of pectin-nisin films. J Food Prot 72:644-9.
Jofre, A., T. Aymerich, J. M. Monfort, and M. Garriga.2008. Application of enterocins A and B, sakacin K and nisin to extend the safe shelf-life of pressurized ready-to-eat meat products. European Food Research and Technology 228:159-162.
Jones, G. M. On-farm tests for drug residues in milk. Milk Quality & Milking Management, Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech. Publication Number 404-401,1999. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/dairy/404-401/404-401.pdf
Jones, G. M., R. E. Pearson, G. A. Clabaugh, and C. W. Heald.1984. Relationships between somatic cell counts and milk production. J Dairy Sci 67:1823-31.
Kaartinen, L., and M. Sandholm.1987. Regulation of plasmin activation in mastitic milk. Correlation with inflammatory markers and growth of Streptococcus agalactiae. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 34:42-50.
Kaartinen, L., P. L. Kuosa, K. Veijalainen, and M. Sandholm.1988. Compartmentalization of milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase). Release of NAGase from the cellular compartment by storage, freezing and thawing, detergent and using cell stimulants. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 35:408-14.
Kai, K., Y. Komine, K. Komine, K. Asai, T. Kuroishi, T. Kozutsumi, M. Itagaki, M. Ohta, and K. Kumagai.2002. Effects of bovine lactoferrin by the intramammary infusion in cows with staphylococcal mastitis during the early non-lactating period. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64:873-878.
Kaneene, J. B., H. S. Hurd, and R. Miller.1988. Users and uses of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System data:the Michigan example. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 84:225-7.
Karimuribo, E. D., J. L. Fitzpatrick, C. E. Bell, E. S. Swai, D. M. Kambarage, N. H. Ogden, M. J. Bryant, and N. P. French.2006. Clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania:risk, intervention and knowledge transfer. Prev Vet Med 74:84-98.
Kauf, A. C., R. F. Rosenbusch, M. J. Paape, and D. D. Bannerman.2007. Innate immune response to intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infection. J Dairy Sci 90:3336-48.
Kawai, K., H. Nagahata, N. Y. Lee, A. Anri, and K. Shimazaki.2003. Effect of infusing lactoferrin hydrolysate into bovine mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Vet Res Commun 27:539-48.
Kawai, K., S. Hagiwara, A. Anri, and H. Nagahata.1999. Lactoferrin concentration in milk of bovine clinical mastitis. Vet Res Commun 23:391-8.
Keefe, G. P.1997. Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis:a review. Can Vet J 38:429-37.
Keefe, G. P., I. R. Dohoo, and E. Spangler.1997. Herd prevalence and incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae in the dairy industry of Prince Edward Island. J Dairy Sci 80:464-70.
Kehrli, M. E., and D. E. Shuster.1994. Factors Affecting Milk Somatic-Cells and Their Role in Health of the Bovine Mammary-Gland. Journal of Dairy Science 77:619-627.
Kelly, A. L., S. Reid, P. Joyce, W. J. Meaney, and J. Foley.1998. Effect of decreased milking frequency of cows in late lactation on milk somatic cell count, polymorphonuclear leucocyte numbers, composition and proteolytic activity. J Dairy Res 65:365-73.
Kim, E. L., N. H. Choi, V. K. Bajpai, and S. C. Kang.2008. Synergistic effect of nisin and garlic shoot juice against Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Food Chemistry 110:375-382.
Kirk, I.H., Lauerman, I.H.,1994. Mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cows. Compendium Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, vol.16, pp.541-551.
Kitchen, B. J.1981. Review of the progress of dairy science:bovine mastitis:milk compositional changes and related diagnostic tests. J Dairy Res 48:167-88.
Kitchen, B. J., W. S. Kwee, G. Middleton, and R. J. Andrews.1984. Relationship between the level of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) in bovine milk and the presence of mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Res 51:11-6.
Klostermann, K., F. Crispie, J. Flynn, R. P. Ross, C. Hill, and W. Meaney.2008. Intramammary infusion of a live culture of Lactococcus lactis for treatment of bovine mastitis:comparison with antibiotic treatment in field trials. J Dairy Res 75:365-73.
Korhonen H., Kaartinen L., Changes in the composition of milk induced by mastitis, in:Sandholm M., Honkanen-Buzalski T., Kaartinen L., Pyorala S. (Eds.), The bovine udder and mastitis, Gummerus, Jyvaskyla, Finland,1995, pp.76-82.
Kossaibati, M. A., and R. J. Esslemont.1997. The costs of production diseases in dairy herds in England. Vet J 154:41-51.
Krause, D. O., W. J. Smith, L. L. Conlan, J. M. Gough, M. A. Williamson, and C. S. McSweeney. 2003. Diet influences the ecology of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli along the digestive tract of cattle:neural networks and 16S rDNA. Microbiology 149:57-65.
Kudinha, T., and C. Simango.2002. Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:62-5.
Kuipers,O. P., M. M. Beerthuyzen, P. G. de Ruyter, E. J. Luesink, and W. M. de Vos.1995. Autoregulation of nisin biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis by signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270:27299-304.
Kutila, T., L. Suojala, T. Lehtolainen, H. Saloniemi, L. Kaartinen, M. Tahti, K. Seppala, and S. Pyorala.2004. The efficacy of bovine lactoferrin in the treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27:197-202.
Kutila, T., S. Pyorala, H. Saloniemi, and L. Kaartinen.2003. Antibacterial effect of bovine lactoferrin against udder pathogens. Acta Vet Scand 44:35-42.
Kuwano, K., N. Tanaka, T. Shimizu, K. Nagatoshi, S. Nou, and K. Sonomoto.2005. Dual antibacterial mechanisms of nisin Z against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 26:396-402.
Kyriacou, A., E. Tsimpidi, E. Kazantzi, E. Mitsou, E. Kirtzalidou, Y. Oikonomou, G. Gazis, and M. Kotsou.2008. Microbial content and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from yoghurts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 59:512-25.
Lacasse, P., K. Lauzon, M. S. Diarra, and D. Petitclerc.2008. Utilization of lactoferrin to fight antibiotic-resistant mammary gland pathogens. J Anim Sci 86:66-71.
Laevens, H., Deluyker, H., Devriese, L., de Kruif, A.,1997. The influence of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus warneri or haemolyticus on the somatic cell count in dairy cows. Epide'miol Sante'Anim.31-32.
Le Lay, C., B. Akerey, I. Fliss, M. Subirade, and M. Rouabhia.2008. Nisin Z inhibits the growth of Candida albicans and its transition from blastospore to hyphal form. J Appl Microbiol 105:1630-9.
Lee, S. S., H. C. Mantovani, and J. B. Russell.2002. The binding and degradation of nisin by mixed ruminal bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42:339-45.
Lehrer, R. I., T. Ganz, and M. E. Selsted.1991. Defensins:endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells. Cell 64:229-30.
Leigh, J. A.1999. Streptococcus uberis:a permanent barrier to the control of bovine mastitis? Vet J 157:225-38.
Leitner, G., E. Lubashevsky, and Z. Trainin.2003. Staphylococcus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows, composition and evaluation of its immunogenicity in a mouse model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 93:159-67.
Leitner, G., Krifucks, O., Glickman, A., Vaadia, Y., Friedman, S., Ezra, E., Saran, A. and Trainin, Z. MASTIVAC I:Staphylococcus aureus vaccine-prevention of new udder infection and therapeutic effect on cows chronically infected with S. aureus under field conditions. Israel J.Vet. Med.,2004,59(4):68-72.
Leitner, G., M. Chaffer, S. Zamir, T. Mor, A. Glickman, M. Winkler, L. Weisblit, and A. Saran. 2001. Udder disease etiology, milk somatic cell counts and NAGase activity in Israeli Assaf sheep throughout lactation. Small Rumin Res 39:107-112.
Leitner, G., N. Yadlin, E. Lubashevsy, E. Ezra, A. Glickman, M. Chaffer, M. Winkler, A. Saran, and Z. Trainin.2003. Development of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows.Ⅱ. Field trial. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 93:153-8.
Leitner, G., O. Krifucks, U. Merin, Y. Lavi, and N. Silanikove.2006. Interactions between bacteria type, proteolysis of casein and physico-chemical properties of bovine milk. International Dairy Journal 16:648-654.
Leonard, F. C., and B. K. Markey.2008. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals:a review. Vet J 175:27-36.
Leung, P. P., M. Khadre, T. H. Shellhammer, and A. E. Yousef.2002. Immunoassay method for quantitative determination of nisin in solution and on polymeric films. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:199-204.
Li, J. P., H. J. Zhou, L. Yuan, T. He, and S. H. Hu.2009. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Zhejiang Province, China. J Zhejiang Univ SciB 10:753-60.
Linton, A. H., K. Howe, W. J. Sojka, and C. Wray.1979. A note on the range of Escherichia coli O-serotypes causing clinical bovine mastitis and their antibiotic resistance spectra. J Appl Bacteriol 46:585-90.
Long, C., and C. A. Phillips.2003. The effect of sodium citrate, sodium lactate and nisin on the survival of Arcobacter butzleri NCTC 12481 on chicken. Food Microbiology 20:495-502.
Lu, F., D. H. Liu, X. Q. Ye, Y. X. Wei, and F. Liu.2009. Alginate-calcium coating incorporating nisin and EDTA maintains the quality of fresh northern snakehead (Channa argus) fillets stored at 4 degrees C. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89:848-854.
Lubelski, J., R. Rink, R. Khusainov, G. N. Moll, and O. P. Kuipers.2008. Biosynthesis, immunity, regulation, mode of action and engineering of the model lantibiotic nisin. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:455-76.
Luby, C. D., and J. R. Middleton.2005. Efficacy of vaccination and antibiotic therapy against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 157:89-90.
Lucas, M. F., J. O. Errecalde, and N. Mestorino. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in lactating dairy cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33:132-40.
M Badaoui Najjar, D. Kashtanov and M.L. Chikindas. Natural Antimicrobials ε-Poly-1-lysine and Nisin A for Control of Oral Microflora [J]. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins,2009,1(2): 143-147
Mansfeld R., Mansfeld S., Santl B.,Hoedemaker M., New aspects regarding the use of the milk electrical conductivity as a parameter for routine diagnostics in dairy production medicine programs, in:2nd Int. Symposium on Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality,Vancouver, Canada, 2001, pp.488-489.
Mattila, T., and M. Sandholm.1985. Antitrypsin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as markers of mastitis in a herd of Ayshire cows. Am J Vet Res 46:2453-6.
Mattila, T., J. Syvajarvi, and M. Sandholm.1986. Milk antitrypsin, NAGase, plasmin and bacterial replication rate in whey. Effects of lactation stage, parity and daily milk yield. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 33:462-70.
McAuliffe,O., R. P. Ross, and C. Hill.2001. Lantibiotics:structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25:285-308.
McDougall, S.1998. Efficacy of two antibiotic treatments in curing clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. N Z Vet J 46:226-32.
Medan, D., L. Wang, X. Yang, S. Dokka, V. Castranova, and Y. Rojanasakul.2002. Induction of neutrophil apoptosis and secondary necrosis during endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. J Cell Physiol 191:320-6.
Mehrzad, J., C. Desrosiers, K. Lauzon, G. Robitaille, X. Zhao, and P. Lacasse.2005. Proteases involved in mammary tissue damage during endotoxin-induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 88:211-22.
Merl, K., A. Abdulmawjood, C. Lammler, and M. Zschock.2003. Determination of epidemiological relationships of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 226:87-92.
Michael T. Biology of Microorganisms. New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc,2000:76
Middleton, J. R., V. R. Hebert, L. K. Fox, E. Tomaszewska, and J. Lakritz.2003. Elimination kinetics of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to stop lactation in mastitic mammary gland quarters of cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1746-9.
Milne, M. H., A. M. Biggs, D. C. Barrett, F. J. Young, S. Doherty, G. T. Innocent, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2005. Treatment of persistent intramammary infections with Streptococcus uberis in dairy cows. Vet Rec 157:245-50.
Misaghi, A., and A. A. Basti.2007. Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. Food Control 18:1043-1049.
Mocquot G, Lefebvre E (1956). A simple procedure to detect nisin in cheese. J Appl Bacteriol 19:322-323
Modi, K. D., M. L. Chikindas, and T. J. Montville.2000. Sensitivity of nisin-resistant Listeria monocytogenes to heat and the synergistic action of heat and nisin. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30:249-253.
Mohsenzadeh, M., and A. Bahrainipour.2008. The detection limits of antimicrobial agents in cow's milk by a simple Yoghurt Culture Test. Pak J Biol Sci 11:2282-5.
Montville, T. J., and Y. Chen.1998. Mechanistic action of pediocin and nisin:recent progress and unresolved questions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:511-9.
Moosavy, M. H., A. A. Basti, A. Misaghi, T. Z. Salehi, R. Abbasifar, H. A. E. Mousavi, M. Alipour, N. E. Razavi, H. Gandomi, and N. Noori.2008. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes. Food Research International 41:1050-1057.
Moroni, P., G. Pisoni, M. Antonini, R. Villa, P. Boettcher, and S. Carli.2006. Short communication: antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis in Italy. J Dairy Sci 89:2973-6.
Murata, H., N. Shimada, and M. Yoshioka.2004. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis:an overview. Vet J 168:28-40.
Murdock, C. A., J. Cleveland, K. R. Matthews, and M. L. Chikindas.2007. The synergistic effect of nisin and lactoferrin on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 44:255-61.
Myllys, V., K. Asplund, E. Brofeldt, V. Hirvela-Koski, T. Honkanen-Buzalski, J. Junttila, L. Kulkas, O. Myllykangas, M. Niskanen, H. Saloniemi, M. Sandholm, and T. Saranpaa.1998. Bovine mastitis in Finland in 1988 and 1995-changes in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance. Acta Vet Scand 39:119-26.
Myllys, V., T. Honkanenbuzalski, P. Huovinen, M. Sandholm, and E. Nurmi.1994. Association of Changes in the Bacterial Ecology of Bovine Mastitis with Changes in the Use of Milking Machines and Antibacterial Drugs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 35:363-369.
Naim, F., M. R. Zareifard, S. Zhu, R. H. Huizing, S. Grabowski, and M. Marcotte.2008. Combined effects of heat, nisin and acidification on the inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes spores in carrot-alginate particles:from kinetics to process validation. Food Microbiol 25:936-41.
Nemeth, J., C. A. Muckle, and C. L. Gyles.1994. In vitro comparison of bovine mastitis and fecal Escherichia coli isolates. Vet Microbiol 40:231-8.
Nettles, C. G., and S. F. Barefoot.1993. Biochemical and Genetic-Characteristics of Bacteriocins of Food-Associated Lactic-Acid Bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 56:338-356.
Nicholas, R., R. Ayling, and L. McAuliffe.2007. Mycoplasma mastitis. Vet Rec 160:382; author reply 383.
Nickerson, S. C., P. A. Baker, and P. Trinidad.1989. Local immunostimulation of the bovine mammary gland with interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 72:1764-73.
Nickerson, S. C., W. E. Owens, and J. L. Watts.1989. Effects of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 72:3286-94.
Nickerson, S.C., W. E. Owens, G. M. Tomita, and P. W. Widel,1999:Vaccinating dairy heifers with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin reduces mastitis at calving. Large Anim. Practice 3,16-28.
Nielsen, B. H., S. Jacobsen, P. H. Andersen, T. A. Niewold, and P. M. Heegaard.2004. Acute phase protein concentrations in serum and milk from healthy cows, cows with clinical mastitis and cows with extramammary inflammatory conditions. Vet Rec 154:361-5.
Ohtsuka, H., K. Kudo, K. Mori, F. Nagai, A. Hatsugaya, M. Tajima, K. Tamura, F. Hoshi, M. Koiwa, and S. Kawamura.2001. Acute phase response in naturally occurring coliform mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 63:675-8.
Oliveira, C. A. F., A. M. Fernandes,O. C. C. Neto, L. F. L. Fonseca, E.0. T. Silva, and S. C. Balian.2002. Composition and sensory evaluation of whole yogurt produced from milk with different somatic cell counts. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 57:192-196.
Oliver, S. P.1988. Frequency of Isolation of Environmental Mastitis-Causing Pathogens and Incidence of New Intramammary Infection during the Nonlactating Period. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49:1789-1793.
Oliver, S. P., B. E. Gillespie, and B. M. Jayarao.1998. Detection of new and persistent Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae intramammary infections by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 160:69-73.
Oliver, S. P., B. E. Gillespie, S. J. Headrick, H. Moorehead, P. Lunn, H. H. Dowlen, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, S. T. Chester, and W. M. Moseley.2004. Efficacy of extended ceftiofur intramammary therapy for treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 87:2393-400.
Oliver, S. P., M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, H. H. Dowlen, E. C. Jaenicke, and R. K. Roberts.2003. Prepartum antibiotic treatment of heifers:milk production, milk quality and economic benefit. J Dairy Sci 86:1187-93.
Oliver, S.P., Gillespie, B.E., Headrick, S.J., Lewis, M.J., Dowlen, H.H.,2005. Prevalence, risk factors and strategies for controlling mastitis in heifers during the periparturient period. Intl. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med.3,150-162.
Omore, A. O., J. J. McDermott, S. M. Arimi, and M. N. Kyule.1999. Impact of mastitis control measures on milk production and mastitis indicators in smallholder dairy farms in Kiambu district, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 31:347-61.
Ostensson, K., M. Hageltorn, and G. Astrom.1988. Differential cell counting in fraction-collected milk from dairy cows. Acta Vet Scand 29:493-500.
