移动IPV6切换优化技术研究
摘要
针对在乒乓切换模式下移动IPv6快速切换、层次切换和快速层次移动易出现的切换时延长、丢包率高、吞吐量下降等问题,本文提出了基于PAR-NAR双向隧道转发机制的乒乓切换思想,并将该思想应用到FMIPv6和FHMIPv6中,分别得到FMIPv6-PP方案和FHMIPv6-PP方案。所提思想和方案通过定义新的Hop-by-Hop选项报头TM、PCoA表和双向隧道表,建立和维持MN切换前后两接入路由器之间的双向隧道,用于乒乓切换期间数据包的快速转发。理论分析和仿真实验表明:本文所提思想和方案在切换时延和丢包率方面收到很好的效果,吞吐量也有较大提高,比移动IPv6其它协议更适合乒乓切换模式,是一种综合性能优良的切换方案。
针对现有的MPLS和IPv6融合方案存在建立标签交换路径所需时延大、丢包率高和无错误恢复处理等问题,本文提出了一种新的方案。该方案通过定义预测信息表和预测式MPLS移交切换算法,使得移动节点在移交切换前,根据自身需要选择目的接入路由器,提前完成其与交叉路由器的LSP建设,从而实现移动节点移交切换时延的最小化;另外,所提预测式MPLS移交切换算法使得本方案具有错误恢复的能力;对LSP拓扑结构的改进和采用双播机制能够有效地减少切换丢包率。
With the rapid development of internet, mobile wireless access technology and communication technology, mobile IP technology has become an important application technology and development direction on next-generation wireless network. With its support higher bandwidth and better security and mobility, Mobile IPv6 will replace IPv4 to become the next generation mobile network core technology gradually in the global context. The research on the key technology of Mobile IPv6 is of great practical significance. However, some problems still exist in the transfer management mechanism of current representative MIPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 protocols, such as the large delay, the high dropout rate and low throughput and so on. The solution can not meet the demand of fast-moving hosts, especially the communication requirements of frequently handoff mobile host in ping-pong movement.
Ping-pong handoff will produce frequent updates in location. A large number of location updates and system communication overhead will cause some ill effects: the resources just to be reserved leave will have to be released because mobile nodes leaves, or the resources newly released will have to be reserved because mobile nodes return back. the frequent reservation and release of resources will not only increase the burden of the regional network signaling, but also increase handoff delay and packet loss rate, which can not meet the QoS demands of mobile users. Therefore, when mobile nodes are in Ping-pong movement, it is an important research topic on how to manage resources to reduce QoS handoff signaling and handoff delay. Based on the Ping-pong handoff mobile IPv6 network, it is becoming an important research areas on how to provide fast, stable and reliable communications services.
Multi-protocol Label Switch (MPLS) is a packet transmitted mechanisms based on fixed-length labels. The combination between MPLS with mobile IPv6 can increase packet transmitting rate and improve the quality of services. But the combination makes the handoff delay of mobile nodes may be as a result of the introduction of MIPv6 protocols operation, or the re-establishment label switch path (LSP). Moreover, with the difference of handoff methods, packet loss rate are also higher than the Mobile IP to different degrees. In addition, because mobile nodes in the process of the transfer handoff may result in a handoff failure, we hope that mobile nodes own failure recovery capabilities. Therefore, it is particularly important to design a handoff solution with low delay, low packet loss rate and failure recovery capability in MPLS-based mobile IPv6 network environment.
The main content of the thesis is as follows:
1. Aiming at the problems of the handoff delay, high packet loss rate, a decline throughput in the Ping-pong handoff mode of FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6, the thesis proposes the ping-pong handoff idea based on the two-way tunnel PAR-NAR transmitted mechanism. The idea is applied in FMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 respectively, which have achieved two solutions: FMIPv6-PP FHMIPv6-PP.
(1) The working principles, technical features and performance indicators of Mobile IPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 have been made in-depth research and analysis. Their existing shortcomings are pointed out that: One is short of doing specific quantification in handoff delay, packet loss rate and the throughput at a specific situation; and the second is that initial designers of mobile IPv6 protocol do not take into account the problem of ping-pong handoff in mobile communications. When the integration mobile communication networks with the internet computer becomes an inevitable trend, the solutions on the Ping-pong handoff in Mobile IPv6 must transform the existing protocols and key technologies.
(2) The thesis proposed a kind of new Ping-pong handoff idea based on the PAR-NAR bidirectional tunnel transmitted mechanism, and two new solutions respectively: FMIPv6-PP and FHMIPv6-PP. The solution relied on the definition of new Hop-by-Hop options header TM, PCoA table and two-way tunnel forms, and the establishment and maintenance of two-way tunnel around MN handoff between two access routers, for the data packets transmitted rapidly during the handoff of the ping-pong. The analysis of theory and simulation showed that: the idea and solution proposed in this thesis can achieve very good effects in reducing the handoff delay and packet loss rate, improving the throughput and the QoS greatly. Other than mobile IPv6 protocol handoff mode more suitable for ping-pong. It is more suitable for ping-pong handoff mode than mobile IPv6 protocol.
