摘要
纳西语的历史地位,是学界长期争论的问题。本研究以纳西语方言调查材料为基础,建立方言之间系统严格的语音对应,构拟原始纳西语,并将原始纳西语与彝缅语言、嘉戎语进行比较,从系统对应、基本词汇等方面讨论纳西语的历史地位问题。
本研究认为历史比较要追求充分性,并针对纳西语历史地位这一问题,将“还原比较法”的操作步骤调整为:(1)重构基本原始语;(2)亲缘分群;(3)扩充原始语;(4)原始语定位。
基本原始纳西语的构拟利用了5个纳西语方言的材料,坚持了声、韵、调完全对应以及所有方言都有规则反映的最普遍对应,构拟出240多个语素。这批语素是现有证据下毫无疑问存在于原始纳西语阶段的语素。我们还构拟了原始纳西语的代词系统、指示词系统、疑问词系统,并讨论了一个可能存在的语法性前缀和部分基本词汇。
纳西语方言的亲缘分群运用了三种方法。三种方法均支持纳西语分为西支(丽江、宝山)和东支(玛丽玛萨、宁蒗、永宁)。
原始纳西语的扩充是基于亲缘分群的结果,按一定原则放宽完全对应和普遍对应标准,尽可能全地构拟出原始纳西语中的语素,同时又保证这些语素的可靠性。扩充后得到约790个语素。
原始纳西语的定位是通过与原始彝语、茶堡嘉戎语的两两比较进行的。基于系统严格的语音对应,运用词阶法和“不可释原则”的结果显示,三个语言均为同源关系。从关系语素数量、核心词保留数量、对应关系可解释的部分、考古证据支持的分化年代这四个方面来看,纳西语-彝语之间的亲缘关系,相对于纳西语-嘉戎语之间的亲缘关系更近。三者之间的亲缘关系可表示为(嘉戎语(纳西语、彝语))。
本文的主要贡献体现在以下四个方面:
第一,系统调查了3个尚无描写材料的纳西语方言:宝山(云南玉龙县宝山乡石头城)、玛丽玛萨(云南维西县塔城镇汝柯村)、宁蒗(云南宁蒗县堰口坝村)。
第二,基于约2000个常用词,建立了5个纳西语方言之间系统严格的语音对应,给出了完整的对应规则表和对应语素表。在对应的基础上讨论了纳西语的前冠音与前缀问题。
第三,提出了一种新的亲缘分群方法,即利用基本原始语语素在各个方言之间的同音关系差异进行编码。在纳西语中具体运用了这一方法,并与前人提出的“共享创新法”和“词源统计法”进行了比较。
第四,基于系统严格的语音对应,具体分析了纳西语、彝缅语、嘉戎语的亲缘关系,丛本理清了纳西语声调的来源与演变规律,对纳西语的历史地位问题作出了初步结论。
The genetic position of Naxi is a long debated issue in the field of Tibeto-Burman study. Based on fieldwork on Naish languages (varieties of Naxi and its close relatives), this research reconstructs Proto-Naish through systematic and rigid sound correspondence. Proto-Naish is further compared with Burmese-Yi languages and rGyalrong in order to discuss its genetic position in the perspectives of structural change and basic vocabulary.
This research pursues for adequacy in historical comparison. For solving the problem of the genetic position of Naxi, adjustments have been made on the steps of the Distillation Method:(1) Reconstruction of basic proto-language;(2) Subgrouping;(3) Expansion of the proto-language;(4) Positioning of the proto-language.
In reconstruction of basic Proto-Naish, data of5Naish languages are used. Under the principles of Complete Correspondence and Global Correspondence About240morphemes have been reconstructed as the most reliable part of Proto-Naish. Pronouns, demonstratives, and interrogatives are also reconstructed for the proto-language. Some basic words and a possible grammatical prefix have also been discussed.
Three different methods are used for subgrouping Naish languages. Results from all the three method support a division of western branch (Lijiang, Baoshan) and eastern branch (Malimasa, Ninglang, Yongning).
Based on the division of western branch and eastern branch, more morphemes are reconstructed to Proto-Naish after loosing the requirements of correspondences according to certain principles. After expansion the morphemes in Proto-Naish are up to about790.
The positioning of Proto-Naish is achieved through comparison of Proto-Naish with Burmese-Yi languages represented by Proto-Yi, and rGyalrong represented by Japhug dialect. After building systematic and rigid sound correspondence among the three languages, the Inexplicable Principle and the Rank Theory have been used to verify their relatedness. Viewed from perspectives of (1) numbers of related morphemes (2) numbers of kernel words preserved in the earliest historical layer (3) structural changes, and (4) socio-cultural evidences, the genetic distance between Proto-Naish and Burmese-Yi languages is closer than that between Proto-Naish and rGyalrong. The genetic structure of the three languages should be (rGyalrong,(Proto-Naish, Proto-Yi)).
The main contributions of this research are as follows:
1. Collection of linguistic data through field work on three Naish languages which have never been studied before:Baoshan (Stone Village, Baoshan Town, Yulong County, Yunnan Province), Malimasa (Ruke Village, Tacheng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province), and Ninglang (Yankouba Village, Ninglang County, Yunnan Province).
2. Based on2000daily words, a set of systematic and rigid correspondence rules have been built for5Naish languages. Correspondence rules and corresponding morphemes have been listed. The problems of pre-initials and prefixes in Proto-Naish have been discussed on the base of sound correspondence.
3. A new method of drawing linguistic phylogenetic tree has been proposed. This method encodes linguistic data utilizing the difference among child languages in homophony of reflexes of morphemes in the basic proto-language. The method has been applied in the subgrouping of Naish languages. The results of this method are compared with that of two previous methods, namely character-based method and lexicostatistics.
4. The genetic relationship among Proto-Naish, Burmese-Yi languages, and rGyalrong has been fully analyzed through systematic and rigid correspondence. The sound laws concerning tonal development in Naish languages have been worked out. A preliminary conclusion of the genetic position of Naxi has been proposed.
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