Osteras, O., L. Solverod, and O. Reksen.2006. Milk culture results in a large Norwegian survey--effects of season, parity, days in milk, resistance, and clustering. J Dairy Sci 89:1010-23.
Owens, W. E., C. H. Ray, J. L. Watts, and R. J. Yancey.1997. Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 80:313-7.
Paape, M. J., D. D. Bannerman, X. Zhao, and J. W. Lee.2003. The bovine neutrophil:Structure and function in blood and milk. Vet Res 34:597-627.
Paape, M., J. Mehrzad, X. Zhao, J. Detilleux, and C. Burvenich.2002. Defense of the bovine mammary gland by polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7:109-21.
Parsaeimehr, M., A. A. Basti, B. Radmehr, A. Misaghi, A. Abbasifar, G. Karim, N. Rokni, M. S. Motlagh, H. Gandomi, N. Noori, and A. Khanjari.2010. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil, Nisin, and Their Combination on the Production of Enterotoxin C and alpha-Hemolysin by Staphylococcus aureus. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:299-305.
Patel, D., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver.2009. Bovine lactoferrin serves as a molecular bridge for internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology 137:297-301.
Pathanibul, P., T. M. Taylor, P. M. Davidson, and F. Harte.2009. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in apple and carrot juices using high pressure homogenization and nisin. Int J Food Microbiol 129:316-20.
Peeler, E. J., M. J. Green, J. L. Fitzpatrick, and L. E. Green.2002. Study of clinical mastitis in British dairy herds with bulk milk somatic cell counts less than 150,000 cells/ml. Vet Rec 151:170-6.
Penney, V. Henderson, G. Blum, C. Johnson-Green, P. The potential of phytopreservatives and nisin to control microbial spoilage of minimally processed fruit yoghurts, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol.5 (2004) 369-375.
Periago, P. M., and R. Moezelaar.2001. Combined effect of nisin and carvacrol at different pH and temperature levels on the viability of different strains of Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Food Microbiology 68:141-148.
Petinaki, E., V. Guerin-Faublee, V. Pichereau, C. Villers, A. Achard, B. Malbruny, and R. Leclercq. 2008. Lincomycin resistance gene lnu(D) in Streptococcus uberis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:626-30.
Petitclerc, D., K. Lauzon, A. Cochu, C. Ster, M. S. Diarra, and P. Lacasse.2007. Efficacy of a lactoferrin-penicillin combination to treat (1)-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 90:2778-87.
Pfutzner, H., and K. Sachse.1996. Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle. Rev Sci Tech 15:1477-94.
Phuektes, P., P. D. Mansell, R. S. Dyson, N. D. Hooper, J. S. Dick, and G. F. Browning.2001. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis isolates from dairy cows with mastitis. J Clin Microbiol 39:1460-6.
Pitkala, A., J. Koort, and J. Bjorkroth.2008. Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 91:4075-81.
Pitkala, A., M. Haveri, S. Pyorala, V. Myllys, and T. Honkanen-Buzalski.2004. Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001-prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J Dairy Sci 87:2433-41.
Podboronov, V. M.1990. [Comparative characteristics of lysozymes of different origin]. Antibiot Khimioter 35:22-5.
Poelarends, J.J., Hogeveen, H., Sampimon, O.C., Sol, J.,2001. Monitoring subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy herds. In:Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp.145-149.
Poutrel, B., and P. Rainard.1981. California Mastitis test guide of selective dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 64:241-8.
Poutrel, B., R. de Cremoux, M. Ducelliez, and D. Verneau.1997. Control of intramammary infections in goats:impact on somatic cell counts. J Anim Sci 75:566-70.
Pranoto, Y., S. K. Rakshit, and V. M. Salokhe.2005. Enhancing antimicrobial activity of chitosan films by incorporating garlic oil, potassium sorbate and nisin. Lwt-Food Science and Technology 38:859-865.
Pyorala, S.2003. Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis. Vet Res 34:565-78.
Pyorala, S., and E. Pyorala.1997. Accuracy of methods using somatic cell count and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in milk to assess the bacteriological cure of bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 80:2820-5.
Pyorala, S., and S. Taponen.2009. Coagulase-negative staphylococci-emerging mastitis pathogens. Vet Microbiol 134:3-8.
Rajala-Schultz, P. J., A. H. Torres, F. J. Degraves, W. A. Gebreyes, and P. Patchanee.2009. Antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci over the dry period. Vet Microbiol 134:55-64.
Rajkovic, A., M. Uyttendaele, T. Courtens, and J. Debevere.2005. Antimicrobial effect of nisin and carvacrol and competition between Bacillus cereus and Bacillus circulars in vacuum-packed potato puree. Food Microbiology 22:189-197.
Raubertas, R. F., and G. E. Shook.1982. Relationship between Lactation Measures of Somatic-Cell Concentration and Milk-Yield. Journal of Dairy Science 65:419-425.
Reddy, K. V., C. Aranha, S. M. Gupta, and R. D. Yedery.2004. Evaluation of antimicrobial peptide nisin as a safe vaginal contraceptive agent in rabbits:in vitro and in vivo studies. Reproduction 128:117-26.
Reddy, K. V., R. D. Yedery, and C. Aranha.2004. Antimicrobial peptides:premises and promises. Int J Antimicrob Agents 24:536-47.
Reiter, B.,1985. Lactoperoxidase system of bovine milk. In:Pruitt, K.M., Tenovuo, J.O. (Eds.), The Lactoperoxidase System:Chemistry and Biological Significance. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp.123-141.
Reksen, O., L. Solverod, A. J. Branscum, and O. Osteras.2006. Relationships between milk culture results and treatment for clinical mastitis or culling in Norwegian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 89:2928-37.
Reunanen, J., and P. E. Saris.2003. Microplate bioassay for nisin in foods, based on nisin-induced
green fluorescent protein fluorescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4214-8.
Riffon, R., K. Sayasith, H. Khalil, P. Dubreuil, M. Drolet, and J. Lagace.2001. Development of a rapid and sensitive test for identification of major pathogens in bovine mastitis by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:2584-2589.
Riollet, C., P. Rainard, and B. Poutrel.2000. Cells and cytokines in inflammatory secretions of bovine mammary gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:247-58.
Riollet, C., P. Rainard, and B. Poutrel.2000. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7:161-7.
Roberson, J. R., L. D. Warnick, and G. Moore.2004. Mild to moderate clinical mastitis:efficacy of intramammary amoxicillin, frequent milk-out, a combined intramammary amoxicillin, and frequent milk-out treatment versus no treatment. J Dairy Sci 87:583-92.
Roberson, J., Mixon, J., Oliver, S., Rohrbach, B., Holland, R.,2006. Etiologic agents associated with high SCC dairy herds. In:24th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France, CD, OS, pp. 19-21.
Rose, M. E., E. Orlans, and N. Buttress.1974. Immunoglobulin classes in the hen's egg:their segregation in yolk and white. Eur J Immunol 4:521-3.
Ruegg, P. L.2009. The quest for the perfect test:phenotypic versus genotypic identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 134:15-9.
Ryan, M. P., J. Flynn, C. Hill, R. P. Ross, and W. J. Meaney.1999. The natural food grade inhibitor, lacticin 3147, reduced the incidence of mastitis after experimental challenge with Streptococcus dysgalactiae in nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 82:2108-14.
Ryan, M. P., W. J. Meaney, R. P. Ross, and C. Hill.1998. Evaluation of lacticin 3147 and a teat seal containing this bacteriocin for inhibition of mastitis pathogens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:2287-2290.
Salat, O., F. Serieys, B. Poutrel, L. Durel, and L. Goby.2008. Systemic treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows with penethamate hydriodide. J Dairy Sci 91:632-40.
Salmon, S. A., J. L. Watts, F. M. Aarestrup, J. W. Pankey, and R. J. Yancey, Jr.1998. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for selected antimicrobial agents against organisms isolated from the mammary glands of dairy heifers in New Zealand and Denmark. J Dairy Sci 81:570-8.
Salyers, A., and N. B. Shoemaker.2006. Reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Anim Biotechnol 17:137-46.
Sanchez, M. S., C. W. Ford, and R. J. Yancey, Jr.1994. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and antibiotics on the killing of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. J Dairy Sci 77:1251-8.
Sandholm M., Detection of inflammatory changes in the milk, in:The bovine udder and mastitis (Sandohm, M., Honkanen-Buzalski, T., Kaartinen, L., Pyorala S., Eds.). University of Helsinki. pp.89-104.
Sanford, C. J., G. P. Keefe, I. R. Dohoo, and K. E. Leslie.2006. Assessment of antimicrobial transfer from treated to untreated mammary gland quarters by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography for detection of cloxacillin in milk samples from nonlactating dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67:1140-1144.
Sar, C., B. Santoso, B. Mwenya, Y. Gamo, T. Kobayashi, R. Morikawa, K. Kimura, H. Mizukoshi, and J. Takahashi.2004. Manipulation of rumen methanogenesis by the combination of nitrate with beta 1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides or nisin in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 115:129-142.
Schade R, Staak C, Hendriksen C, et al. The production of a vian (egg yolk) antibodies:IgY. Alternatives to laboratory animals:ATLA,1996,24(6):925-934
Schepers, A. J., T. J. Lam, Y. H. Schukken, J. B. Wilmink, and W. J. Hanekamp.1997. Estimation of variance components for somatic cell counts to determine thresholds for uninfected quarters. J Dairy Sci 80:1833-40.
Schepers, J. A., and A. A. Dijkhuizen.1991. The Economics of Mastitis and Mastitis Control in Dairy-Cattle-a Critical Analysis of Estimates Published since 1970. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 10:213-224.
Schonwetter, B. S., E. D. Stolzenberg, and M. A. Zasloff.1995. Epithelial antibiotics induced at sites of inflammation. Science 267:1645-8.
Scott, V. N., and S. L. Taylor.1981. Effect of Nisin on the Outgrowth of Clostridium-Botulinum Spores. Journal of Food Science 46:117-&.
Sears, P. M., and A. P. Belschner.1999. Alternative management and economic considerations in Staphylococcus aureus elimination programs. Pages 86-92 in Proc.38th Ann. Mtg. Natl. Mastitis Counc., Arlington, VA. Natl. Mastitis Counc. Inc., Madison, WI.
Sears, P. M., and K. K. McCarthy.2003. Management and treatment of staphylococcal mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:171-85, vii.
Sears, P. M., B. S. Smith, W. K. Stewart, R. N. Gonzalez, S. D. Rubino, S. A. Gusik, E. S. Kulisek, S. J. Projan, and P. Blackburn.1992. Evaluation of a nisin-based germicidal formulation on teat skin of live cows. J Dairy Sci 75:3185-90.
Sears, P. M., Peele, J., Lassauzet, M. and Blackburn, P. Use of antimicrobial proteins in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Pages 17-18 in Proc.3rd Int. Mastitis Sem.,1995, Tel Aviv, Israel. A. Saran and S. Soback ed. Int. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
Seegers, H., C. Fourichon, and F. Beaudeau.2003. Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds. Vet Res 34:475-91.
Seifu, E., E. F. Donkin, and E. M. Buys.2007. Potential of lactoperoxidase to diagnose subclinical mastitis in goats. Small Ruminant Research 69:154-158.
Selsted, M. E., M. J. Novotny, W. L. Morris, Y. Q. Tang, W. Smith, and J. S. Cullor.1992. Indolicidin, a novel bactericidal tridecapeptide amide from neutrophils. J Biol Chem 267:4292-5.
Settanni, L., and A. Corsetti.2008. Application of bacteriocins in vegetable food biopreservation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 121:123-138.
Severina, E., A. Severin, and A. Tomasz.1998. Antibacterial efficacy of nisin against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:341-7.
Simpson, R. B., D. P. Wesen, K. L. Anderson, J. D. Armstrong, and R. W. Harvey.1995. Subclinical Mastitis and Milk-Production in Primiparous Simmental Cows. Journal of Animal Science 73:1552-1558.
Singh, B., M. B. Falahee, and M. R. Adams.2001. Synergistic inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin and garlic extract. Food Microbiology 18:133-139.
Skaar, T. C., R. R. Grummer, M. R. Dentine, and R. H. Stauffacher.1989. Seasonal Effects of Prepartum and Postpartum Fat and Niacin Feeding on Lactation Performance and Lipid-Metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science 72-2028-2038.
Smith, G. W., R. L. Lyman, and K. L. Anderson.2006. Efficacy of vaccination and antimicrobial treatment to eliminate chronic intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:422-5.
Sol, J., O. C. Sampimon, J. J. Snoep, and Y. H. Schukken.1997. Factors associated with bacteriological cure during lactation after therapy for subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Science 80:2803-2808.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, P. Koidis, and N. Botsoglou.2008. The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin and their combination against Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Meat Science 80:159-166.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, P. Koidis, and N. Botsoglou.2008. The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol 25:120-7.
Sordillo, L. M., and J. E. Peel.1992. Effect of Interferon-Gamma on the Production of Tumor-Necrosis-Factor during Acute Escherichia-Coli Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 75:2119-2125.
Sordillo, L. M., G. Afseth, G. Davies, and L. A. Babiuk.1992. Effects of Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Bovine Peripheral-Blood and Mammary-Gland Neutrophil Function-Invitro. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire 56:16-21.
Sordillo, L. M., G. M. Pighetti, and M. R. Davis.1995. Enhanced production of bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha during the periparturient period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 49:263-70.
Sordillo, L. M., M. Snider, H. Hughes, G. Afseth, M. Campos, and L. A. Babiuk.1991. Pathological changes in bovine mammary glands following intramammary infusion of recombinant interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 74:4164-74.
St Rose, S. G., J. M. Swinkels, W. D. J. Kremer, C. L. J. J. Kruitwagen, and R. N. Zadoks.2003. Effect of penethamate hydriodide treatment on bacteriological cure, somatic cell count and milk production of cows and quarters with chronic subclinical Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. Journal of Dairy Research 70:387-394.
Stevens, K. A., B. W. Sheldon, N. A. Klapes, and T. R. Klaenhammer.1991. Nisin treatment for inactivation of Salmonella species and other gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:3613-5.
Stockler, R. M., D. E. Morin, R. K. Lantz, W. L. Hurley, and P. D. Constable.2009. Effect of milk fraction on concentrations of cephapirin and desacetylcephapirin in bovine milk after intramammary infusion of cephapirin sodium. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32:345-52.
Suarez, A. M., J. M. Rodriguez, P. E. Hernandez, and J. I. Azcona-Olivera.1996. Generation of polyclonal antibodies against nisin:immunization strategies and immunoassay development. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2117-21.
Suarez, A. M., J. M. Rodriguez, P. Morales, P. E. Hernandez, and J. I. AzconaOlivera.1996. Development of monoclonal antibodies to the lantibiotic nisin A. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44:2936-2940.
Suhren, G., and W. Heeschen.1996. Detection of inhibitors in milk by microbial tests. A review. Nahrung 40:1-7.
Sun, H. C., F. M. Xue, K. Qian, H. X. Fang, H. L. Qiu, X. Y. Zhang, and Z. H. Yin.2006. Intramammary expression and therapeutic effect of a human lysozyme-expressing vector for treating bovine mastitis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7:324-30.
Sutra, L., and B. Poutrel.1994. Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 40:79-89.
Swinkels, J. M., H. Hogeveen, and R. N. Zadoks.2005. A partial budget model to estimate economic benefits of lactational treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 88:4273-87.
Swinkels, J. M., J. G. Rooijendijk, R. N. Zadoks, and H. Hogeveen.2005. Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic benefits of antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. J Dairy Res 72:75-85.
Symons, D. B., and L. J. Wright.1974. Changes in bovine mammary gland permeability after intramammary exotoxin infusion. J Comp Pathol 84:9-17.
Takahashi, H., T. Komatsu, K. Hodate, R. Horino, and Y. Yokomizo.2005. Effect of intramammary injection of RbIL-8 on milk levels of somatic cell count, chemiluminescence activity and shedding patterns of total bacteria and S. aureus in Holstein cows with naturally infected-subclinical mastitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:32-7.
Tamilselvam, B., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver.2006. Streptococcus uberis internalizes and persists in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 40:279-85.
Taponen, S., and S. Pyorala.2009. Coagulase-negative staphylococci as cause of bovine mastitis-Not so different from Staphylococcus aureus? Veterinary Microbiology 134:29-36.
Taponen, S., H. Simojoki, M. Haveri, H. D. Larsen, and S. Pyorala.2006. Clinical characteristics and persistence of bovine mastitis caused by different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci identified with API or AFLP. Vet Microbiol 115:199-207.
Taylor, J.I., Hirsch, A. and Mattick, A.T.R. The treatment of bovine streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis with nisin. Vet. Rec.,1949,61:197-198.
Tedeschi, G., F. Taverna, A. Negri, R. Piccinini, S. Nonnis, S. Ronchi, and A. Zecconi.2009. Serological proteome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sub-clinical mastitis. Vet Microbiol 134:388-91.
Tenhagen, B. A., G. Koster, J. Wallmann, and W. Heuwieser.2006. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens and their resistance against antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in Brandenburg, Germany. J Dairy Sci 89:2542-51.
Thomas, L. V., R. E. Ingram, H. E. Bevis, E. A. Davies, C. F. Milne, and J. Delves-Broughton. 2002. Effective use of nisin to control Bacillus and Clostridium spoilage of a pasteurized mashed potato product. Journal of Food Protection 65:1580-1585.
Timms, L.L., M. Kirkpatrick, and P. Sears.2000. Field trial evaluation of extended pirlimycin therapy with or without vaccination for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Pages 201-202 in Proc.39th Annu. Mtg. Natl. Mastitis Counc, Atlanta, GA. Natl. Mastitis Counc., Inc., Madison, WI.