The establishment of a rapid predictive Mobile IPv6 new solution has the following advantages:
①In predictive FMIPv6, MN rely on the underlying information (e.g. the strength of access point signal) to judge when it transition to which NAR takes place, which will produce a mobile detection delay. The proposed solution owns the same operation process. The difference lies in that MN does not judge which NAR to transfer, but direct transfer to PAR. This will simplify the operation of the transfer of MN and more easy to realize.
②Compared to predictive FMIPv6, the proposed solution omitted the configuration of new transfer address, and detection of repeated address, thus reducing the delay of address configuration.
③Compared to predictive FMIPv6, the solution uses the two-way tunnel between the NAR and PAR to transmit text, and there is no need of MN registration process home agent (HA) and the associated communications nodes (CN) repeatedly. This feature not only reduced the MN handoff delay and handoff signaling effectively.
⑶Do the experimental simulation of Mobile IPv6 fast handoff, level handoff, mobile rapid level, FMIPv6-FHMIPv6-PP, and carried out a detailed performance analysis of handoff delay, packet loss and throughput of the five solutions.
⒉Summarize the shortcomings of the existing solutions and propose a predictive Fast handoff solution integration Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. Aiming at those problems, such as large delay for the establishment of label switching path (LSP), high packet loss rate and error-free recovery and so on in existing MPLS and IPv6 combined solution, the thesis proposed a kind of predictive fast handoff solution which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. By defining forecast information table and predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm, MN selects access routers in accordance with their own needs before the transfer handoff, and the early completion of its cross-router LSP building, so as to achieve the minimum of delay of the MN transfer handoff. In addition, the predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm makes this solution with fault recovery capability; the improvement of LSP topology and dual broadcast mechanism reduce the packet loss rate effectively. The theoretical analysis and simulation show that the proposed solution owns less handoff delay and packet loss rate than existing solutions, and with failure recovery capabilities.
In this thesis, the innovation embodied in the following aspects:
⒈On the basis of Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile IPv6 and its expansion protocol, the thesis proposed the idea of ping-pong handoff based on two-way tunnel PAR-NAR transmitted mechanism.
⒉The application of new ideas to FMIPv6 resulted in the rapid mobile IPv6 solution based on the ping-pong effect(FMIPv6-PP).
⒊The FMIPv6-PP could not differentiate the movement in the domain and among the domains. In order to solve the problem of remote registration costing too much, the hierarchical structure was introduced to improve PP-FMIPv6, which formed a rapid-level Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6-PP) based on the ping-pong handoff.
⒋A kind of predictive fast handoff solution which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS is proposed, which realized the minimum of delay of the MN transfer handoff. The improvements of LSP topology and the use of dual broadcast mechanism can reduce the packet loss rate effectively. What’s more, the proposed predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm owns the failure recovery capabilities.
In summary, this thesis firmly grasps the core of the next generation network technology - Mobile IPv6 and its key technology, starting from the in-depth research and analysis on the working principle, technical characteristics, the main handoff process and performance indicators of Mobile IPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6. Aimed at the key issue of how to provide fast, stable and reliable communications services in the ping-pong handoff based Mobile IPv6 network, the thesis proposed a ping-pong handoff idea based on PAR-NAR two-way tunnel handoff mechanism to solve some problems in a number of existing solutions. The idea is applied in FMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 respectively, which have achieved two solutions: FMIPv6-PP FHMIPv6-PP, which can reduce the handoff delay and the packet loss rate, increase the throughput, and improve the QoS. The solution has a certain theoretical and practical value. At the same time, this thesis has made some research on combining mobile IP with MPLS, and proposed a kind of predictive fast handoff solution on the basis of the study of problems in existing solutions which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. The solution can make full use of the advantages of two kinds of technologies, and make a great progress in reducing the MN transfer handoff delay, the packet loss rate, and the failure recovery capability, and further enhancing the network performance. The feasibility and superiority of the solution has been proved through simulation experiment. Because of the inadequacies of author and the limited research time, the work presented in the thesis is only the initial stage, for example, only part of the Mobile IPv6 handoff performance was discussed, and the security, authentication and other issues of FMIPv6-PP and FHMIPv6-PP have not been considered, all of which need to do more in-depth research at the next step.