Tippayatum, P. and Chonhenchob, V. (2007). Antibacterial Activities of Thymol, Eugenol and Nisin against Some Food Spoilage Bacteria. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science,41, 319-323.
Tomita, M., W. Bellamy, M. Takase, K. Yamauchi, H. Wakabayashi, and K. Kawase.1991. Potent antibacterial peptides generated by pepsin digestion of bovine lactoferrin. J Dairy Sci 74:4137-42.
Tramer J, Fowler J.J. Estimation of nisin in food[J]. Food Asri,1964,15:5-22
Twomey, D. P., A. I. Wheelock, J. Flynn, W. J. Meaney, C. Hill, and R. P. Ross.2000. Protection against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows using a bismuth-based teat seal containing the bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. J Dairy Sci 83:1981-8.
Ukuku, D. O., H. Zhang, and L. Huang.2009. Growth parameters of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and aerobic mesophilic bacteria of apple cider amended with nisin-EDTA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 6:487-94.
Valenta, C., A. Bernkop-Schnurch, and H. P. Rigler.1996. The antistaphylococcal effect of nisin in a suitable vehicle:a potential therapy for atopic dermatitis in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 48:988-91.
Van de Ven, F. J., H. W. Van den Hooven, R. N. Konings, and C. W. Hilbers.1991. NMR studies of lantibiotics. The structure of nisin in aqueous solution. Eur J Biochem 202:1181-8.
van den Bogaard, A. E. J. M.2001. Human health aspects of antibiotic use in foodanimals. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 126:590-595.
van Kraaij, C., W. M. de Vos, R. J. Siezen, and O. P. Kuipers.1999. Lantibiotics:biosynthesis, mode of action and applications. Nat Prod Rep 16:575-87.
Vintov, J., F. M. Aarestrup, C. E. Zinn, and J. E. Olsen.2003. Association between phage types and antimicrobial resistance among bovine Staphylococcus aureus from 10 countries. Vet Microbiol 95:133-47.
Vivar-Quintana, A. M., E. B. De La Mano, and I. Revilla.2006. Relationship between somatic cell counts and the properties of yoghurt made from ewes' milk. International Dairy Journal 16:262-267.
Wahlstrom, G., and P. E. Saris.1999. A nisin bioassay based on bioluminescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3742-5.
Wakabayashi, H., S. Teraguchi, and Y. Tamura.2002. Increased Staphylococcus-killing activity of an antimicrobial peptide, lactoferricin B, with minocycline and monoacylglycerol. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 66:2161-2167.
Walstra, P., Geurts, T.J., Noomen, A., Jellema, A., van Boekel, M.A.J.S.,1999. Dairy Technology: Principles of Milk Properties and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Wandling, L. R., B. W. Sheldon, and P. M. Foegeding.1999. Nisin in milk sensitizes Bacillus spores to heat and prevents recovery of survivors. J Food Prot 62:492-8.
Wang, F., L.T. Cao, and S. H. Hu.2006. In vitro inhibitory effect of nisin on major pathogenic bacteria of bovine mastitis. Chin. J.Vet. Drug 40:12-16. (In Chinese)
Ward, W. R., J. W. Hughes, W. B. Faull, P. J. Cripps, J. P. Sutherland, and J. E. Sutherst.2002. Observational study of temperature, moisture, pH and bacteria in straw bedding, and faecal consistency, cleanliness and mastitis in cows in four dairy herds. Vet Rec 151:199-206.
Watson, D. L.1992. Vaccination against experimental staphylococcal mastitis in dairy heifers. Res Vet Sci 53:346-53.
Weber, A., A. T. Weber, T. L. McDonald, and M. A. Larson.2006. Staphylococcus aureus lipotechoic acid induces differential expression of bovine serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by mammary epithelial cells:Implications for early diagnosis of mastitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 109:79-83.
Wedlock, D. N., M. Denis, J. Lacy-Hulbert, and B. M. Buddle.2008. Interleukin-lbeta infusion in bovine mammary glands prior to challenge with Streptococcus uberis reduces bacterial growth but causes sterile mastitis. Vet Res Commun 32:439-47.
Williams, J.1962. Serum Proteins and Livetins of Hens-Egg Yolk. Biochemical Journal 83:346-&.
Wilson, C. D., and M. S. Richards.1980. A survey of mastitis in the British dairy herd. Vet Rec 106:431-5.
Wilson, D. J., R. N. Gonzalez, and H. H. Das.1997. Bovine mastitis pathogens in New York and Pennsylvania:prevalence and effects on somatic cell count and milk production. J Dairy Sci 80:2592-8.
Wilson, D. J., R. N. Gonzalez, and P. M. Sears.1995. Segregation or use of separate milking units for cows infected with Staphylococcus aureus:effects on prevalence of infection and bulk tank somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci 78:2083-5.
Wirawan, R. E., N. A. Klesse, R. W. Jack, and J. R. Tagg.2006. Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel nisin variant produced by Streptococcus uberis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1148-56.
Wolf, C. E., and W. R. Gibbons.1996. Improved method for quantification of the bacteriocin nisin. J Appl Bacteriol 80:453-7.
Wolfova, M., M. Stipkova, and J. Wolf.2006. Incidence and economics of clinical mastitis in five Holstein herds in the Czech Republic. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 77:48-64.
Wu, J., S. Hu, and L. Cao.2007. Therapeutic effect of nisin Z on subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3131-5.
Zecconi, A., J. Hamann, V. Bronzo, P. Moroni, G. Giovannini, and R. Piccinini.2000. Relationship between teat tissue immune defences and intramammary infections. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:287-93.
Zecconi, A., R. Piccinini, S. Fiorina, L. Cabrini, V. Dapra, and M. Amadori.2009. Evaluation of interleukin-2 treatment for prevention of intramammary infections in cows after calving. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 32:439-51.
Zehner, M. M., R. J. Farnsworth, R. D. Appleman, K. Larntz, and J. A. Springer.1986. Growth of environmental mastitis pathogens in various bedding materials. J Dairy Sci 69:1932-41.
Zendo, T., M. Fukao, K. Ueda, T. Higuchi, J. Nakayama, and K. Sonomoto.2003. Identification of the lantibiotic nisin Q, a new natural nisin variant produced by Lactococcus lactis 61-14 isolated from a river in Japan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67:1616-9.
Zhao, X., and P. Lacasse.2008. Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis:causes and control. J Anim Sci 86:57-65.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, J. Guo, X. Y. Li, Y. N. Lu, J. Chen, and Y. P. Xu.2008. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 130:126-33.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, J. Guo, X. Y. Li, Z. Li, R. Fang, and Y. P. Xu.2008. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 105:1529-35.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, X. Y. Li, J. Guo, Z. Li, B. J. Zhang, R. Fang, and Y. P. Xu.2009. Efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 133:317-22.
Zwald, A. G., P. L. Ruegg, J. B. Kaneene, L. D. Warnick, S. J. Wells, C. Fossler, and L. W. Halbert. 2004. Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 87:191-201.
陈家璞主编.乳牛疾病学[M].北京：农业出版社,1992,283-321
储明星,石马海,等.2001.浅谈奶牛乳房炎[J].中国奶,(3)：39-40
储明星.奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害及其发生规律与防治[J].中国奶牛,1999,(4)：55-56
单志贵.奶牛隐性乳房炎的综台监测技术[J].中国奶牛,1996(3)：39-40.
邓明,哈益明,严奉伟,吴谋成.NISIN、EDTA和山梨酸钾在冷却肉贮藏保鲜中的交互效应分析[J].食品添加剂,2005,9：66-70
杜爱芳,胡松华,蔡渭明等.合成鱼腥草素治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,9(3)：165-168
方维焕,黄利权,胡松华等.奶牛隐性乳腺炎的病原学调查(简报)[J].浙江农业大学学报,1992,18(1)：18
冯世兰等.奶牛乳房炎治疗药剂--乳疾宁的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1996,(10)：10-12
付秀华,王恬.维生素E与硒对奶牛乳房炎的影响[]J.中国奶牛,2002,(4)：41-43
甘志华,李启良,蒋武成等.复方丹参液治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎试验[J].湖南农学院报,1995,21(1)：84-88
高庆田.“无抗奶”与中药疗法[J].上海奶牛,1999,(4)：5-7
高庆田.“中药乳炎消油剂”临床应用综述[J].中国奶牛,2000,(4)：37-38
葛利江,王爱国.奶牛乳房炎的免疫控制.黑龙江畜牧兽医,1999(2)：33-35
顾小根,石培彰.按乳注射液治疗奶牛临床乳房炎[J].中国兽医科技,1990,(8)：34-35.
管学文,陈凯,徐淑红.中药／乳炎散治疗慢性乳房炎效果好[J].中国奶牛2001，,(5)：41
郭本恒,骆承痒.牛初乳免疫球蛋白变性动力学研究.东北农业大学学报,1994,25(增刊)：88-9
郭本恒.Nisin的物理化学性质[J].农牧产品开发,2001,2：4-6
郭沈波,郭坤,杨志宏等.海洋低温溶菌酶的急性毒性试验[J].青岛大学医学院学报,2003,39(3)：297-298
韩士安.泌乳陆段及年龄因素妁奶牛隐性乳房炎帕影响及分析[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2004,(6).
韩志辉.牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定[J].中兽医医药杂志,1999,(3)：13-14
何洪智.用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎[J].中国兽医学报,1999,(1)
何宁,王昌禄.杯碟法检测乳酸菌素活性优化条件的研究[J].天津轻工业学院学报,1999,(2)：17-20
胡国平,叶嗣颖.乳链菌肽(Nisin)的研究进展[J].中国微生态学杂志.2001,13(2)：115-117
胡松华,杜爱芳,蔡渭明.奶牛临床型和隐性型乳房炎的细菌学分析[J].中国畜禽传染病,1998.4：199-201.
胡松华,俞斌.乳房炎治疗后牛奶中的抗生素残留[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(5)：52-53：
胡源媛,张守文.乳铁蛋白的功能特性及其国内外的应用情况[J].中国乳品工业.2005,33(12)：31-35
黄利权,施明华,蔡荣湘.奶牛乳房炎乳汁中体细胞和病原菌及酶间的相关性[J].浙江农业大学学报,1995,21(3)：243-246
黄青山,贾敏,吴聪明等.重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎常见病原菌的体外杀菌试验[J].中国兽药杂志,2007,41(8)：41-47
简子健,马素贞,袁江玲等.新疆克拉玛依地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定[J].动物医学进展,2008,29(2)：12-17.
江芸,周光宏等.国产Nisin部分特性的研究[J].食品科学,2001,22(4)：18-21
蒋次升主编.奶牛乳腺炎[M].浙江科技出版社,1989,18.
焦连过,王九峰,马金磊等.奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎检测的敏感指标探讨[J].中国兽医杂志，2006,42(5)：31.
柯连安,胡国平,叶嗣颖.Nisin对幽门螺杆菌生物学作用的试验研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2003,15(2)：96-97
李国江,邹风驰,宋文亭.奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与评估[J].中国奶牛1998(3)：21-22
李国江,邹风驰,宋文庭等.奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与评估[J].中国奶牛,1998,(3)：16-17
李宏胜,杜小丽,徐继英等.毛白杨叶提取物对奶牛乳房炎病原菌抑菌观察[J].天津畜牧兽医,1999.16(1)：14-15
李良玉,王鹤霖.乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)检测技术的研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2008,5：149-152
李有业,编译.治疗乳房炎新型敷贴剂-乌别尔桑[J].兽医与饲料添加剂,2001,(11)：14
刘朝,王京仁,张成栋,吴波等.湖北地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析[J].中国奶牛,2007,7：35-38
刘纯传.乳炎清治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎疗效观察[J].中国兽医科技,1997,27(2)：38-40
刘峰,迟玉洁.乳房炎乳的检测方法[J].现代乳品科技,2005,21(1)：129-131.
刘文进,陈创夫.牛奶酸碱度变化在奶牛隐性乳房炎检测中的应用[J].湖北农业科学,2005(1)：90-93.
刘纹芳,李成,李磊,严世强.复合溶菌酶制剂对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的抑菌试验[J].奶牛养殖,2006.6：33-35
刘忠渊,金芝赛,郑树涛,徐涛,张富春.新疆家蚕抗菌肽抗菌作用的超微结构的特性研究[J].微生物学报,2003,4(5)：635-641
刘忠渊,张富春,蔡伦,赵干,王宾.酵母菌中表达的新疆家蚕抗菌肽(Cecropin-XJ)观察及抗菌机理初探[J].动物学杂志,2008.43(2)：14-20
卢亚萍.潘宏涛.Aegis溶菌酶治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的效果观察[J].营养与疾病,2007,(15)：31-33.
鲁希应.中药制剂治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,1999,1：15
麻士卫,陈永福,王记成,云振宇等.牛乳体细胞数与乳蛋白含量相关性的研究[J].中国乳品工业,2006,34(6)：27-31
马保臣,杜平,蒋世峰等.奶牛乳腺炎的研究进展[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(9)：43
马保臣,秦卓明弘,李建基等.奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定和体细胞数及酶的相关性
[J].家畜生态学报,2006,27(2)：63-67
马晓艳,马亚珍,苏贵成.新疆家蚕抗菌肽(Cecropin-XJ)对奶牛乳房炎病原的体外抑菌效果观察[J].新疆畜牧业,2008,2：22-25.
缪存影.天然食品防腐剂--乳酸链球菌素[J].中国食物与营养,2008,(4)：30-32
莫昌兰,罗江培,李树明等.902乳炎康治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎[J].中国兽医科技,1993,23(4)：31-33
那淑敏,还连栋.羊毛硫细菌素及其应用[J].微生物学通报,1999,26(6)：430-433
潘虎,刘纯传,张礼华,张志常,郁杰,袁永隆,李宏胜,候亦昭,杨玉英,李新圃.我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查[J].中国兽医科技,1996,26(2)：16-17.
祁克宗,田超,潘玲,等.牛乳过氧化物酶活性、电导率与隐性乳房炎的关系[J].中国兽医学报.,1996,16(4)：397-399.
沈彦萍,陈新,石永根等.“溶菌酶”治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎降低体细胞数临床应用和研究[J].乳业科学与技术,2006,(2)：86-87
双金,嘎尔迪,乌云达来等.奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律及其致病菌的分离鉴别与药敏感性试验[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,1：49-51
司有柱,唐洪兴,范福臣,杜晓东,蒋国宝等.油剂普鲁卡因青霉素和盐酸左旋咪哇治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎效果好[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1994,(2)：46
松永敏幸,黄绍棠。牛乳腺炎葡萄球菌的鉴定及其对抗生素的敏感性和内酰胺酶产生的检查[J].国外兽医学-畜禽传染病,1992,12(1)：17-19
苏俊强,王建亮,梁海锋.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律探讨[1].湛江海洋大学学报,2002,22(6)：65-68
随玉龙.外界气象因素对奶牛乳房炎的影响[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,1994,3：21-22
孙怀昌,于锋,苏建华,吴春华等.人溶菌酶基因治疗奶牛乳腺炎的初步研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(2),227-232
孙蕾,贾伟新,梁梓森.防治奶牛乳房炎的用药探讨[J].中国奶牛,2002,(6)：11-13
王冰,刘明春,吴聪明,宋丽华,沈建忠.呼和浩特地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2007,43(3)：30-32
王恩满,孙福先,王南.左旋咪哇对奶牛疾病的防治作用[J].中国奶牛,1995(2)：32-34
王芳,曹立亭,胡松华.Nisin对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的体外抗菌作用研究.中国兽药杂志.2006,40(10)：12-16.
王根林,刘庆华,江凤龙编著.奶牛乳腺炎及其控制[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004.
王桂琴,吴聪明,宋丽华等.奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药性调查研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2006,42(12)：19-20.
王建军,税丽.奶牛乳房炎致病机理研究紧张[J]中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(12)：100-102
王开功,程振涛,王天奇等.奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断方法的比较[J].中国兽医杂志,2007,43(2)：25-26.
王贞照,余鹏湘等.油剂苄星邻氯青霉素台疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎试验报告[J].上海奶牛,1996,(4)：18-21
王振阁,田伟,戚鑫.乳中的酶类、激素研究进展[J].河南畜牧兽医,2004,25(7)：11-12,28.
威廉·C·雷布汗著,赵德明,沈建忠主译。奶牛疾病学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1999,383-416.
吴国娟,张中文,沈红,孔刚.北京地区奶牛乳房炎阳性率及发生规律的研究[J].北京农学院学报,2001,16(3)：43-46.
吴琼.乳链菌肽效价测定方法的研究[J].食品科学,1999,20(6)：56-59
向湘春等.亚硒酸钠维生素E防治奶牛隐性乳房炎效果观察[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(12)：18
向湘春等.左旋眯唑用于大群防治奶牛隐性乳腺炎的效果观察[J].上海奶牛,1998,4：37-38
谢锋,张克春,李建平等.Nisin抗菌肽治疗无乳链球菌性隐性乳房炎后主要乳成份的变化[J].中国兽医学报,2009,29(8)：1069-1071
谢怀根,许世勇.某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎调查[J].河南畜牧兽医,2003,24(6)：24-26
谢慧胜.奶牛增乳保健剂增乳散的研究[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(6)：43-44
谢仲强.左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2001,31(6)：13-14
杨建光.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生与泌乳月的关系试验[J].中国奶牛,1996,5：13-14
杨丽杰,侯俊财,霍贵成,温海贵.奶牛隐性乳房炎对产奶量、乳成分和奶中物理指标的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(12)：17-18
杨素平.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律的研究[J].中国奶牛,1998(1)：18-21
杨章平,王杏龙,贝水荣.黑白花奶牛产犊间隔及影响因素的分析[J].畜牧与兽医,1998,2：7-9
叶定生,孙健.安徽省保健奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌及其流行情况的调查[J].中国奶牛,1999,3：50-51
于恩庶,徐秉锟.中国人兽共患病学[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,1988.181-196.