针对现有的MPLS和IPv6融合方案存在建立标签交换路径所需时延大、丢包率高和无错误恢复处理等问题,本文提出了一种新的方案。该方案通过定义预测信息表和预测式MPLS移交切换算法,使得移动节点在移交切换前,根据自身需要选择目的接入路由器,提前完成其与交叉路由器的LSP建设,从而实现移动节点移交切换时延的最小化;另外,所提预测式MPLS移交切换算法使得本方案具有错误恢复的能力;对LSP拓扑结构的改进和采用双播机制能够有效地减少切换丢包率。
With the rapid development of internet, mobile wireless access technology and communication technology, mobile IP technology has become an important application technology and development direction on next-generation wireless network. With its support higher bandwidth and better security and mobility, Mobile IPv6 will replace IPv4 to become the next generation mobile network core technology gradually in the global context. The research on the key technology of Mobile IPv6 is of great practical significance. However, some problems still exist in the transfer management mechanism of current representative MIPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 protocols, such as the large delay, the high dropout rate and low throughput and so on. The solution can not meet the demand of fast-moving hosts, especially the communication requirements of frequently handoff mobile host in ping-pong movement.
Ping-pong handoff will produce frequent updates in location. A large number of location updates and system communication overhead will cause some ill effects: the resources just to be reserved leave will have to be released because mobile nodes leaves, or the resources newly released will have to be reserved because mobile nodes return back. the frequent reservation and release of resources will not only increase the burden of the regional network signaling, but also increase handoff delay and packet loss rate, which can not meet the QoS demands of mobile users. Therefore, when mobile nodes are in Ping-pong movement, it is an important research topic on how to manage resources to reduce QoS handoff signaling and handoff delay. Based on the Ping-pong handoff mobile IPv6 network, it is becoming an important research areas on how to provide fast, stable and reliable communications services.
Multi-protocol Label Switch (MPLS) is a packet transmitted mechanisms based on fixed-length labels. The combination between MPLS with mobile IPv6 can increase packet transmitting rate and improve the quality of services. But the combination makes the handoff delay of mobile nodes may be as a result of the introduction of MIPv6 protocols operation, or the re-establishment label switch path (LSP). Moreover, with the difference of handoff methods, packet loss rate are also higher than the Mobile IP to different degrees. In addition, because mobile nodes in the process of the transfer handoff may result in a handoff failure, we hope that mobile nodes own failure recovery capabilities. Therefore, it is particularly important to design a handoff solution with low delay, low packet loss rate and failure recovery capability in MPLS-based mobile IPv6 network environment.
The main content of the thesis is as follows:
1. Aiming at the problems of the handoff delay, high packet loss rate, a decline throughput in the Ping-pong handoff mode of FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6, the thesis proposes the ping-pong handoff idea based on the two-way tunnel PAR-NAR transmitted mechanism. The idea is applied in FMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 respectively, which have achieved two solutions: FMIPv6-PP FHMIPv6-PP.
(1) The working principles, technical features and performance indicators of Mobile IPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 have been made in-depth research and analysis. Their existing shortcomings are pointed out that: One is short of doing specific quantification in handoff delay, packet loss rate and the throughput at a specific situation; and the second is that initial designers of mobile IPv6 protocol do not take into account the problem of ping-pong handoff in mobile communications. When the integration mobile communication networks with the internet computer becomes an inevitable trend, the solutions on the Ping-pong handoff in Mobile IPv6 must transform the existing protocols and key technologies.
(2) The thesis proposed a kind of new Ping-pong handoff idea based on the PAR-NAR bidirectional tunnel transmitted mechanism, and two new solutions respectively: FMIPv6-PP and FHMIPv6-PP. The solution relied on the definition of new Hop-by-Hop options header TM, PCoA table and two-way tunnel forms, and the establishment and maintenance of two-way tunnel around MN handoff between two access routers, for the data packets transmitted rapidly during the handoff of the ping-pong. The analysis of theory and simulation showed that: the idea and solution proposed in this thesis can achieve very good effects in reducing the handoff delay and packet loss rate, improving the throughput and the QoS greatly. Other than mobile IPv6 protocol handoff mode more suitable for ping-pong. It is more suitable for ping-pong handoff mode than mobile IPv6 protocol.
The establishment of a rapid predictive Mobile IPv6 new solution has the following advantages:
①In predictive FMIPv6, MN rely on the underlying information (e.g. the strength of access point signal) to judge when it transition to which NAR takes place, which will produce a mobile detection delay. The proposed solution owns the same operation process. The difference lies in that MN does not judge which NAR to transfer, but direct transfer to PAR. This will simplify the operation of the transfer of MN and more easy to realize.
②Compared to predictive FMIPv6, the proposed solution omitted the configuration of new transfer address, and detection of repeated address, thus reducing the delay of address configuration.
③Compared to predictive FMIPv6, the solution uses the two-way tunnel between the NAR and PAR to transmit text, and there is no need of MN registration process home agent (HA) and the associated communications nodes (CN) repeatedly. This feature not only reduced the MN handoff delay and handoff signaling effectively.
⑶Do the experimental simulation of Mobile IPv6 fast handoff, level handoff, mobile rapid level, FMIPv6-FHMIPv6-PP, and carried out a detailed performance analysis of handoff delay, packet loss and throughput of the five solutions.
⒉Summarize the shortcomings of the existing solutions and propose a predictive Fast handoff solution integration Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. Aiming at those problems, such as large delay for the establishment of label switching path (LSP), high packet loss rate and error-free recovery and so on in existing MPLS and IPv6 combined solution, the thesis proposed a kind of predictive fast handoff solution which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. By defining forecast information table and predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm, MN selects access routers in accordance with their own needs before the transfer handoff, and the early completion of its cross-router LSP building, so as to achieve the minimum of delay of the MN transfer handoff. In addition, the predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm makes this solution with fault recovery capability; the improvement of LSP topology and dual broadcast mechanism reduce the packet loss rate effectively. The theoretical analysis and simulation show that the proposed solution owns less handoff delay and packet loss rate than existing solutions, and with failure recovery capabilities.
In this thesis, the innovation embodied in the following aspects:
⒈On the basis of Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile IPv6 and its expansion protocol, the thesis proposed the idea of ping-pong handoff based on two-way tunnel PAR-NAR transmitted mechanism.
⒉The application of new ideas to FMIPv6 resulted in the rapid mobile IPv6 solution based on the ping-pong effect(FMIPv6-PP).
⒊The FMIPv6-PP could not differentiate the movement in the domain and among the domains. In order to solve the problem of remote registration costing too much, the hierarchical structure was introduced to improve PP-FMIPv6, which formed a rapid-level Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6-PP) based on the ping-pong handoff.
⒋A kind of predictive fast handoff solution which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS is proposed, which realized the minimum of delay of the MN transfer handoff. The improvements of LSP topology and the use of dual broadcast mechanism can reduce the packet loss rate effectively. What’s more, the proposed predictive MPLS transfer handoff algorithm owns the failure recovery capabilities.
In summary, this thesis firmly grasps the core of the next generation network technology - Mobile IPv6 and its key technology, starting from the in-depth research and analysis on the working principle, technical characteristics, the main handoff process and performance indicators of Mobile IPv6, FMIPv6, HMIPv6 and FHMIPv6. Aimed at the key issue of how to provide fast, stable and reliable communications services in the ping-pong handoff based Mobile IPv6 network, the thesis proposed a ping-pong handoff idea based on PAR-NAR two-way tunnel handoff mechanism to solve some problems in a number of existing solutions. The idea is applied in FMIPv6 and FHMIPv6 respectively, which have achieved two solutions: FMIPv6-PP FHMIPv6-PP, which can reduce the handoff delay and the packet loss rate, increase the throughput, and improve the QoS. The solution has a certain theoretical and practical value. At the same time, this thesis has made some research on combining mobile IP with MPLS, and proposed a kind of predictive fast handoff solution on the basis of the study of problems in existing solutions which integrates Mobile IPv6 with MPLS. The solution can make full use of the advantages of two kinds of technologies, and make a great progress in reducing the MN transfer handoff delay, the packet loss rate, and the failure recovery capability, and further enhancing the network performance. The feasibility and superiority of the solution has been proved through simulation experiment. Because of the inadequacies of author and the limited research time, the work presented in the thesis is only the initial stage, for example, only part of the Mobile IPv6 handoff performance was discussed, and the security, authentication and other issues of FMIPv6-PP and FHMIPv6-PP have not been considered, all of which need to do more in-depth research at the next step.
引文
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[50] Omae K, Okajima I, Umeda N. Mobility anchor point discovery protocol for hierarchical mobile IPv6[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. WCNC.2004 IEEE , Volume: 4 , 21-25 March 2004, 4: 2365-2370. [52 ] Gvvon Y, Kempf J , Yegin A. Scalability and robustness analysis of mobile IPv6 [A ]. Fast Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Hybrid IPv6 Mobility Protocols Using a Large scale Simulation[C]. Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on, 20-24 June 2004, 7: 4087-4091.
[53] Hsieh R, Zhou Z G, Seneviratne A. S-M IP: a seamless handoff architecture for mobile IP[C]. INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. IEEE, 30 March-3 April 2003, 3:1774-1784.
[54] Yao Weimin, Chen Yawchung. An enhanced buffer management scheme for fast handover protocol[C]. 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Work shops-W7: EC ( ICDCSW ’04) , March 23-24, 2004,Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan: 8962-902.
[55] Grimminger J , Huth H P. Mobile MPLS–a MPLS based micromobi- lity concept[Z]. Wireless World Research Forum,Stockholm, Sep 2001.