于海良,石玉娥,赵展农.治疗奶牛乳房炎的有效中药方剂[J].中国奶牛,1999,6：38
袁永隆,张礼华,刘春传等.我国奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌的区系调查[J].中国农业科学,1992,25(4)：70-76
岳春旺,杜仕军,孙茂红等.中药治疗奶牛乳房炎的观察[J].中国奶牛,2001,.(6)：38-39
张彬.用新兽药消火醌对奶牛乳房炎临床治疗试验[J].中国兽医科技,2000,(8)：28-29
张国只,陈林海,杨天佑等.琼脂扩散法测定乳链菌肽效价的优化[J].食品科学,2007,(3)：175-177
张旱霖.乳注盐酸左旋咪哇注射液预防奶牛隐性乳腺炎[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志,1994.(4)：51
张景灵,郭锷锋,刘建平.应用盐酸环丙沙星、康农和通乳散治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的效果观 察[J].兽药疫苗,2005,(8)：42-43
张蔓茹,粱云霞.史兴山等.应用全乳滤纸片法快速诊断奶牛隐性乳腺炎的探讨[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1990(4)：22-23.
张文玫,胡平,郭泽领.绿草素对奶牛乳腺炎治疗的临床观察[J].中国兽医杂志,2004,34(3)：58-59
张晓菊,胡松华,吴旧生.金华市规模奶牛场隐性乳腺炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].中国草食动物,2005,25(4)：46-47.
赵恒寿,温伟业.“通乳灵”饲料添加剂对奶牛乳腺炎的防治效果[J].山西农业大学学报：自然科学报,1992,12(2)：158-159
赵兴绪.兽医产科学[M].3版.北京：中国农业出版社,2006：464.
赵兴绪主编.兽医产科学(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002,457
赵兴绪主编.兽医产科学(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002,p453-468.
赵宗智,陈毓璋,黄荣生等.北京地区部分奶牛乳腺炎病原学的研究[J].中国畜禽传染病,1989(6)：1-5
郑星道主编.奶牛产科学[M].长春：吉林大学出版社.1992：246
周廷宣,牟梅,罗跃美,景波等.重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳腺炎的病因及发病情况调查[J].中国畜禽传染病,1998,20(3)：154-156.
周学辉,梁建平,张力,等.六素的研究及临床应用[J].天津畜牧兽医,1998,15(3)：3-6
朱莲英,李成会,贾久满,石洪凌.二氢吡啶对奶牛隐性乳腺炎防治作用的研究[J].饲料工业,2004,25(7)：60-62
朱正鹏,单安山,薛艳林等.牛乳体细胞数对牛奶品质的影响[J].2006,42(13)：47-49
Aarestrup, F. M., H. D. Larsen, and N. E. Jensen.1999. Characterization of Staphylococcus simulans strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology 66:165-170.
Abee, T., L. Krockel, and C. Hill.1995. Bacteriocins:Modes of action and potentials in food preservation and control of food poisoning. International Journal of Food Microbiology 28:169-185.
Acuna, C.N., R.E. Chertoff. M.B. Martinez, and J.M Nimo.2001. Udder pathogens prevalence in dairy cows from Argentina.40th Ann Meet. Natl Mastitis Council. Reno, Nevada, pp. 177-178.
Agger, J. F., C. Priou, A. Huda, and K. Aagaard.1994. Risk-Factors for Transmission of Streptococcus-Agalactiae Infection between Danish Dairy Herds-a Case-Control Study. Veterinary Research 25:227-234.
Akerstedt, M., K. P. Waller, and A. Sternesjo.2007. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in relation to the somatic cell count in quarter, cow composite and bulk tank milk samples. Journal of Dairy Research 74:198-203.
Almeida, R. A., and S. P. Oliver.2006. Trafficking of Streptococcus uberis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 41:80-9.
Almeida, R. A., D. A. Luther, S. J. Kumar, L. F. Calvinho, M. S. Bronze, and S. P. Oliver.1996. Adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells and to extracellular matrix proteins. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 43:385-392.
Almeida, R. A., W. Fang, and S. P. Oliver.1999. Adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells are mediated by host cell proteoglycans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 177:313-7.
Al-Nabulsi, A. A., T. M. Osaili, M. A. Al-Holy, R. R. Shaker, M. M. Ayyash, A. N. Olaimat, and R. A. Holley.2009. Influence of desiccation on the sensitivity of Cronobacter spp. to lactoferrin or nisin in broth and powdered infant formula. Int J Food Microbiol 136:221-6.
Alsemgeest, S. P. M., H. C. Kalsbeek, T. Wensing, J. P. Koeman, A. M. Vanederen, and E. Gruys. 1994. Concentrations of Serum Amyloid-a (Saa) and Haptoglobin (Hp) as Parameters of Inflammatory Diseases in Cattle. Veterinary Quarterly 16:21-23.
Anaya-Lopez, J. L., O. E. Contreras-Guzman, A. Carabez-Trejo, V. M. Baizabal-Aguirre, J. E. Lopez-Meza, J. J. Valdez-Alarcon, and A. Ochoa-Zarzosa.2006. Invasive potential of bacterial isolates associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. Res Vet Sci 81:358-61.
Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, W. E. Owens, and C. Norman.2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet Microbiol 134:150-6.
Aranha, C., S. Gupta, and K. V. Reddy.2004. Contraceptive efficacy of antimicrobial peptide Nisin: in vitro and in vivo studies. Contraception 69:333-8.
Atalla, H., C. Gyles, C. L. Jacob, H. Moisan, F. Malouin, and B. Mallard.2008. Characterization of a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant (SCV) associated with persistent bovine mastitis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:785-99.
Auldist, M. J., S. Coats, B. J. Sutherland, J. J. Mayes, G. H. McDowell, and G. L. Rogers.1996. Effects of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on raw milk composition and the yield and quality of Cheddar cheese. J Dairy Res 63:269-80.
Babaei, H., L. Mansouri-Najand, M. M. Molaei, A. Kheradmand, and M. Sharifan.2007. Assessment of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in cow's milk as an indicator of subclinical mastitis. Veterinary Research Communications 31:419-425.
Badaoui Najjar, M., D. Kashtanov, and M. L. Chikindas.2007. Epsilon-poly-L-lysine and nisin A act synergistically against Gram-positive food-borne pathogens Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:13-8.
Bajwa, N. S., B. K. Bansal, A. K. Srivastava, and R. Ranjan.2007. Pharmacokinetic profile of erythromycin after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows with specific mastitis. Veterinary Research Communications 31:603-610.
Bannerman, D.D. and Wall, R.J. A novel strategy for the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in dairy cows. Information Systems for Biotechnology (ISB) News Report. May 2005, Issue:1-4.
Bar, D., L. W. Tauer, G. Bennett, R. N. Gonzalez, J. A. Hertl, Y. H. Schukken, H. F. Schulte, F. L. Welcome, and Y. T. Grohn.2008. The cost of generic clinical mastitis in dairy cows as estimated by using dynamic programming. Journal of Dairy Science 91:2205-2214.
Barkema, H. W., J. D. Van der Ploeg, Y. H. Schukken, T. J. G. M. Lam, G. Benedictus, and A. Brands.1999. Management style and its association with bulk milk somatic cell count and incidence rate of clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 82:1655-1663.
Bar-Moshe, B., Weiss, I., Abuhanna, F., Hativ, N., Shine, Y. A regional program for the eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae in Israeli dairy herds [J]. Isr. J. Vet. Med.,1987,43:236-241.
Barrett, D. J., A. M. Healy, F. C. Leonard, and M. L. Doherty.2005. Prevalence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in 15 dairy herds in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal 58:333-337.
Barth, K., and H. Worstorff.2000. Influence of different milking intervals on electrical conductivity before alveolar milk ejection in cows. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International 55:363-365.
Bartlett, P. C., G. Y. Miller, C. R. Anderson, and J. H. Kirk.1990. Milk production and somatic cell count in Michigan dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 73:2794-800.
Bartoloni, A., A. Mantella, B. P. Goldstein, R. Dei, M. Benedetti, S. Sbaragli, and F. Paradisi.2004. In-vitro activity of nisin against clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. J Chemother 16:119-21.
Bauer, R., and L. M. Dicks.2005. Mode of action of lipid Ⅱ-targeting lantibiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 101:201-16.
Bellamy, W., M. Takase, K. Yamauchi, H. Wakabayashi, K. Kawase, and M. Tomita.1992. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1121:130-6.
Bengtsson, B., H. E. Unnerstad, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and K. P. Waller.2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Microbiology 136:142-149.
Bengtsson, B., H. E. Unnerstad, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and K. P. Waller.2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 136:142-9.
Benkerroum, N., and W. E. Sandine.1988. Inhibitory action of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes. J Dairy Sci 71:3237-45.
Blackburn, P., Projan, S.J. and Goldberg, E.B. US Patent 5334582-pharmaceutical bacteriocin combinations and methods for using the same. United States Patent No:5,304,540. Applied Microbiology, Inc,1994, New York, USA.
Blake, C. C. F., D. F. Koenig, G. A. Mair, A. C. T. North, D. C. Phillips, and V. R. Sarma.1965. Structure of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme-a 3-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2a Resolution. Nature 206:757-&.
Blosser, T. H.1979. Economic losses from and the national research program on mastitis in the United States. J Dairy Sci 62:119-27.
Bluarddeconinck, J. M., J. Williams, R. W. Evans, J. Vansnick, P. A. Osinski, and P. L. Masson. 1978. Iron-Binding Fragments from N-Terminal and C-Terminal Regions of Human Lactoferrin. Biochemical Journal 171:321-327.
Bogin, E., G. Ziv, J. Avidar, B. Rivetz, S. Gordin, and A. Saran.1977. Distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in normal and inflamed bovine udders and milk. Res Vet Sci 22:198-200.
Boughton, E., and C. D. Wilson.1978. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis. Vet Rec 103:70-1.
Bouksaim, M., C. Lacroix, R. Bazin, and R. E. Simard.1999. Production and utilization of polyclonal antibodies against nisin in an ELISA and for immuno-location of nisin in producing and sensitive bacterial strains. J Appl Microbiol 87:500-10.
Bouksaim, M., I. Fliss, J. Meghrous, R. Simard, and C. Lacroix.1998. Immunodot detection of nisin Z in milk and whey using enhanced chemiluminescence. Journal of Applied Microbiology 84:176-184.
Bradley, A.2002. Bovine mastitis:an evolving disease. Vet J 164:116-28.
Bradley, A. J., K. A. Leach, J. E. Breen, L. E. Green, and M. J. Green.2007. Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales. Vet Rec 160:253-7.
Branen, J. K., and P. M. Davidson.2004. Enhancement of nisin, lysozyme, and monolaurin antimicrobial activities by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and lactoferrin. Int J Food Microbiol 90:63-74.
Breukink, E., and B. de Kruijff.1999. The lantibiotic nisin, a special case or not? Biochim Biophys Acta 1462:223-34.
Broadbent, J. R., Y. C. Chou, K. Gillies, and J. K. Kondo.1989. Nisin inhibits several gram-positive, mastitis-causing pathogens. J Dairy Sci 72:3342-5.
Brotz, H., and H. G. Sahl.2000. New insights into the mechanism of action of lantibiotics-diverse biological effects by binding to the same molecular target. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46:1-6.
Buchman, G. W., S. Banerjee, and J. N. Hansen.1988. Structure, Expression, and Evolution of a Gene Encoding the Precursor of Nisin, a Small Protein Antibiotic. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:16260-16266.
Burvenich, C., V. Van Merris, J. Mehrzad, A. Diez-Fraile, and L. Duchateau.2003. Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors. Vet Res 34:521-64.
Bushnell, R. B.1984. Mycoplasma mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:301-12.
Buzzola, F. R., L. P. Alvarez, L. P. N. Tuchscherr, M. S. Barbagelata, S. M. Lattar, L. Calvinho, and D. O. Sordelli.2007. Differential abilities of capsulated and noncapsulated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diverse agr groups to invade mammary epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 75:886-891.
Callaway, T. R., A. M. Carneiro De Melo, and J. B. Russell.1997. The effect of nisin and monensin on ruminal fermentations In vitro. Curr Microbiol 35:90-6.
Calzolari, A., J. A. Giraudo, H. Rampone, L. Odierno, A. T. Giraudo, C. Frigerio, S. Bettera, C. Raspanti, J. Hernandez, M. Wehbe. M. Mattea, M. Ferrari, A. Larriestra, and R. Nagel.1997. Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis.2. Evaluation in two commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 80:854-8.
Cameron, A. R., and G. A. Anderson.1993. Relationship between Milk-Production and Somatic-Cell Count in Dairy-Cows in East Gippsland. Australian Veterinary Journal 70:13-17.
Cannarsi, M., A. Baiano, M. Sinigaglia, L. Ferrara, R. Baculo, and M. A. Del Nobile.2008. Use of nisin, lysozyme and EDTA for inhibiting microbial growth in chilled buffalo meat. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 43:573-578.
Cao, L. T., J. Q. Wu, F. Xie, S. H. Hu, and Y. Mo.2007. Efficacy of nisin in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90:3980-3985.
Cao-Hoang, L., P. A. Marechal, M. Le-Thanh, and P. Gervais.2008. Synergistic action of rapid chilling and nisin on the inactivation of Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology 79:105-109.
Chagunda, M. G. G., Larsen, T., Bjerring, M., Ingvartsen, K. L. Changes in lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and somatic cell count in relation to development of mastitis in daily cows[J]. J Dairy Res,2006,73 (4):431-40.
Chagunda, M. G., T. Larsen, M. Bjerring, and K. L. Ingvartsen.2006. L-lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities in bovine milk as indicators of non-specific mastitis. J Dairy Res 73:431-40.
Chaves, C.J., L.Tirante, M.Pol., D. Bas, R. Vandoni, and R. Olivieri.2001. Prevalence of intramammary infections in 74 dairy herds located in Argentina.40th Annu Meet Natl. Mastitis Council, Reno, Nevada, pp.205-206.
Cintas L M,Herranz C,Hernandez P E, et al. Review:Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria.Food Sci Tech Int,2001,7:281-305
Cleveland, J., T. J. Montville, I. F. Nes, and M. L. Chikindas.2001. Bacteriocins:safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int J Food Microbiol 71:1-20.
Cleveland, J., T. J. Montville, I. F. Nes, and M. L. Chikindas.2001. Bacteriocins:safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 71:1-20.
Coleman. Marilyn A. Oral administration of chicken yolk immunoglobulins to lower somatic cell count in the milk of lactating ruminants[P]. US Patent,1996,5, 585,098.
Coulon, J. B., P. Gasqui, J. Barnouin, A. Ollier, P. Pradel, and D. Pomies.2002. Effect of mastitis and related-germ on milk yield and composition during naturally-occurring udder infections in dairy cows. Animal Research 51:383-393.
Crispie, F., D. Twomey, J. Flynn, C. Hill, P. Ross, and W. Meaney.2005. The lantibiotic lacticin 3147 produced in a milk-based medium improves the efficacy of a bismuth-based teat seal in cattle deliberately infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Research 72:159-167.
Crispie, F., M. Alonso-Gomez, C. O'Loughlin, K. Klostermann, J. Flynn, S. Arkins, W. Meaney, R. Paul Ross, and C. Hill.2008. Intramammary infusion of a live culture for treatment of bovine mastitis:effect of live lactococci on the mammary immune response. J Dairy Res 75:374-84.
da Silva Malheiros, P., D. J. Daroit, N. P. da Silveira, and A. Brandelli. Effect of nanovesicle-encapsulated nisin on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Food Microbiol 27:175-8.
D'Aimmo, M. R., M. Modesto, and B. Biavati.2007. Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from dairy and pharmaceutical products. Int J Food Microbiol 115:35-42.
Daley, M. J., G. Furda, R. Dougherty, P. A. Coyle, T. J. Williams, and P. Johnston.1992. Potentiation of antibiotic therapy for bovine mastitis by recombinant bovine interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 75:3330-8.
Daley, M. J., P. A. Coyle, T. J. Williams, G. Furda, R. Dougherty, and P. W. Hayes.1991. Staphylococcus aureus mastitis:pathogenesis and treatment with bovine interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 74:4413-24.
Datta, S., M. E. Janes, Q. G. Xue, J. Losso, and J. F. La Peyre.2008. Control of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella anatum on the surface of smoked salmon coated with calcium alginate coating containing oyster lysozyme and nisin. J Food Sci 73:M67-71.
de Arauz, L. J., A. F. Jozala, P. G. Mazzola, and T. C. V. Penna.2009. Nisin biotechnological production and application:a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 20:146-154.
De Kwaadsteniet, M., K. T. Doeschate, and L. M. Dicks.2009. Nisin F in the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 48:65-70.
De Oliveira, A. P., J. L. Watts, S. A. Salmon, and F. M. Aarestrup.2000. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Europe and the United States. J Dairy Sci 83:855-62.
De Vliegher, S., H. Laevens, L. A. Devriese, G. Opsomer, J. L. M. Leroy, H. W. Barkema, and A. de Kruif.2003. Prepartum teat apex colonization with Staphylococcus chromogenes in dairy heifers is associated with low somatic cell count in early lactation. Veterinary Microbiology 92:245-252.
Deegan, L. H., P. D. Cotter, C. Hill, and P. Ross.2006. Bacterlocins:Biological tools for bio-preservation and shelf-life extension. International Dairy Journal 16:1058-1071.