[56] Ren Z, Tham C, Foo C, et al. Integration of mobile IP and multi-protocol label switching[C]. IEEE ICC 2001.
[57] Chen Y, Yan Z. Effect of the label management in mobile IP over MPLS networks[C ]. AINA 2003.
[58] Xie K, Wong V , Leung V. Support of micro-mobility in M PLS-based wireless access networks[C]. IEEE Proc. CNC’03,2003, 1242-1247.
[59] SuKyoung LEE. An efficient handover control schemesupporting micro-mobility in MPLS-based wireless Internet[C]. IEICE Trans Commun 2005 E88-B: 1511-1516.
[60] Yang T, Dong Y, Zhang Y, et al. Practical. Approaches for supporting micro mobility with MPLS[C]. ICT 2002, Beijing,China, June 23, 2002.
[61] Vassiliou V , Owen H, Barlow D, et al. M-MPLS:micromobility-enabledmultiprotocol label switching [C].ICC’03, 2003, 250-255.
[62] Kim H, Wong K S D, Wai W , et al. Mobility-aware M PLS in IP-based wireless access networks[C]. In: Proc. IEEE Globecom 2001, 6: 3444-3448, San Antonio, TX, USA ,November 2001.
[63] Kaddour M , Pautet L. Towards an adaptable message oriented middle ware for mobile environment[C]. ASWN 2003.
[64] Miska Sulander, Timo Hamalainen, Ari Viinikainen, et al. Flow-based fast handover method for mobile IPv6 network[C].Proceedings of the IEEE 59th Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference (VTCS04), May 2004, Milan, Italy.
[65] D.Johnson and C.Perkins. Mobility Support in IPv6. RFC 3775, 2004
[66] IETF RFC246221998 , IPv6 Stateless Address Auto configuration [S] .
[67] IETF RFC331522003 , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) [ S] .
[68] 官俊, 陈健, 陈炯,等. 一种基于转交地址池的层次移动 IPv6 改进协议. 计算机应用,2006,26(2) :299-302
[69] X. Perez-Costa, M. Torrent-Moreno, and H.Hartenstein. A performance study of hierarchical mobile IPv6 from a system perspective. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC’03), 2003, 468-474
[70] X.H.Peng, H.K.Zhang,J.C. Hu, et al. Modeling in hierarchical mobile IPv6 and intelligent mobility management scheme. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC’03), 2003, 2823-2827
[71] 王峰.移动 IPv6 网络中移动节点移交方案仿真分析[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005
[72] S.Deering and R.Hinden.Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)Specification. RFC2460, 1998
[73] J. Lau, M. Townsley, I. Goyret. Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) RFC3931, 2005
[74] C.Huitema. Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through Network Address Translations (NATs). RFC4360, 2006
[75] 秦冀,姜雪松. 移动 IP 技术与 NS-2 模拟. 北京:北京机械工业出版社,2006
[76] 徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀. NS 与网络模拟. 北京:人民邮电出版社,2003
[77] 石晶林,丁炜.MPLS 宽带网络互联技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2001
[78] 李晓东.MPLS 技术与实现[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[79] ITU-T Y.1281.Mobile IP Services over MPLS,Sep.2003
[80] 胡博,金跃辉,陈山枝.MPLS 支持移动 IPv6 的网络体系结构及其认证机制的研究[J].电信科学,2005 年第 2 期,54-58
[81] 汪纪锋, 何露. 关于支持微移动 MPLS 实际应用的研究[J]. 重庆邮电大学学报( 自然科学版),Vol.19 No.4,Aug. 2007:434-437
[82] XIE K, V INCENTVWS, LEUNG VCM. Support of Micro-Mobility in MPLS-based Wireless Access Networks[A]. Proc of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)[C ]. NewOrleans, Louisiana, 2003, 2: 1242 - 1247.
[83] YANG TZ, DONG YX, ZHANG YH, et al. Practical Appoaches for Supporting MicroMobility with MPLS[A]. International Conferenceon Telecommunications 2002(ICT2002)[C]. Beijing, China,2002.
[84] LANGAR R,LE Grand G, TOHME S. Micro Mobile MPLS Protocol in Next Generation Wireless Access Networks[C]. 9th CDMA International Conference,[s.l.]:[s.n],2004:32-34.
[85] 王胜灵,黄建辉,侯义斌.基于 MPLS 的移动 IPv6 网络的无缝切换方案[J].西安交通大学学报,Vol.38,No.10,Oct,2004:1043-1047
[86] 唐丽均,陈前斌,刘兴潜.基于 MPLS 的层次微移动协议的性能分析[J].计算机应用研究,2005,No6:207-208,212.
[87] Z.Ren, C.Tham, C.Foo, etal., Integration of Mobile IP and Multi-Protocol Label Switching [A].ICC2001[C].2001.
[88] Farrel A,Vasseur J-P, Ayyangar A. A Framework for Inter-DomainMulti-protocol LabeLSwitching Traffic Engineering[S].RFC4726, 2006.
[89] T. Nadeau, M. Morrow, G. Swallow, et al. Operations and Management (OAM) Requirements for Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Networks [S].rfc4377, 2006.
[90] Bin Zhou , Dimitrios Makrakis , Voicu Groza. QoS-Capable Micro-mobility MPLS and its Prototype Implementation [A]. CCECE2003[C].2003.
[91] 高天寒,郭楠,赵宏.基于树状 MAP 的移动 IPv6 无缝实时切换策略研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(11):98-106.
[92] A.Conta,S.Deering. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification[S].rfc2463, 2005.
[93] S. McCanne, S. Floyd. ns Network Simulator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.2006-12-11.
[94] http://www.ideo-labs.com/,2006-12-11.
[95] 秦冀, 姜雪松 编著. 移动 IP 技术与 NS-2 模拟[M].第一版,北京:机械工业出版社, 2006,9:278-290.
[96] Columbia IP Micro-Mobility Software URL[EB/OL]. http://comet Columbia.edu/micromobility/ 2004-11.
[2] C .Perkins(Ed.).IP Mobility Support for IPv4.RFC3344,2002.
[3] D .Johnson and C .Perkins.Mobility Support in IPv6.RFC3775,2004
[4] Hyunjeong Kang, Changhoi Koo, Jungje Son etc. Ping Pong Call Resuming Procedures during HO. IEEE 802.16e/03-26rl. 2004-03-15
[5] Minkyong Kim, David Kotz. Classfying the Mobility of Users and the Polularity of Access Points. http://www.google.com, 2007-6-21
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[10] Robert Hsieh, Aruna Seneviratne. A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving Mobile IP Handoff Latency for End-to End TCP. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MOBICOM, 2003, 29-41.
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[13] 庾志成, 信息产业部电信研究院通信信息研究所. 2005～2006 年无线通信新技术发展分析. 移动通信,2006,(1):19-22
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[18] Chiou, Ta-Gang. Method for detecting and reducing ping-pong handover effect of cellular network. http://www.freepatentsonline.com, 2007-5-12
[19] Xue-Hai Peng, Hong-Ke Zhang, Lin Ma, et al. An Improved Handoff Algorithm for Using Mobile IPv6 in Wireless Environment with Overlapping Areas, IEEE CASSET. Vol. 1, 2004, 1–4
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[21] Zhong R, Tham C. K, Foo C K, Ko C C. Integration of mobile IP and multi-protocol label switching. In Proc. IEEE ICC’ 2001,Helsinki, Finland, 2001, vol.7: 2123–2127.
[22] Yang T,Makrakis D. Hierarchical mobile MPLS: supporting delay sensitive applications over wireless internet. International Conferences on Info-Tech & Info-Net (ICII 2001), Beijing, China,2001.
[23] Xie Q Y, Nguyen H M, Tan P, Seah W K G. Handover supporting QoS inMPLS-based hierarchical mobile IPv6 networks. IEEE58th Vehicular Technology Conference, Florida, USA, 2003,Vol.5: 3523–3526.
[24] Choi J K, Lee Y K, Yang S H, et al. Extension of LDP for mobile IP service through the MPLS network. IETF INTERNET DRAFT draft-choi-mobileip- ldpext-01.txt, 2001.
[25] Kim H, Wong, K-S D, Chen W, Lau C L. Mobility-aware MPLS in IP-based wireless access networks. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Texas, USA, 2001, vol.6: 3444–3448.
[26] Braden R, Clark D, Shenker S. Integrated services architecture.IETF RFC1633, 1994.
[27] Blake S, Black D, Carlson M, Davies E, et al.An architecture fordifferentiated services. IETF RFC2475, 1998.
[28] ITU Draft Recommendation Y.MIPoMPLS. Mobile IP services over MPLS. 2003.
[29] 李云,隆克平,陈前斌,邝育军. 基于MPLS的移动IP网络的移动性支持:平滑切换与路由优化 [J]. 电子与信息学报 Vol.28No.7Jul.2006 1317-1321
[30] 王胜灵, 侯义斌, 黄建辉, 黄樟钦. 一种移动IPv6 与多协议标签交换融合的新方案[J]. 西安交通大学学报,Vol.39 №8,2005,P840-843
[31] 王红梅,贾宗璞,李刚.基于MPLS的移动IPv6预测式快速切换方案[J].计算机工程与应用,2007年第31期,P141-144
[32] 万征.移动 IPv6 关键技术研究[M]. 浙江大学博士学位论文,2006
[33] J. Solomon. Applicability Statement for IP Mobility Support. RFC2005, 1996
[34] C. Perkins. IP Mobility Support. RFC 2002, 1996
[35] C. Perkins. IP Mobility Support for IPv4. RFC 3344, 2002
[36] C. Perkins. IP Encapsulation within IP. RFC 2003, 1996.