DeLucca, A. J., J. M. Bland, T. J. Jacks, C. Grimm, T. E. Cleveland, and T. J. Walsh.1997. Fungicidal activity of cecropin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:481-3.
Deluyker, H. A., S. N. Van Oye, and J. F. Boucher.2005. Factors affecting cure and somatic cell count after pirlimycin treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 88:604-14.
Deluyker, H. A., S. T. Chester, and S. N. Van Oye.1999. A multilocation clinical trial in lactating dairy cows affected with clinical mastitis to compare the efficacy of treatment with intramammary infusions of a lincomycin/neomycin combination with an ampicillin/cloxacillin combination. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 22:274-82.
Delvesbroughton, J.1990. Nisin and Its Application as a Food Preservative. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 43:73-76.
Delvesbroughton, J.1990. Nisin and Its Uses as a Food Preservative. Food Technology 44:100-&.
Delves-Broughton, J., P. Blackburn, R. J. Evans, and J. Hugenholtz.1996. Applications of the bacteriocin, nisin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69:193-202.
Devos, W. M., J. W. M. Mulders, R. J. Siezen, J. Hugenholtz, and O. P. Kuipers.1993. Properties of Nisin-Z and Distribution of Its Gene, Nisz, in Lactococcus-Lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59:213-218.
Diarra, M. S., D. Petitclerc, and P. Lacasse.2002. Effect of lactoferrin in combination with penicillin on the morphology and the physiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 85:1141-1149.
Diarra, M. S., D. Petitclerc, and P. Lacasse.2002. Effect of lactoferrin in combination with penicillin on the morphology and the physiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 85:1141-9.
Dingwell, R. T., K. E. Leslie, Y. H. Schukken, J. M. Sargeant, L. L. Timms, T. F. Duffield, G. P. Keefe, D. F. Kelton, K. D. Lissemore, and J. Conklin.2004. Association of cow and quarter-level factors at drying-off with new intramammary infections during the dry period. Prev Vet Med 63:75-89.
Djabri, B., N. Bareille, F. Beaudeau, and H. Seegers.2002. Quarter milk somatic cell count in infected dairy cows:a meta-analysis. Veterinary Research 33:335-357.
Donaszi-Ivanov, A., P. Scharek, A. Falus, and A. K. Fulop.2004. Hepatic acute-phase reaction in histamine-deficient gene targeted mice. Inflammopharmacology 12:47-55.
Dunney S, Shuster D, Russonielloc, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage coloning-stimulating factor for the control of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci,1994,77 (suppⅡ):255-311
Eberhart R.J., L.J. Hutchinson and S.B. Spencer. Relationships of bulk tank somatic cell count to Prevalence of intramammary infection and to indices of herd production [J]. J.Food Prot, 1982,45:1125-1128
Eberhart, R. J.1984. Coliform mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:287-300.
Eberhart, R. J., L. J. Hutchinson, and S. B. Spencer.1982. Relationships of Bulk Tank Somatic-Cell Counts to Prevalence of Intra-Mammary Infection and to Indexes of Herd Production. Journal of Food Protection 45:1125-1128.
Eckersall, P. D., and J. G. Conner.1988. Bovine and canine acute phase proteins. Vet Res Commun 12:169-78.
Eckersall, P. D., F. J. Young, A. M. Nolan, C. H. Knight, C. McComb, M. M. Waterston, C. J. Hogarth, E. M. Scott, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2006. Acute phase proteins in bovine milk in an experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 89:1488-501.
Eckersall, P. D., F. J. Young, C. McComb, C. J. Hogarth, S. Safi, A. Weber, T. McDonald, A. M. Nolan, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2001. Acute phase proteins in serum and milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Vet Rec 148:35-41.
Economou, T., N. Pournis, A. Ntzimani, and I. N. Savvaidis.2009. Nisin-EDTA treatments and modified atmosphere packaging to increase fresh chicken meat shelf-life. Food Chemistry 114:1470-1476.
El Jastimi, R., K. Edwards, and M. Lafleur.1999. Characterization of permeability and morphological perturbations induced by nisin on phosphatidylcholine membranes. Biophys J 77:842-52.
Emanuelson, U., and H. Funke.1991. Effect of milk yield on relationship between bulk milk somatic cell count and prevalence of mastitis. J Dairy Sci 74:2479-83.
Enserink, M.1999. Promising antibiotic candidate identified. Science 286:2245,2247.
Ericsson Unnerstad, H., A. Lindberg, K. Persson Waller, T. Ekman, K. Artursson, M. Nilsson-Ost, and B. Bengtsson.2009. Microbial aetiology of acute clinical mastitis and agent-specific risk factors. Vet Microbiol 137:90-7.
Erskine, R. J., P. C. Bartlett, S. R. Tavernier, L. H. Fowler, R. D. Walker, J. H. Seguin, and D. Shuster.1998. Recombinant bovine interleukin-2 and dry cow therapy:efficacy to cure and prevent intramammary infections, safety, and effect on gestation. J Dairy Sci 81:107-15.
Ettayebi, K., J. El Yamani, and B. Rossi-Hassani.2000. Synergistic effects of nisin and thymol on antimicrobial activities in Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 183:191-5.
Falahee, M. B., and M. R. Adams.1992. Cross-reactivity of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria and lantibiotics in a nisin bioassay and ELISA. Lett Appl Microbiol 15:214-6.
Falahee, M. B., M. R. Adams, J. W. Dale, and B. A. Morris.1990. An Enzyme-Immunoassay for Nisin. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 25:590-595.
Federal Register. Nisin preparation:affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human food ingredient. Fed. Regist.,1988,53:11247-11251.
Ferguson, J. D., G. Azzaro, M. Gambina, and G. Licitra.2007. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in Ragusa, Sicily, from 2000 to 2006. J Dairy Sci 90:5798-813.
Fernandez, L., S. Delgado, H. Herrero, A. Maldonado, and J. M. Rodriguez.2008. The bacteriocin nisin, an effective agent for the treatment of staphylococcal mastitis during lactation. J Hum Lact 24:311-6.
Fleming A. On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. P Soc Lond B Biol Sci,1922,93:306-313
Fogaca, A. C., P. I. da Silva, Jr., M. T. Miranda, A. G. Bianchi, A. Miranda, P. E. Ribolla, and S. Daffre.1999. Antimicrobial activity of a bovine hemoglobin fragment in the tick Boophilus microplus. J Biol Chem 274:25330-4.
Foster, T. J.1991. Potential for vaccination against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine 9:221-7.
Fox, L. K., J. H. Kirk, and A. Britten.2005. Mycoplasma mastitis:a review of transmission and control. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:153-60.
Frazer, A. C., J. R. Hickman, and M. Sharratt.1962. Biological Effects of Food Additives.1. Nisin. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 13:32-&.
Galvez, A., H. Abriouel, R. L. Lopez, and N. Ben Omar.2007. Bacteriocin-based strategies for food biopreservation. Int J Food Microbiol 120:51-70.
Garneau, S., N. I. Martin, and J. C. Vederas.2002. Two-peptide bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Biochimie 84:577-92.
Gentilini, E., G. Denamiel, A. Betancor, M. Rebuelto, M. Rodriguez Fermepin, and R. A. De Torrest.2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina. J Dairy Sci 85:1913-7.
Giacometti, A.,O. Cirioni, F. Barchiesi, M. S. Del Prete, and G. Scalise.1999. Antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides. Peptides 20:1265-1273.
Giacometti, A.,O. Cirioni, M. S. Del Prete, A. M. Paggi, M. M. D'Errico, and G. Scalise.2000. Combination studies between polycationic peptides and clinically used antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Peptides 21:1155-60.
Gianneechini, R. E., C. Concha, and A. Franklin.2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens isolated from dairy herds in the west littoral region of Uruguay. Acta Vet Scand 43:31-41.
Gianneechini, R., C. Concha, R. Rivero, I. Delucci, and J. Moreno Lopez.2002. Occurrence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay. Acta Vet Scand 43:221-30.
Gillespie, B. E., S. I. Headrick, S. Boonyayatra, and S. P. Oliver.2009. Prevalence and persistence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in three dairy research herds. Vet Microbiol 134:65-72.
Giraudo, J. A., A. Calzolari, H. Rampone, A. Rampone, A. T. Giraudo, C. Bogni, A. Larriestra, and R. Nagel.1997. Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis.1. Evaluation in heifers. J Dairy Sci 80:845-53.
Gonzalez, R. N., D. E. Jasper, R. B. Bushnell, and T. B. Farver.1986. Relationship between Mastitis Pathogen Numbers in Bulk Tank Milk and Bovine Udder Infections in California Dairy Herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189:442-445.
Govaris, A., N. Solomakos, A. Pexara, and P. S. Chatzopoulou. The antimicrobial effect of oregano essential oil, nisin and their combination against Salmonella Enteritidis in minced sheep meat during refrigerated storage. Int J Food Microbiol 137:175-80.
Gronlund, U., C. Hallen Sandgren, and K. Persson Waller.2005. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk from dairy cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis. Vet Res 36:191-8.
Gronlund, U., C. Hulten, P. D. Eckersall, C. Hogarth, and K. Persson Waller.2003. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Res 70:379-86.
Gruet, P., P. Maincent, X. Berthelot, and V. Kaltsatos.2001. Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery:review and perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 50:245-59.
Grunwald, L., and M. Petz.2003. Food processing effects on residues:penicillins in milk and yoghurt. Analytica Chimica Acta 483:73-79.
Gruys, E., Obwolo, M. J.,& Toussaint, M. J. M. (1994). Diagnostic significance of the major acute phase proteins in veterinary clinical chemistry:A review. Veterinary Bulletin,64,1009-1018.
Haddadi, K., C. Prin-Mathieu, F. Moussaoui, G. C. Faure, F. Vangroenweghe, C. Burvenich, and Y. Le Roux.2006. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and Escherichia coli proteases involved in proteolysis of casein during experimental E-coli mastitis. International Dairy Journal 16:639-647.
Hagiwara, S., K. Kawai, A. Anri, and H. Nagahata.2003. Lactoferrin concentrations in milk from normal and subclinical mastitic cows. J Vet Med Sci 65:319-23.
Halasa, T., K. Huijps,O. Osteras, and H. Hogeveen.2007. Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management:a review. Vet Q 29:18-31.
Haltia, L., T. Honkanen-Buzalski, I. Spiridonova, A. Olkonen, and V. Myllys.2006. A study of bovine mastitis, milking procedures and management practices on 25 Estonian dairy herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 48:-.
Hamann, J., A. Zecconi (1998). Evaluation of the electrical conductivity of milk as a mastitis indicator. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed.334,5-22.
Hamann, J., and P. Gyodi.1999. Electrical conductivity in fraction-collected quarter milk samples with low somatic cell counts. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International 54:487-491.
Hamann, J., and V. Kromker.1997. Potential of specific milk composition variables for cow health management. Livestock Production Science 48:201-208.
Hansen J.N. Nisin and related antimicrobial peptides. In:Strohl WR, editor. Biotechnology of antibiotics. New York:Marcel Dekker Inc,1997. p.437-70.
Hansen, J.N. (1993). The molecular biology of nisin and its structural analogues. In:Bacteriocins of Lacic Acid Bacteria (Hoover, D. and Steenson, L., Eds.), cademic Press, New York, NY, pp. 93-120.
Hara S, Yakazu K, Nakakawaji K, Takenohi T, Kobayashi T, Sata M, lmai Z & Shibuya T (1962) An investigation of the toxicity of nisin. Tokyo Med. Univ. J.20:175-207
Harmon, R. J.1994. Physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci 77:2103-12.
Harmon, R. J., F. L. Schanbacher, L. C. Ferguson, and K. L. Smith.1976. Changes in lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, and alpha-lactalbumin during acute experimental and natural coliform mastitis in cows. Infect Immun 13:533-42.
Hensen, S. M., M. J. A. M. P. Pavicic, J. A. C. M. Lohuis, and B. Poutrel.2000. Use of bovine primary mammary epithelial cells for the comparison of adherence and invasion ability of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Journal of Dairy Science 83:418-429.
Hogan, J., and K. Larry Smith.2003. Coliform mastitis. Vet Res 34:507-19.
Hogeveen, H. and O.(?)steras.2005. Mastitis management in an economic framework. In Hogeveen, H. (ed), Proc.4th Int. Mastitis Conf., Maastrich, the Netherlands, pp.41-52.
Honkanen-Buzalski T., Kaartinen L., Pyorala S. (Eds.), The bovine udder and mastitis, Gummerus, Jyvaskyla, Finland,1995, pp.89-104.
Hulse, E. C., and J. E. Lancaster.1951. The treatment with nisin of chronic bovine mastitis caused by Str. uberis and staphylococci. Vet Rec 63:477-80.
Hurst, A., and G. J. Dring.1968. Relation of Length of Lag Phase of Growth to Synthesis of Nisin and Other Basic Proteins by Streptococcus Lactis Grown under Different Cultural Conditions. Journal of General Microbiology 50:383-&.
IDF,1979. Somatic cells in milk:their significance and recommended methods for counting. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed.114,4-20.
Jack, R. W., and G. Jung.2000. Lantibiotics and microcins:polypeptides with unusual chemical diversity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 4:310-7.
Jaglic, Z., E. Michu, M. Holasova, H. Vlkova, V. Babak, M. Kolar, J. Bardon, and J. Schlegelova. Epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from humans, raw bovine milk and a dairy plant. Epidemiol Infect 138:772-82.
Jakob, H., and O. Distl,1997. Tierarztkosten beim Milchvieh.l.Mitteilung:Analyse von systematischen Variationsursachen. Zu'chtungskunde 69,334-348.
James, M. E., and M. G. Johnson.2001. Food grade additives and garlic enhance the activity of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes invitro and on chicken. Presented at the 23-27
Jasper, D. E.1981. Bovine mycoplasmal mastitis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 25:121-57.
Jayarao, B. M., B. E. Gillespie, M. J. Lewis, H. H. Dowlen, and S. P. Oliver.1999. Epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis intramammary infections in a dairy herd. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:433-42.
Jin, T., L. Liu, C. H. Sommers, G. Boyd, and H. Zhang.2009. Radiation sensitization and postirradiation proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat deli meat in the presence of pectin-nisin films. J Food Prot 72:644-9.
Jofre, A., T. Aymerich, J. M. Monfort, and M. Garriga.2008. Application of enterocins A and B, sakacin K and nisin to extend the safe shelf-life of pressurized ready-to-eat meat products. European Food Research and Technology 228:159-162.
Jones, G. M. On-farm tests for drug residues in milk. Milk Quality & Milking Management, Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech. Publication Number 404-401,1999. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/dairy/404-401/404-401.pdf
Jones, G. M., R. E. Pearson, G. A. Clabaugh, and C. W. Heald.1984. Relationships between somatic cell counts and milk production. J Dairy Sci 67:1823-31.
Kaartinen, L., and M. Sandholm.1987. Regulation of plasmin activation in mastitic milk. Correlation with inflammatory markers and growth of Streptococcus agalactiae. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 34:42-50.
Kaartinen, L., P. L. Kuosa, K. Veijalainen, and M. Sandholm.1988. Compartmentalization of milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase). Release of NAGase from the cellular compartment by storage, freezing and thawing, detergent and using cell stimulants. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 35:408-14.
Kai, K., Y. Komine, K. Komine, K. Asai, T. Kuroishi, T. Kozutsumi, M. Itagaki, M. Ohta, and K. Kumagai.2002. Effects of bovine lactoferrin by the intramammary infusion in cows with staphylococcal mastitis during the early non-lactating period. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64:873-878.
Kaneene, J. B., H. S. Hurd, and R. Miller.1988. Users and uses of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System data:the Michigan example. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 84:225-7.
Karimuribo, E. D., J. L. Fitzpatrick, C. E. Bell, E. S. Swai, D. M. Kambarage, N. H. Ogden, M. J. Bryant, and N. P. French.2006. Clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania:risk, intervention and knowledge transfer. Prev Vet Med 74:84-98.
Kauf, A. C., R. F. Rosenbusch, M. J. Paape, and D. D. Bannerman.2007. Innate immune response to intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infection. J Dairy Sci 90:3336-48.
Kawai, K., H. Nagahata, N. Y. Lee, A. Anri, and K. Shimazaki.2003. Effect of infusing lactoferrin hydrolysate into bovine mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Vet Res Commun 27:539-48.
Kawai, K., S. Hagiwara, A. Anri, and H. Nagahata.1999. Lactoferrin concentration in milk of bovine clinical mastitis. Vet Res Commun 23:391-8.
Keefe, G. P.1997. Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis:a review. Can Vet J 38:429-37.
Keefe, G. P., I. R. Dohoo, and E. Spangler.1997. Herd prevalence and incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae in the dairy industry of Prince Edward Island. J Dairy Sci 80:464-70.
Kehrli, M. E., and D. E. Shuster.1994. Factors Affecting Milk Somatic-Cells and Their Role in Health of the Bovine Mammary-Gland. Journal of Dairy Science 77:619-627.
Kelly, A. L., S. Reid, P. Joyce, W. J. Meaney, and J. Foley.1998. Effect of decreased milking frequency of cows in late lactation on milk somatic cell count, polymorphonuclear leucocyte numbers, composition and proteolytic activity. J Dairy Res 65:365-73.
Kim, E. L., N. H. Choi, V. K. Bajpai, and S. C. Kang.2008. Synergistic effect of nisin and garlic shoot juice against Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Food Chemistry 110:375-382.
Kirk, I.H., Lauerman, I.H.,1994. Mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cows. Compendium Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, vol.16, pp.541-551.