[37] Wu J C , Cheng C , Ma G , et al. Intelligent Handoff for Mobile Wireless Internet. Mobile Networks and Applications, 2001 (1):67-79
[38] 徐睿,王申康. 移动IP三角路由的优化.计算机工程, 2004,31(12):94-96
[39] 卢汉成. 移动 IPv6 中的切换优化技术研究[M]. 中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2005
[40] T.Narten,E.Nordmark,and W.Simpson," Neighbor Discovery for IP Version6 (IPv6) ",RFC2461, December 1998
[41] R.Droms,J. Bound,et al,"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6(DHCPv6)",RFC3315,July 2003
[42] R. Droms (Ed.). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). RFC 3315, 2003
[43] S.Thomson,T.Narten, IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration, RFC2462,December 1998
[44] A. Coma, S. Deering. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. RFC 2463, 1998
[45] 吕继萍,徐明伟,吴茜,邓辉. 移动 IPv6 快速切换研究综述[J],小型微型计算机系统,Vol.28 No.7,2007,1153-1161
[46] Rajeev Koodli.Fast handovers for mobile IPv6 [ Z ].Internet Draft, draft-ietf-mip shop-fast-mipv6-02.txt, Internet Engineering Task Force, July 2004.
[47] Gwon Y, Yegin A , Youngjune Gwon, et al. Enhanced forwarding from the previous care-of address (EFWD) for fast handovers in mobile IPv6[A]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference[C], 2004. WCNC. 2004 IEEE, 21-25 March 2004, 2: 861-866.
[48] Hong Yong-geun, Myung-Ki Shin, Hyoung-Jun Kim. Access router based fast handover for mobile IPv6 [C]. A dvanced Communication Technology, 2004. The 6th International Conference, 2004, 1: 129-132.
[49] H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. El Malki, L. Bellier. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Manaeement (HMIPv6). RFC 4140, 2005
[51] H.-Y. Jung, H. Soliman, S.-J. Koh, N. Takamiya. Fast Handover for Hierarchical MIPv6(FHMIPv6). Internet Draft , draft-ung-mipshop- thmipv6-00.txt, 2005
[50] Omae K, Okajima I, Umeda N. Mobility anchor point discovery protocol for hierarchical mobile IPv6[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. WCNC.2004 IEEE , Volume: 4 , 21-25 March 2004, 4: 2365-2370. [52 ] Gvvon Y, Kempf J , Yegin A. Scalability and robustness analysis of mobile IPv6 [A ]. Fast Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Hybrid IPv6 Mobility Protocols Using a Large scale Simulation[C]. Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on, 20-24 June 2004, 7: 4087-4091.
[53] Hsieh R, Zhou Z G, Seneviratne A. S-M IP: a seamless handoff architecture for mobile IP[C]. INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. IEEE, 30 March-3 April 2003, 3:1774-1784.
[54] Yao Weimin, Chen Yawchung. An enhanced buffer management scheme for fast handover protocol[C]. 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Work shops-W7: EC ( ICDCSW ’04) , March 23-24, 2004,Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan: 8962-902.
[55] Grimminger J , Huth H P. Mobile MPLS–a MPLS based micromobi- lity concept[Z]. Wireless World Research Forum,Stockholm, Sep 2001.
[56] Ren Z, Tham C, Foo C, et al. Integration of mobile IP and multi-protocol label switching[C]. IEEE ICC 2001.
[57] Chen Y, Yan Z. Effect of the label management in mobile IP over MPLS networks[C ]. AINA 2003.
[58] Xie K, Wong V , Leung V. Support of micro-mobility in M PLS-based wireless access networks[C]. IEEE Proc. CNC’03,2003, 1242-1247.
[59] SuKyoung LEE. An efficient handover control schemesupporting micro-mobility in MPLS-based wireless Internet[C]. IEICE Trans Commun 2005 E88-B: 1511-1516.
[60] Yang T, Dong Y, Zhang Y, et al. Practical. Approaches for supporting micro mobility with MPLS[C]. ICT 2002, Beijing,China, June 23, 2002.
[61] Vassiliou V , Owen H, Barlow D, et al. M-MPLS:micromobility-enabledmultiprotocol label switching [C].ICC’03, 2003, 250-255.
[62] Kim H, Wong K S D, Wai W , et al. Mobility-aware M PLS in IP-based wireless access networks[C]. In: Proc. IEEE Globecom 2001, 6: 3444-3448, San Antonio, TX, USA ,November 2001.
[63] Kaddour M , Pautet L. Towards an adaptable message oriented middle ware for mobile environment[C]. ASWN 2003.
[64] Miska Sulander, Timo Hamalainen, Ari Viinikainen, et al. Flow-based fast handover method for mobile IPv6 network[C].Proceedings of the IEEE 59th Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference (VTCS04), May 2004, Milan, Italy.
[65] D.Johnson and C.Perkins. Mobility Support in IPv6. RFC 3775, 2004
[66] IETF RFC246221998 , IPv6 Stateless Address Auto configuration [S] .
[67] IETF RFC331522003 , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) [ S] .
[68] 官俊, 陈健, 陈炯,等. 一种基于转交地址池的层次移动 IPv6 改进协议. 计算机应用,2006,26(2) :299-302
[69] X. Perez-Costa, M. Torrent-Moreno, and H.Hartenstein. A performance study of hierarchical mobile IPv6 from a system perspective. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC’03), 2003, 468-474
[70] X.H.Peng, H.K.Zhang,J.C. Hu, et al. Modeling in hierarchical mobile IPv6 and intelligent mobility management scheme. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC’03), 2003, 2823-2827
[71] 王峰.移动 IPv6 网络中移动节点移交方案仿真分析[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005
[72] S.Deering and R.Hinden.Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)Specification. RFC2460, 1998
[73] J. Lau, M. Townsley, I. Goyret. Layer Two Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) RFC3931, 2005
[74] C.Huitema. Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through Network Address Translations (NATs). RFC4360, 2006
[75] 秦冀,姜雪松. 移动 IP 技术与 NS-2 模拟. 北京:北京机械工业出版社,2006
[76] 徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀. NS 与网络模拟. 北京:人民邮电出版社,2003
[77] 石晶林,丁炜.MPLS 宽带网络互联技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2001
[78] 李晓东.MPLS 技术与实现[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[79] ITU-T Y.1281.Mobile IP Services over MPLS,Sep.2003
[80] 胡博,金跃辉,陈山枝.MPLS 支持移动 IPv6 的网络体系结构及其认证机制的研究[J].电信科学,2005 年第 2 期,54-58
[81] 汪纪锋, 何露. 关于支持微移动 MPLS 实际应用的研究[J]. 重庆邮电大学学报( 自然科学版),Vol.19 No.4,Aug. 2007:434-437
[82] XIE K, V INCENTVWS, LEUNG VCM. Support of Micro-Mobility in MPLS-based Wireless Access Networks[A]. Proc of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)[C ]. NewOrleans, Louisiana, 2003, 2: 1242 - 1247.
[83] YANG TZ, DONG YX, ZHANG YH, et al. Practical Appoaches for Supporting MicroMobility with MPLS[A]. International Conferenceon Telecommunications 2002(ICT2002)[C]. Beijing, China,2002.
[84] LANGAR R,LE Grand G, TOHME S. Micro Mobile MPLS Protocol in Next Generation Wireless Access Networks[C]. 9th CDMA International Conference,[s.l.]:[s.n],2004:32-34.
[85] 王胜灵,黄建辉,侯义斌.基于 MPLS 的移动 IPv6 网络的无缝切换方案[J].西安交通大学学报,Vol.38,No.10,Oct,2004:1043-1047
[86] 唐丽均,陈前斌,刘兴潜.基于 MPLS 的层次微移动协议的性能分析[J].计算机应用研究,2005,No6:207-208,212.
[87] Z.Ren, C.Tham, C.Foo, etal., Integration of Mobile IP and Multi-Protocol Label Switching [A].ICC2001[C].2001.
[88] Farrel A,Vasseur J-P, Ayyangar A. A Framework for Inter-DomainMulti-protocol LabeLSwitching Traffic Engineering[S].RFC4726, 2006.
[89] T. Nadeau, M. Morrow, G. Swallow, et al. Operations and Management (OAM) Requirements for Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Networks [S].rfc4377, 2006.
[90] Bin Zhou , Dimitrios Makrakis , Voicu Groza. QoS-Capable Micro-mobility MPLS and its Prototype Implementation [A]. CCECE2003[C].2003.
[91] 高天寒,郭楠,赵宏.基于树状 MAP 的移动 IPv6 无缝实时切换策略研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(11):98-106.
[92] A.Conta,S.Deering. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification[S].rfc2463, 2005.
[93] S. McCanne, S. Floyd. ns Network Simulator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.2006-12-11.
[94] http://www.ideo-labs.com/,2006-12-11.
[95] 秦冀, 姜雪松 编著. 移动 IP 技术与 NS-2 模拟[M].第一版,北京:机械工业出版社, 2006,9:278-290.
[96] Columbia IP Micro-Mobility Software URL[EB/OL]. http://comet Columbia.edu/micromobility/ 2004-11.