Kitchen, B. J.1981. Review of the progress of dairy science:bovine mastitis:milk compositional changes and related diagnostic tests. J Dairy Res 48:167-88.
Kitchen, B. J., W. S. Kwee, G. Middleton, and R. J. Andrews.1984. Relationship between the level of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) in bovine milk and the presence of mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Res 51:11-6.
Klostermann, K., F. Crispie, J. Flynn, R. P. Ross, C. Hill, and W. Meaney.2008. Intramammary infusion of a live culture of Lactococcus lactis for treatment of bovine mastitis:comparison with antibiotic treatment in field trials. J Dairy Res 75:365-73.
Korhonen H., Kaartinen L., Changes in the composition of milk induced by mastitis, in:Sandholm M., Honkanen-Buzalski T., Kaartinen L., Pyorala S. (Eds.), The bovine udder and mastitis, Gummerus, Jyvaskyla, Finland,1995, pp.76-82.
Kossaibati, M. A., and R. J. Esslemont.1997. The costs of production diseases in dairy herds in England. Vet J 154:41-51.
Krause, D. O., W. J. Smith, L. L. Conlan, J. M. Gough, M. A. Williamson, and C. S. McSweeney. 2003. Diet influences the ecology of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli along the digestive tract of cattle:neural networks and 16S rDNA. Microbiology 149:57-65.
Kudinha, T., and C. Simango.2002. Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:62-5.
Kuipers,O. P., M. M. Beerthuyzen, P. G. de Ruyter, E. J. Luesink, and W. M. de Vos.1995. Autoregulation of nisin biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis by signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270:27299-304.
Kutila, T., L. Suojala, T. Lehtolainen, H. Saloniemi, L. Kaartinen, M. Tahti, K. Seppala, and S. Pyorala.2004. The efficacy of bovine lactoferrin in the treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27:197-202.
Kutila, T., S. Pyorala, H. Saloniemi, and L. Kaartinen.2003. Antibacterial effect of bovine lactoferrin against udder pathogens. Acta Vet Scand 44:35-42.
Kuwano, K., N. Tanaka, T. Shimizu, K. Nagatoshi, S. Nou, and K. Sonomoto.2005. Dual antibacterial mechanisms of nisin Z against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 26:396-402.
Kyriacou, A., E. Tsimpidi, E. Kazantzi, E. Mitsou, E. Kirtzalidou, Y. Oikonomou, G. Gazis, and M. Kotsou.2008. Microbial content and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from yoghurts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 59:512-25.
Lacasse, P., K. Lauzon, M. S. Diarra, and D. Petitclerc.2008. Utilization of lactoferrin to fight antibiotic-resistant mammary gland pathogens. J Anim Sci 86:66-71.
Laevens, H., Deluyker, H., Devriese, L., de Kruif, A.,1997. The influence of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus warneri or haemolyticus on the somatic cell count in dairy cows. Epide'miol Sante'Anim.31-32.
Le Lay, C., B. Akerey, I. Fliss, M. Subirade, and M. Rouabhia.2008. Nisin Z inhibits the growth of Candida albicans and its transition from blastospore to hyphal form. J Appl Microbiol 105:1630-9.
Lee, S. S., H. C. Mantovani, and J. B. Russell.2002. The binding and degradation of nisin by mixed ruminal bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42:339-45.
Lehrer, R. I., T. Ganz, and M. E. Selsted.1991. Defensins:endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells. Cell 64:229-30.
Leigh, J. A.1999. Streptococcus uberis:a permanent barrier to the control of bovine mastitis? Vet J 157:225-38.
Leitner, G., E. Lubashevsky, and Z. Trainin.2003. Staphylococcus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows, composition and evaluation of its immunogenicity in a mouse model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 93:159-67.
Leitner, G., Krifucks, O., Glickman, A., Vaadia, Y., Friedman, S., Ezra, E., Saran, A. and Trainin, Z. MASTIVAC I:Staphylococcus aureus vaccine-prevention of new udder infection and therapeutic effect on cows chronically infected with S. aureus under field conditions. Israel J.Vet. Med.,2004,59(4):68-72.
Leitner, G., M. Chaffer, S. Zamir, T. Mor, A. Glickman, M. Winkler, L. Weisblit, and A. Saran. 2001. Udder disease etiology, milk somatic cell counts and NAGase activity in Israeli Assaf sheep throughout lactation. Small Rumin Res 39:107-112.
Leitner, G., N. Yadlin, E. Lubashevsy, E. Ezra, A. Glickman, M. Chaffer, M. Winkler, A. Saran, and Z. Trainin.2003. Development of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows.Ⅱ. Field trial. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 93:153-8.
Leitner, G., O. Krifucks, U. Merin, Y. Lavi, and N. Silanikove.2006. Interactions between bacteria type, proteolysis of casein and physico-chemical properties of bovine milk. International Dairy Journal 16:648-654.
Leonard, F. C., and B. K. Markey.2008. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals:a review. Vet J 175:27-36.
Leung, P. P., M. Khadre, T. H. Shellhammer, and A. E. Yousef.2002. Immunoassay method for quantitative determination of nisin in solution and on polymeric films. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:199-204.
Li, J. P., H. J. Zhou, L. Yuan, T. He, and S. H. Hu.2009. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Zhejiang Province, China. J Zhejiang Univ SciB 10:753-60.
Linton, A. H., K. Howe, W. J. Sojka, and C. Wray.1979. A note on the range of Escherichia coli O-serotypes causing clinical bovine mastitis and their antibiotic resistance spectra. J Appl Bacteriol 46:585-90.
Long, C., and C. A. Phillips.2003. The effect of sodium citrate, sodium lactate and nisin on the survival of Arcobacter butzleri NCTC 12481 on chicken. Food Microbiology 20:495-502.
Lu, F., D. H. Liu, X. Q. Ye, Y. X. Wei, and F. Liu.2009. Alginate-calcium coating incorporating nisin and EDTA maintains the quality of fresh northern snakehead (Channa argus) fillets stored at 4 degrees C. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89:848-854.
Lubelski, J., R. Rink, R. Khusainov, G. N. Moll, and O. P. Kuipers.2008. Biosynthesis, immunity, regulation, mode of action and engineering of the model lantibiotic nisin. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:455-76.
Luby, C. D., and J. R. Middleton.2005. Efficacy of vaccination and antibiotic therapy against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 157:89-90.
Lucas, M. F., J. O. Errecalde, and N. Mestorino. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in lactating dairy cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33:132-40.
M Badaoui Najjar, D. Kashtanov and M.L. Chikindas. Natural Antimicrobials ε-Poly-1-lysine and Nisin A for Control of Oral Microflora [J]. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins,2009,1(2): 143-147
Mansfeld R., Mansfeld S., Santl B.,Hoedemaker M., New aspects regarding the use of the milk electrical conductivity as a parameter for routine diagnostics in dairy production medicine programs, in:2nd Int. Symposium on Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality,Vancouver, Canada, 2001, pp.488-489.
Mattila, T., and M. Sandholm.1985. Antitrypsin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as markers of mastitis in a herd of Ayshire cows. Am J Vet Res 46:2453-6.
Mattila, T., J. Syvajarvi, and M. Sandholm.1986. Milk antitrypsin, NAGase, plasmin and bacterial replication rate in whey. Effects of lactation stage, parity and daily milk yield. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 33:462-70.
McAuliffe,O., R. P. Ross, and C. Hill.2001. Lantibiotics:structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25:285-308.
McDougall, S.1998. Efficacy of two antibiotic treatments in curing clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. N Z Vet J 46:226-32.
Medan, D., L. Wang, X. Yang, S. Dokka, V. Castranova, and Y. Rojanasakul.2002. Induction of neutrophil apoptosis and secondary necrosis during endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. J Cell Physiol 191:320-6.
Mehrzad, J., C. Desrosiers, K. Lauzon, G. Robitaille, X. Zhao, and P. Lacasse.2005. Proteases involved in mammary tissue damage during endotoxin-induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 88:211-22.
Merl, K., A. Abdulmawjood, C. Lammler, and M. Zschock.2003. Determination of epidemiological relationships of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 226:87-92.
Michael T. Biology of Microorganisms. New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc,2000:76
Middleton, J. R., V. R. Hebert, L. K. Fox, E. Tomaszewska, and J. Lakritz.2003. Elimination kinetics of chlorhexidine in milk following intramammary infusion to stop lactation in mastitic mammary gland quarters of cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1746-9.
Milne, M. H., A. M. Biggs, D. C. Barrett, F. J. Young, S. Doherty, G. T. Innocent, and J. L. Fitzpatrick.2005. Treatment of persistent intramammary infections with Streptococcus uberis in dairy cows. Vet Rec 157:245-50.
Misaghi, A., and A. A. Basti.2007. Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. Food Control 18:1043-1049.
Mocquot G, Lefebvre E (1956). A simple procedure to detect nisin in cheese. J Appl Bacteriol 19:322-323
Modi, K. D., M. L. Chikindas, and T. J. Montville.2000. Sensitivity of nisin-resistant Listeria monocytogenes to heat and the synergistic action of heat and nisin. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30:249-253.
Mohsenzadeh, M., and A. Bahrainipour.2008. The detection limits of antimicrobial agents in cow's milk by a simple Yoghurt Culture Test. Pak J Biol Sci 11:2282-5.
Montville, T. J., and Y. Chen.1998. Mechanistic action of pediocin and nisin:recent progress and unresolved questions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:511-9.
Moosavy, M. H., A. A. Basti, A. Misaghi, T. Z. Salehi, R. Abbasifar, H. A. E. Mousavi, M. Alipour, N. E. Razavi, H. Gandomi, and N. Noori.2008. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes. Food Research International 41:1050-1057.
Moroni, P., G. Pisoni, M. Antonini, R. Villa, P. Boettcher, and S. Carli.2006. Short communication: antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis in Italy. J Dairy Sci 89:2973-6.
Murata, H., N. Shimada, and M. Yoshioka.2004. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis:an overview. Vet J 168:28-40.
Murdock, C. A., J. Cleveland, K. R. Matthews, and M. L. Chikindas.2007. The synergistic effect of nisin and lactoferrin on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 44:255-61.
Myllys, V., K. Asplund, E. Brofeldt, V. Hirvela-Koski, T. Honkanen-Buzalski, J. Junttila, L. Kulkas, O. Myllykangas, M. Niskanen, H. Saloniemi, M. Sandholm, and T. Saranpaa.1998. Bovine mastitis in Finland in 1988 and 1995-changes in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance. Acta Vet Scand 39:119-26.
Myllys, V., T. Honkanenbuzalski, P. Huovinen, M. Sandholm, and E. Nurmi.1994. Association of Changes in the Bacterial Ecology of Bovine Mastitis with Changes in the Use of Milking Machines and Antibacterial Drugs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 35:363-369.
Naim, F., M. R. Zareifard, S. Zhu, R. H. Huizing, S. Grabowski, and M. Marcotte.2008. Combined effects of heat, nisin and acidification on the inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes spores in carrot-alginate particles:from kinetics to process validation. Food Microbiol 25:936-41.
Nemeth, J., C. A. Muckle, and C. L. Gyles.1994. In vitro comparison of bovine mastitis and fecal Escherichia coli isolates. Vet Microbiol 40:231-8.
Nettles, C. G., and S. F. Barefoot.1993. Biochemical and Genetic-Characteristics of Bacteriocins of Food-Associated Lactic-Acid Bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 56:338-356.
Nicholas, R., R. Ayling, and L. McAuliffe.2007. Mycoplasma mastitis. Vet Rec 160:382; author reply 383.
Nickerson, S. C., P. A. Baker, and P. Trinidad.1989. Local immunostimulation of the bovine mammary gland with interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 72:1764-73.
Nickerson, S. C., W. E. Owens, and J. L. Watts.1989. Effects of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 72:3286-94.
Nickerson, S.C., W. E. Owens, G. M. Tomita, and P. W. Widel,1999:Vaccinating dairy heifers with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin reduces mastitis at calving. Large Anim. Practice 3,16-28.
Nielsen, B. H., S. Jacobsen, P. H. Andersen, T. A. Niewold, and P. M. Heegaard.2004. Acute phase protein concentrations in serum and milk from healthy cows, cows with clinical mastitis and cows with extramammary inflammatory conditions. Vet Rec 154:361-5.
Ohtsuka, H., K. Kudo, K. Mori, F. Nagai, A. Hatsugaya, M. Tajima, K. Tamura, F. Hoshi, M. Koiwa, and S. Kawamura.2001. Acute phase response in naturally occurring coliform mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 63:675-8.
Oliveira, C. A. F., A. M. Fernandes,O. C. C. Neto, L. F. L. Fonseca, E.0. T. Silva, and S. C. Balian.2002. Composition and sensory evaluation of whole yogurt produced from milk with different somatic cell counts. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 57:192-196.
Oliver, S. P.1988. Frequency of Isolation of Environmental Mastitis-Causing Pathogens and Incidence of New Intramammary Infection during the Nonlactating Period. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49:1789-1793.
Oliver, S. P., B. E. Gillespie, and B. M. Jayarao.1998. Detection of new and persistent Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae intramammary infections by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 160:69-73.
Oliver, S. P., B. E. Gillespie, S. J. Headrick, H. Moorehead, P. Lunn, H. H. Dowlen, D. L. Johnson, K. C. Lamar, S. T. Chester, and W. M. Moseley.2004. Efficacy of extended ceftiofur intramammary therapy for treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 87:2393-400.
Oliver, S. P., M. J. Lewis, B. E. Gillespie, H. H. Dowlen, E. C. Jaenicke, and R. K. Roberts.2003. Prepartum antibiotic treatment of heifers:milk production, milk quality and economic benefit. J Dairy Sci 86:1187-93.
Oliver, S.P., Gillespie, B.E., Headrick, S.J., Lewis, M.J., Dowlen, H.H.,2005. Prevalence, risk factors and strategies for controlling mastitis in heifers during the periparturient period. Intl. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med.3,150-162.
Omore, A. O., J. J. McDermott, S. M. Arimi, and M. N. Kyule.1999. Impact of mastitis control measures on milk production and mastitis indicators in smallholder dairy farms in Kiambu district, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 31:347-61.
Ostensson, K., M. Hageltorn, and G. Astrom.1988. Differential cell counting in fraction-collected milk from dairy cows. Acta Vet Scand 29:493-500.
Osteras, O., L. Solverod, and O. Reksen.2006. Milk culture results in a large Norwegian survey--effects of season, parity, days in milk, resistance, and clustering. J Dairy Sci 89:1010-23.
Owens, W. E., C. H. Ray, J. L. Watts, and R. J. Yancey.1997. Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 80:313-7.
Paape, M. J., D. D. Bannerman, X. Zhao, and J. W. Lee.2003. The bovine neutrophil:Structure and function in blood and milk. Vet Res 34:597-627.
Paape, M., J. Mehrzad, X. Zhao, J. Detilleux, and C. Burvenich.2002. Defense of the bovine mammary gland by polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7:109-21.
Parsaeimehr, M., A. A. Basti, B. Radmehr, A. Misaghi, A. Abbasifar, G. Karim, N. Rokni, M. S. Motlagh, H. Gandomi, N. Noori, and A. Khanjari.2010. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil, Nisin, and Their Combination on the Production of Enterotoxin C and alpha-Hemolysin by Staphylococcus aureus. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:299-305.
Patel, D., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver.2009. Bovine lactoferrin serves as a molecular bridge for internalization of Streptococcus uberis into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology 137:297-301.
Pathanibul, P., T. M. Taylor, P. M. Davidson, and F. Harte.2009. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in apple and carrot juices using high pressure homogenization and nisin. Int J Food Microbiol 129:316-20.
Peeler, E. J., M. J. Green, J. L. Fitzpatrick, and L. E. Green.2002. Study of clinical mastitis in British dairy herds with bulk milk somatic cell counts less than 150,000 cells/ml. Vet Rec 151:170-6.
Penney, V. Henderson, G. Blum, C. Johnson-Green, P. The potential of phytopreservatives and nisin to control microbial spoilage of minimally processed fruit yoghurts, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol.5 (2004) 369-375.
Periago, P. M., and R. Moezelaar.2001. Combined effect of nisin and carvacrol at different pH and temperature levels on the viability of different strains of Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Food Microbiology 68:141-148.
Petinaki, E., V. Guerin-Faublee, V. Pichereau, C. Villers, A. Achard, B. Malbruny, and R. Leclercq. 2008. Lincomycin resistance gene lnu(D) in Streptococcus uberis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:626-30.
Petitclerc, D., K. Lauzon, A. Cochu, C. Ster, M. S. Diarra, and P. Lacasse.2007. Efficacy of a lactoferrin-penicillin combination to treat (1)-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 90:2778-87.
Pfutzner, H., and K. Sachse.1996. Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle. Rev Sci Tech 15:1477-94.
Phuektes, P., P. D. Mansell, R. S. Dyson, N. D. Hooper, J. S. Dick, and G. F. Browning.2001. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis isolates from dairy cows with mastitis. J Clin Microbiol 39:1460-6.
Pitkala, A., J. Koort, and J. Bjorkroth.2008. Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 91:4075-81.
Pitkala, A., M. Haveri, S. Pyorala, V. Myllys, and T. Honkanen-Buzalski.2004. Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001-prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J Dairy Sci 87:2433-41.
Podboronov, V. M.1990. [Comparative characteristics of lysozymes of different origin]. Antibiot Khimioter 35:22-5.
Poelarends, J.J., Hogeveen, H., Sampimon, O.C., Sol, J.,2001. Monitoring subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy herds. In:Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp.145-149.
Poutrel, B., and P. Rainard.1981. California Mastitis test guide of selective dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 64:241-8.
Poutrel, B., R. de Cremoux, M. Ducelliez, and D. Verneau.1997. Control of intramammary infections in goats:impact on somatic cell counts. J Anim Sci 75:566-70.
Pranoto, Y., S. K. Rakshit, and V. M. Salokhe.2005. Enhancing antimicrobial activity of chitosan films by incorporating garlic oil, potassium sorbate and nisin. Lwt-Food Science and Technology 38:859-865.
Pyorala, S.2003. Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis. Vet Res 34:565-78.
Pyorala, S., and E. Pyorala.1997. Accuracy of methods using somatic cell count and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in milk to assess the bacteriological cure of bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 80:2820-5.
Pyorala, S., and S. Taponen.2009. Coagulase-negative staphylococci-emerging mastitis pathogens. Vet Microbiol 134:3-8.
Rajala-Schultz, P. J., A. H. Torres, F. J. Degraves, W. A. Gebreyes, and P. Patchanee.2009. Antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci over the dry period. Vet Microbiol 134:55-64.
Rajkovic, A., M. Uyttendaele, T. Courtens, and J. Debevere.2005. Antimicrobial effect of nisin and carvacrol and competition between Bacillus cereus and Bacillus circulars in vacuum-packed potato puree. Food Microbiology 22:189-197.
Raubertas, R. F., and G. E. Shook.1982. Relationship between Lactation Measures of Somatic-Cell Concentration and Milk-Yield. Journal of Dairy Science 65:419-425.
Reddy, K. V., C. Aranha, S. M. Gupta, and R. D. Yedery.2004. Evaluation of antimicrobial peptide nisin as a safe vaginal contraceptive agent in rabbits:in vitro and in vivo studies. Reproduction 128:117-26.
Reddy, K. V., R. D. Yedery, and C. Aranha.2004. Antimicrobial peptides:premises and promises. Int J Antimicrob Agents 24:536-47.
Reiter, B.,1985. Lactoperoxidase system of bovine milk. In:Pruitt, K.M., Tenovuo, J.O. (Eds.), The Lactoperoxidase System:Chemistry and Biological Significance. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp.123-141.
Reksen, O., L. Solverod, A. J. Branscum, and O. Osteras.2006. Relationships between milk culture results and treatment for clinical mastitis or culling in Norwegian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 89:2928-37.
Reunanen, J., and P. E. Saris.2003. Microplate bioassay for nisin in foods, based on nisin-induced
green fluorescent protein fluorescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4214-8.
Riffon, R., K. Sayasith, H. Khalil, P. Dubreuil, M. Drolet, and J. Lagace.2001. Development of a rapid and sensitive test for identification of major pathogens in bovine mastitis by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:2584-2589.
Riollet, C., P. Rainard, and B. Poutrel.2000. Cells and cytokines in inflammatory secretions of bovine mammary gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:247-58.
Riollet, C., P. Rainard, and B. Poutrel.2000. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7:161-7.
Roberson, J. R., L. D. Warnick, and G. Moore.2004. Mild to moderate clinical mastitis:efficacy of intramammary amoxicillin, frequent milk-out, a combined intramammary amoxicillin, and frequent milk-out treatment versus no treatment. J Dairy Sci 87:583-92.
Roberson, J., Mixon, J., Oliver, S., Rohrbach, B., Holland, R.,2006. Etiologic agents associated with high SCC dairy herds. In:24th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France, CD, OS, pp. 19-21.
Rose, M. E., E. Orlans, and N. Buttress.1974. Immunoglobulin classes in the hen's egg:their segregation in yolk and white. Eur J Immunol 4:521-3.
Ruegg, P. L.2009. The quest for the perfect test:phenotypic versus genotypic identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 134:15-9.
Ryan, M. P., J. Flynn, C. Hill, R. P. Ross, and W. J. Meaney.1999. The natural food grade inhibitor, lacticin 3147, reduced the incidence of mastitis after experimental challenge with Streptococcus dysgalactiae in nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 82:2108-14.
Ryan, M. P., W. J. Meaney, R. P. Ross, and C. Hill.1998. Evaluation of lacticin 3147 and a teat seal containing this bacteriocin for inhibition of mastitis pathogens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:2287-2290.
Salat, O., F. Serieys, B. Poutrel, L. Durel, and L. Goby.2008. Systemic treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows with penethamate hydriodide. J Dairy Sci 91:632-40.
Salmon, S. A., J. L. Watts, F. M. Aarestrup, J. W. Pankey, and R. J. Yancey, Jr.1998. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for selected antimicrobial agents against organisms isolated from the mammary glands of dairy heifers in New Zealand and Denmark. J Dairy Sci 81:570-8.
Salyers, A., and N. B. Shoemaker.2006. Reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Anim Biotechnol 17:137-46.
Sanchez, M. S., C. W. Ford, and R. J. Yancey, Jr.1994. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and antibiotics on the killing of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. J Dairy Sci 77:1251-8.
Sandholm M., Detection of inflammatory changes in the milk, in:The bovine udder and mastitis (Sandohm, M., Honkanen-Buzalski, T., Kaartinen, L., Pyorala S., Eds.). University of Helsinki. pp.89-104.
Sanford, C. J., G. P. Keefe, I. R. Dohoo, and K. E. Leslie.2006. Assessment of antimicrobial transfer from treated to untreated mammary gland quarters by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography for detection of cloxacillin in milk samples from nonlactating dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67:1140-1144.
Sar, C., B. Santoso, B. Mwenya, Y. Gamo, T. Kobayashi, R. Morikawa, K. Kimura, H. Mizukoshi, and J. Takahashi.2004. Manipulation of rumen methanogenesis by the combination of nitrate with beta 1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides or nisin in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 115:129-142.
Schade R, Staak C, Hendriksen C, et al. The production of a vian (egg yolk) antibodies:IgY. Alternatives to laboratory animals:ATLA,1996,24(6):925-934
Schepers, A. J., T. J. Lam, Y. H. Schukken, J. B. Wilmink, and W. J. Hanekamp.1997. Estimation of variance components for somatic cell counts to determine thresholds for uninfected quarters. J Dairy Sci 80:1833-40.
Schepers, J. A., and A. A. Dijkhuizen.1991. The Economics of Mastitis and Mastitis Control in Dairy-Cattle-a Critical Analysis of Estimates Published since 1970. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 10:213-224.
Schonwetter, B. S., E. D. Stolzenberg, and M. A. Zasloff.1995. Epithelial antibiotics induced at sites of inflammation. Science 267:1645-8.
Scott, V. N., and S. L. Taylor.1981. Effect of Nisin on the Outgrowth of Clostridium-Botulinum Spores. Journal of Food Science 46:117-&.
Sears, P. M., and A. P. Belschner.1999. Alternative management and economic considerations in Staphylococcus aureus elimination programs. Pages 86-92 in Proc.38th Ann. Mtg. Natl. Mastitis Counc., Arlington, VA. Natl. Mastitis Counc. Inc., Madison, WI.
Sears, P. M., and K. K. McCarthy.2003. Management and treatment of staphylococcal mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:171-85, vii.
Sears, P. M., B. S. Smith, W. K. Stewart, R. N. Gonzalez, S. D. Rubino, S. A. Gusik, E. S. Kulisek, S. J. Projan, and P. Blackburn.1992. Evaluation of a nisin-based germicidal formulation on teat skin of live cows. J Dairy Sci 75:3185-90.
Sears, P. M., Peele, J., Lassauzet, M. and Blackburn, P. Use of antimicrobial proteins in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Pages 17-18 in Proc.3rd Int. Mastitis Sem.,1995, Tel Aviv, Israel. A. Saran and S. Soback ed. Int. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
Seegers, H., C. Fourichon, and F. Beaudeau.2003. Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds. Vet Res 34:475-91.
Seifu, E., E. F. Donkin, and E. M. Buys.2007. Potential of lactoperoxidase to diagnose subclinical mastitis in goats. Small Ruminant Research 69:154-158.
Selsted, M. E., M. J. Novotny, W. L. Morris, Y. Q. Tang, W. Smith, and J. S. Cullor.1992. Indolicidin, a novel bactericidal tridecapeptide amide from neutrophils. J Biol Chem 267:4292-5.
Settanni, L., and A. Corsetti.2008. Application of bacteriocins in vegetable food biopreservation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 121:123-138.
Severina, E., A. Severin, and A. Tomasz.1998. Antibacterial efficacy of nisin against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:341-7.
Simpson, R. B., D. P. Wesen, K. L. Anderson, J. D. Armstrong, and R. W. Harvey.1995. Subclinical Mastitis and Milk-Production in Primiparous Simmental Cows. Journal of Animal Science 73:1552-1558.
Singh, B., M. B. Falahee, and M. R. Adams.2001. Synergistic inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin and garlic extract. Food Microbiology 18:133-139.
Skaar, T. C., R. R. Grummer, M. R. Dentine, and R. H. Stauffacher.1989. Seasonal Effects of Prepartum and Postpartum Fat and Niacin Feeding on Lactation Performance and Lipid-Metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science 72-2028-2038.
Smith, G. W., R. L. Lyman, and K. L. Anderson.2006. Efficacy of vaccination and antimicrobial treatment to eliminate chronic intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:422-5.
Sol, J., O. C. Sampimon, J. J. Snoep, and Y. H. Schukken.1997. Factors associated with bacteriological cure during lactation after therapy for subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Science 80:2803-2808.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, P. Koidis, and N. Botsoglou.2008. The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin and their combination against Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Meat Science 80:159-166.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, P. Koidis, and N. Botsoglou.2008. The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol 25:120-7.
Sordillo, L. M., and J. E. Peel.1992. Effect of Interferon-Gamma on the Production of Tumor-Necrosis-Factor during Acute Escherichia-Coli Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 75:2119-2125.
Sordillo, L. M., G. Afseth, G. Davies, and L. A. Babiuk.1992. Effects of Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Bovine Peripheral-Blood and Mammary-Gland Neutrophil Function-Invitro. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire 56:16-21.
Sordillo, L. M., G. M. Pighetti, and M. R. Davis.1995. Enhanced production of bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha during the periparturient period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 49:263-70.
Sordillo, L. M., M. Snider, H. Hughes, G. Afseth, M. Campos, and L. A. Babiuk.1991. Pathological changes in bovine mammary glands following intramammary infusion of recombinant interleukin-2. J Dairy Sci 74:4164-74.
St Rose, S. G., J. M. Swinkels, W. D. J. Kremer, C. L. J. J. Kruitwagen, and R. N. Zadoks.2003. Effect of penethamate hydriodide treatment on bacteriological cure, somatic cell count and milk production of cows and quarters with chronic subclinical Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. Journal of Dairy Research 70:387-394.
Stevens, K. A., B. W. Sheldon, N. A. Klapes, and T. R. Klaenhammer.1991. Nisin treatment for inactivation of Salmonella species and other gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:3613-5.
Stockler, R. M., D. E. Morin, R. K. Lantz, W. L. Hurley, and P. D. Constable.2009. Effect of milk fraction on concentrations of cephapirin and desacetylcephapirin in bovine milk after intramammary infusion of cephapirin sodium. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32:345-52.
Suarez, A. M., J. M. Rodriguez, P. E. Hernandez, and J. I. Azcona-Olivera.1996. Generation of polyclonal antibodies against nisin:immunization strategies and immunoassay development. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2117-21.
Suarez, A. M., J. M. Rodriguez, P. Morales, P. E. Hernandez, and J. I. AzconaOlivera.1996. Development of monoclonal antibodies to the lantibiotic nisin A. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44:2936-2940.
Suhren, G., and W. Heeschen.1996. Detection of inhibitors in milk by microbial tests. A review. Nahrung 40:1-7.
Sun, H. C., F. M. Xue, K. Qian, H. X. Fang, H. L. Qiu, X. Y. Zhang, and Z. H. Yin.2006. Intramammary expression and therapeutic effect of a human lysozyme-expressing vector for treating bovine mastitis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7:324-30.
Sutra, L., and B. Poutrel.1994. Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 40:79-89.
Swinkels, J. M., H. Hogeveen, and R. N. Zadoks.2005. A partial budget model to estimate economic benefits of lactational treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci 88:4273-87.
Swinkels, J. M., J. G. Rooijendijk, R. N. Zadoks, and H. Hogeveen.2005. Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic benefits of antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. J Dairy Res 72:75-85.
Symons, D. B., and L. J. Wright.1974. Changes in bovine mammary gland permeability after intramammary exotoxin infusion. J Comp Pathol 84:9-17.
Takahashi, H., T. Komatsu, K. Hodate, R. Horino, and Y. Yokomizo.2005. Effect of intramammary injection of RbIL-8 on milk levels of somatic cell count, chemiluminescence activity and shedding patterns of total bacteria and S. aureus in Holstein cows with naturally infected-subclinical mastitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 52:32-7.
Tamilselvam, B., R. A. Almeida, J. R. Dunlap, and S. P. Oliver.2006. Streptococcus uberis internalizes and persists in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 40:279-85.
Taponen, S., and S. Pyorala.2009. Coagulase-negative staphylococci as cause of bovine mastitis-Not so different from Staphylococcus aureus? Veterinary Microbiology 134:29-36.
Taponen, S., H. Simojoki, M. Haveri, H. D. Larsen, and S. Pyorala.2006. Clinical characteristics and persistence of bovine mastitis caused by different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci identified with API or AFLP. Vet Microbiol 115:199-207.
Taylor, J.I., Hirsch, A. and Mattick, A.T.R. The treatment of bovine streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis with nisin. Vet. Rec.,1949,61:197-198.
Tedeschi, G., F. Taverna, A. Negri, R. Piccinini, S. Nonnis, S. Ronchi, and A. Zecconi.2009. Serological proteome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sub-clinical mastitis. Vet Microbiol 134:388-91.
Tenhagen, B. A., G. Koster, J. Wallmann, and W. Heuwieser.2006. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens and their resistance against antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in Brandenburg, Germany. J Dairy Sci 89:2542-51.
Thomas, L. V., R. E. Ingram, H. E. Bevis, E. A. Davies, C. F. Milne, and J. Delves-Broughton. 2002. Effective use of nisin to control Bacillus and Clostridium spoilage of a pasteurized mashed potato product. Journal of Food Protection 65:1580-1585.
Timms, L.L., M. Kirkpatrick, and P. Sears.2000. Field trial evaluation of extended pirlimycin therapy with or without vaccination for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Pages 201-202 in Proc.39th Annu. Mtg. Natl. Mastitis Counc, Atlanta, GA. Natl. Mastitis Counc., Inc., Madison, WI.
Tippayatum, P. and Chonhenchob, V. (2007). Antibacterial Activities of Thymol, Eugenol and Nisin against Some Food Spoilage Bacteria. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science,41, 319-323.
Tomita, M., W. Bellamy, M. Takase, K. Yamauchi, H. Wakabayashi, and K. Kawase.1991. Potent antibacterial peptides generated by pepsin digestion of bovine lactoferrin. J Dairy Sci 74:4137-42.
Tramer J, Fowler J.J. Estimation of nisin in food[J]. Food Asri,1964,15:5-22
Twomey, D. P., A. I. Wheelock, J. Flynn, W. J. Meaney, C. Hill, and R. P. Ross.2000. Protection against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows using a bismuth-based teat seal containing the bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. J Dairy Sci 83:1981-8.
Ukuku, D. O., H. Zhang, and L. Huang.2009. Growth parameters of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and aerobic mesophilic bacteria of apple cider amended with nisin-EDTA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 6:487-94.
Valenta, C., A. Bernkop-Schnurch, and H. P. Rigler.1996. The antistaphylococcal effect of nisin in a suitable vehicle:a potential therapy for atopic dermatitis in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 48:988-91.
Van de Ven, F. J., H. W. Van den Hooven, R. N. Konings, and C. W. Hilbers.1991. NMR studies of lantibiotics. The structure of nisin in aqueous solution. Eur J Biochem 202:1181-8.
van den Bogaard, A. E. J. M.2001. Human health aspects of antibiotic use in foodanimals. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 126:590-595.
van Kraaij, C., W. M. de Vos, R. J. Siezen, and O. P. Kuipers.1999. Lantibiotics:biosynthesis, mode of action and applications. Nat Prod Rep 16:575-87.
Vintov, J., F. M. Aarestrup, C. E. Zinn, and J. E. Olsen.2003. Association between phage types and antimicrobial resistance among bovine Staphylococcus aureus from 10 countries. Vet Microbiol 95:133-47.
Vivar-Quintana, A. M., E. B. De La Mano, and I. Revilla.2006. Relationship between somatic cell counts and the properties of yoghurt made from ewes' milk. International Dairy Journal 16:262-267.
Wahlstrom, G., and P. E. Saris.1999. A nisin bioassay based on bioluminescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3742-5.
Wakabayashi, H., S. Teraguchi, and Y. Tamura.2002. Increased Staphylococcus-killing activity of an antimicrobial peptide, lactoferricin B, with minocycline and monoacylglycerol. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 66:2161-2167.
Walstra, P., Geurts, T.J., Noomen, A., Jellema, A., van Boekel, M.A.J.S.,1999. Dairy Technology: Principles of Milk Properties and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Wandling, L. R., B. W. Sheldon, and P. M. Foegeding.1999. Nisin in milk sensitizes Bacillus spores to heat and prevents recovery of survivors. J Food Prot 62:492-8.
Wang, F., L.T. Cao, and S. H. Hu.2006. In vitro inhibitory effect of nisin on major pathogenic bacteria of bovine mastitis. Chin. J.Vet. Drug 40:12-16. (In Chinese)
Ward, W. R., J. W. Hughes, W. B. Faull, P. J. Cripps, J. P. Sutherland, and J. E. Sutherst.2002. Observational study of temperature, moisture, pH and bacteria in straw bedding, and faecal consistency, cleanliness and mastitis in cows in four dairy herds. Vet Rec 151:199-206.
Watson, D. L.1992. Vaccination against experimental staphylococcal mastitis in dairy heifers. Res Vet Sci 53:346-53.
Weber, A., A. T. Weber, T. L. McDonald, and M. A. Larson.2006. Staphylococcus aureus lipotechoic acid induces differential expression of bovine serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by mammary epithelial cells:Implications for early diagnosis of mastitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 109:79-83.
Wedlock, D. N., M. Denis, J. Lacy-Hulbert, and B. M. Buddle.2008. Interleukin-lbeta infusion in bovine mammary glands prior to challenge with Streptococcus uberis reduces bacterial growth but causes sterile mastitis. Vet Res Commun 32:439-47.
Williams, J.1962. Serum Proteins and Livetins of Hens-Egg Yolk. Biochemical Journal 83:346-&.
Wilson, C. D., and M. S. Richards.1980. A survey of mastitis in the British dairy herd. Vet Rec 106:431-5.
Wilson, D. J., R. N. Gonzalez, and H. H. Das.1997. Bovine mastitis pathogens in New York and Pennsylvania:prevalence and effects on somatic cell count and milk production. J Dairy Sci 80:2592-8.
Wilson, D. J., R. N. Gonzalez, and P. M. Sears.1995. Segregation or use of separate milking units for cows infected with Staphylococcus aureus:effects on prevalence of infection and bulk tank somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci 78:2083-5.
Wirawan, R. E., N. A. Klesse, R. W. Jack, and J. R. Tagg.2006. Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel nisin variant produced by Streptococcus uberis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1148-56.
Wolf, C. E., and W. R. Gibbons.1996. Improved method for quantification of the bacteriocin nisin. J Appl Bacteriol 80:453-7.
Wolfova, M., M. Stipkova, and J. Wolf.2006. Incidence and economics of clinical mastitis in five Holstein herds in the Czech Republic. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 77:48-64.
Wu, J., S. Hu, and L. Cao.2007. Therapeutic effect of nisin Z on subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3131-5.
Zecconi, A., J. Hamann, V. Bronzo, P. Moroni, G. Giovannini, and R. Piccinini.2000. Relationship between teat tissue immune defences and intramammary infections. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:287-93.
Zecconi, A., R. Piccinini, S. Fiorina, L. Cabrini, V. Dapra, and M. Amadori.2009. Evaluation of interleukin-2 treatment for prevention of intramammary infections in cows after calving. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 32:439-51.
Zehner, M. M., R. J. Farnsworth, R. D. Appleman, K. Larntz, and J. A. Springer.1986. Growth of environmental mastitis pathogens in various bedding materials. J Dairy Sci 69:1932-41.
Zendo, T., M. Fukao, K. Ueda, T. Higuchi, J. Nakayama, and K. Sonomoto.2003. Identification of the lantibiotic nisin Q, a new natural nisin variant produced by Lactococcus lactis 61-14 isolated from a river in Japan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67:1616-9.
Zhao, X., and P. Lacasse.2008. Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis:causes and control. J Anim Sci 86:57-65.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, J. Guo, X. Y. Li, Y. N. Lu, J. Chen, and Y. P. Xu.2008. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 130:126-33.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, J. Guo, X. Y. Li, Z. Li, R. Fang, and Y. P. Xu.2008. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 105:1529-35.
Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, X. Y. Li, J. Guo, Z. Li, B. J. Zhang, R. Fang, and Y. P. Xu.2009. Efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 133:317-22.
Zwald, A. G., P. L. Ruegg, J. B. Kaneene, L. D. Warnick, S. J. Wells, C. Fossler, and L. W. Halbert. 2004. Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 87:191-201.
陈家璞主编.乳牛疾病学[M].北京：农业出版社,1992,283-321
储明星,石马海,等.2001.浅谈奶牛乳房炎[J].中国奶,(3)：39-40
储明星.奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害及其发生规律与防治[J].中国奶牛,1999,(4)：55-56
单志贵.奶牛隐性乳房炎的综台监测技术[J].中国奶牛,1996(3)：39-40.
邓明,哈益明,严奉伟,吴谋成.NISIN、EDTA和山梨酸钾在冷却肉贮藏保鲜中的交互效应分析[J].食品添加剂,2005,9：66-70
杜爱芳,胡松华,蔡渭明等.合成鱼腥草素治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎的研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,9(3)：165-168
方维焕,黄利权,胡松华等.奶牛隐性乳腺炎的病原学调查(简报)[J].浙江农业大学学报,1992,18(1)：18
冯世兰等.奶牛乳房炎治疗药剂--乳疾宁的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1996,(10)：10-12
付秀华,王恬.维生素E与硒对奶牛乳房炎的影响[]J.中国奶牛,2002,(4)：41-43
甘志华,李启良,蒋武成等.复方丹参液治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎试验[J].湖南农学院报,1995,21(1)：84-88
高庆田.“无抗奶”与中药疗法[J].上海奶牛,1999,(4)：5-7
高庆田.“中药乳炎消油剂”临床应用综述[J].中国奶牛,2000,(4)：37-38
葛利江,王爱国.奶牛乳房炎的免疫控制.黑龙江畜牧兽医,1999(2)：33-35
顾小根,石培彰.按乳注射液治疗奶牛临床乳房炎[J].中国兽医科技,1990,(8)：34-35.
管学文,陈凯,徐淑红.中药／乳炎散治疗慢性乳房炎效果好[J].中国奶牛2001，,(5)：41
郭本恒,骆承痒.牛初乳免疫球蛋白变性动力学研究.东北农业大学学报,1994,25(增刊)：88-9
郭本恒.Nisin的物理化学性质[J].农牧产品开发,2001,2：4-6
郭沈波,郭坤,杨志宏等.海洋低温溶菌酶的急性毒性试验[J].青岛大学医学院学报,2003,39(3)：297-298
韩士安.泌乳陆段及年龄因素妁奶牛隐性乳房炎帕影响及分析[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2004,(6).
韩志辉.牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定[J].中兽医医药杂志,1999,(3)：13-14
何洪智.用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎[J].中国兽医学报,1999,(1)
何宁,王昌禄.杯碟法检测乳酸菌素活性优化条件的研究[J].天津轻工业学院学报,1999,(2)：17-20
胡国平,叶嗣颖.乳链菌肽(Nisin)的研究进展[J].中国微生态学杂志.2001,13(2)：115-117
胡松华,杜爱芳,蔡渭明.奶牛临床型和隐性型乳房炎的细菌学分析[J].中国畜禽传染病,1998.4：199-201.
胡松华,俞斌.乳房炎治疗后牛奶中的抗生素残留[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(5)：52-53：
胡源媛,张守文.乳铁蛋白的功能特性及其国内外的应用情况[J].中国乳品工业.2005,33(12)：31-35
黄利权,施明华,蔡荣湘.奶牛乳房炎乳汁中体细胞和病原菌及酶间的相关性[J].浙江农业大学学报,1995,21(3)：243-246
黄青山,贾敏,吴聪明等.重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎常见病原菌的体外杀菌试验[J].中国兽药杂志,2007,41(8)：41-47
简子健,马素贞,袁江玲等.新疆克拉玛依地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定[J].动物医学进展,2008,29(2)：12-17.
江芸,周光宏等.国产Nisin部分特性的研究[J].食品科学,2001,22(4)：18-21
蒋次升主编.奶牛乳腺炎[M].浙江科技出版社,1989,18.
焦连过,王九峰,马金磊等.奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎检测的敏感指标探讨[J].中国兽医杂志，2006,42(5)：31.
柯连安,胡国平,叶嗣颖.Nisin对幽门螺杆菌生物学作用的试验研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2003,15(2)：96-97
李国江,邹风驰,宋文亭.奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与评估[J].中国奶牛1998(3)：21-22
李国江,邹风驰,宋文庭等.奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与评估[J].中国奶牛,1998,(3)：16-17
李宏胜,杜小丽,徐继英等.毛白杨叶提取物对奶牛乳房炎病原菌抑菌观察[J].天津畜牧兽医,1999.16(1)：14-15
李良玉,王鹤霖.乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)检测技术的研究进展[J].中国食品添加剂,2008,5：149-152
李有业,编译.治疗乳房炎新型敷贴剂-乌别尔桑[J].兽医与饲料添加剂,2001,(11)：14
刘朝,王京仁,张成栋,吴波等.湖北地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析[J].中国奶牛,2007,7：35-38
刘纯传.乳炎清治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎疗效观察[J].中国兽医科技,1997,27(2)：38-40
刘峰,迟玉洁.乳房炎乳的检测方法[J].现代乳品科技,2005,21(1)：129-131.
刘文进,陈创夫.牛奶酸碱度变化在奶牛隐性乳房炎检测中的应用[J].湖北农业科学,2005(1)：90-93.
刘纹芳,李成,李磊,严世强.复合溶菌酶制剂对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的抑菌试验[J].奶牛养殖,2006.6：33-35
刘忠渊,金芝赛,郑树涛,徐涛,张富春.新疆家蚕抗菌肽抗菌作用的超微结构的特性研究[J].微生物学报,2003,4(5)：635-641
刘忠渊,张富春,蔡伦,赵干,王宾.酵母菌中表达的新疆家蚕抗菌肽(Cecropin-XJ)观察及抗菌机理初探[J].动物学杂志,2008.43(2)：14-20
卢亚萍.潘宏涛.Aegis溶菌酶治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的效果观察[J].营养与疾病,2007,(15)：31-33.
鲁希应.中药制剂治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,1999,1：15
麻士卫,陈永福,王记成,云振宇等.牛乳体细胞数与乳蛋白含量相关性的研究[J].中国乳品工业,2006,34(6)：27-31
马保臣,杜平,蒋世峰等.奶牛乳腺炎的研究进展[J].动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(9)：43
马保臣,秦卓明弘,李建基等.奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定和体细胞数及酶的相关性
[J].家畜生态学报,2006,27(2)：63-67
马晓艳,马亚珍,苏贵成.新疆家蚕抗菌肽(Cecropin-XJ)对奶牛乳房炎病原的体外抑菌效果观察[J].新疆畜牧业,2008,2：22-25.
缪存影.天然食品防腐剂--乳酸链球菌素[J].中国食物与营养,2008,(4)：30-32
莫昌兰,罗江培,李树明等.902乳炎康治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎[J].中国兽医科技,1993,23(4)：31-33
那淑敏,还连栋.羊毛硫细菌素及其应用[J].微生物学通报,1999,26(6)：430-433
潘虎,刘纯传,张礼华,张志常,郁杰,袁永隆,李宏胜,候亦昭,杨玉英,李新圃.我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查[J].中国兽医科技,1996,26(2)：16-17.
祁克宗,田超,潘玲,等.牛乳过氧化物酶活性、电导率与隐性乳房炎的关系[J].中国兽医学报.,1996,16(4)：397-399.
沈彦萍,陈新,石永根等.“溶菌酶”治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎降低体细胞数临床应用和研究[J].乳业科学与技术,2006,(2)：86-87
双金,嘎尔迪,乌云达来等.奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律及其致病菌的分离鉴别与药敏感性试验[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,1：49-51
司有柱,唐洪兴,范福臣,杜晓东,蒋国宝等.油剂普鲁卡因青霉素和盐酸左旋咪哇治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎效果好[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1994,(2)：46
松永敏幸,黄绍棠。牛乳腺炎葡萄球菌的鉴定及其对抗生素的敏感性和内酰胺酶产生的检查[J].国外兽医学-畜禽传染病,1992,12(1)：17-19
苏俊强,王建亮,梁海锋.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律探讨[1].湛江海洋大学学报,2002,22(6)：65-68
随玉龙.外界气象因素对奶牛乳房炎的影响[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,1994,3：21-22
孙怀昌,于锋,苏建华,吴春华等.人溶菌酶基因治疗奶牛乳腺炎的初步研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(2),227-232
孙蕾,贾伟新,梁梓森.防治奶牛乳房炎的用药探讨[J].中国奶牛,2002,(6)：11-13
王冰,刘明春,吴聪明,宋丽华,沈建忠.呼和浩特地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2007,43(3)：30-32
王恩满,孙福先,王南.左旋咪哇对奶牛疾病的防治作用[J].中国奶牛,1995(2)：32-34
王芳,曹立亭,胡松华.Nisin对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的体外抗菌作用研究.中国兽药杂志.2006,40(10)：12-16.
王根林,刘庆华,江凤龙编著.奶牛乳腺炎及其控制[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004.
王桂琴,吴聪明,宋丽华等.奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌的血清型及耐药性调查研究[J].中国兽医杂志,2006,42(12)：19-20.
王建军,税丽.奶牛乳房炎致病机理研究紧张[J]中国畜牧兽医,2009,36(12)：100-102
王开功,程振涛,王天奇等.奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断方法的比较[J].中国兽医杂志,2007,43(2)：25-26.
王贞照,余鹏湘等.油剂苄星邻氯青霉素台疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎试验报告[J].上海奶牛,1996,(4)：18-21
王振阁,田伟,戚鑫.乳中的酶类、激素研究进展[J].河南畜牧兽医,2004,25(7)：11-12,28.
威廉·C·雷布汗著,赵德明,沈建忠主译。奶牛疾病学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1999,383-416.
吴国娟,张中文,沈红,孔刚.北京地区奶牛乳房炎阳性率及发生规律的研究[J].北京农学院学报,2001,16(3)：43-46.
吴琼.乳链菌肽效价测定方法的研究[J].食品科学,1999,20(6)：56-59
向湘春等.亚硒酸钠维生素E防治奶牛隐性乳房炎效果观察[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(12)：18
向湘春等.左旋眯唑用于大群防治奶牛隐性乳腺炎的效果观察[J].上海奶牛,1998,4：37-38
谢锋,张克春,李建平等.Nisin抗菌肽治疗无乳链球菌性隐性乳房炎后主要乳成份的变化[J].中国兽医学报,2009,29(8)：1069-1071
谢怀根,许世勇.某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎调查[J].河南畜牧兽医,2003,24(6)：24-26
谢慧胜.奶牛增乳保健剂增乳散的研究[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(6)：43-44
谢仲强.左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2001,31(6)：13-14
杨建光.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生与泌乳月的关系试验[J].中国奶牛,1996,5：13-14
杨丽杰,侯俊财,霍贵成,温海贵.奶牛隐性乳房炎对产奶量、乳成分和奶中物理指标的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(12)：17-18
杨素平.奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律的研究[J].中国奶牛,1998(1)：18-21
杨章平,王杏龙,贝水荣.黑白花奶牛产犊间隔及影响因素的分析[J].畜牧与兽医,1998,2：7-9
叶定生,孙健.安徽省保健奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌及其流行情况的调查[J].中国奶牛,1999,3：50-51
于恩庶,徐秉锟.中国人兽共患病学[M].福州：福建科学技术出版社,1988.181-196.
于海良,石玉娥,赵展农.治疗奶牛乳房炎的有效中药方剂[J].中国奶牛,1999,6：38
袁永隆,张礼华,刘春传等.我国奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌的区系调查[J].中国农业科学,1992,25(4)：70-76
岳春旺,杜仕军,孙茂红等.中药治疗奶牛乳房炎的观察[J].中国奶牛,2001,.(6)：38-39
张彬.用新兽药消火醌对奶牛乳房炎临床治疗试验[J].中国兽医科技,2000,(8)：28-29
张国只,陈林海,杨天佑等.琼脂扩散法测定乳链菌肽效价的优化[J].食品科学,2007,(3)：175-177
张旱霖.乳注盐酸左旋咪哇注射液预防奶牛隐性乳腺炎[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志,1994.(4)：51
张景灵,郭锷锋,刘建平.应用盐酸环丙沙星、康农和通乳散治疗奶牛隐性乳腺炎的效果观 察[J].兽药疫苗,2005,(8)：42-43
张蔓茹,粱云霞.史兴山等.应用全乳滤纸片法快速诊断奶牛隐性乳腺炎的探讨[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1990(4)：22-23.
张文玫,胡平,郭泽领.绿草素对奶牛乳腺炎治疗的临床观察[J].中国兽医杂志,2004,34(3)：58-59
张晓菊,胡松华,吴旧生.金华市规模奶牛场隐性乳腺炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].中国草食动物,2005,25(4)：46-47.
赵恒寿,温伟业.“通乳灵”饲料添加剂对奶牛乳腺炎的防治效果[J].山西农业大学学报：自然科学报,1992,12(2)：158-159
赵兴绪.兽医产科学[M].3版.北京：中国农业出版社,2006：464.
赵兴绪主编.兽医产科学(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002,457
赵兴绪主编.兽医产科学(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002,p453-468.
赵宗智,陈毓璋,黄荣生等.北京地区部分奶牛乳腺炎病原学的研究[J].中国畜禽传染病,1989(6)：1-5
郑星道主编.奶牛产科学[M].长春：吉林大学出版社.1992：246
周廷宣,牟梅,罗跃美,景波等.重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳腺炎的病因及发病情况调查[J].中国畜禽传染病,1998,20(3)：154-156.
周学辉,梁建平,张力,等.六素的研究及临床应用[J].天津畜牧兽医,1998,15(3)：3-6
朱莲英,李成会,贾久满,石洪凌.二氢吡啶对奶牛隐性乳腺炎防治作用的研究[J].饲料工业,2004,25(7)：60-62
朱正鹏,单安山,薛艳林等.牛乳体细胞数对牛奶品质的影响[J].2006,42(13)：47-49