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公共项目管理过程的系统动力学研究
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摘要
随着我国加快现代化进程和国民经济持续增长,大量的公共项目建设急需对项目管理理论进行创新。本文基于系统动力学理论,针对公共项目主要影响因素及其关系模型,构建了公共项目管理系统动力学总体模型及进度、质量、成本和资源管理四个子模型,并进行了实证研究,验证了模型的有效性。
     公共项目的质量、进度和成本既对立又统一,同时受到风险、人力资源、综合管理等各种因素的影响,分析它们相互作用关系,构建公共项目主要影响因素关系模型至关重要。以此为基础,研究公共项目管理过程,构建了系统动力学总体模型,将总体模型分为计划、质量、成本、进度及资源管理模块,对影响各子系统主要因素进行界定,确定了子模型因素之间的关系方程,分别建立了进度、质量、成本和资源管理四个子模型。将构建模型应用于某市中型水利公共项目,对比分析模型结果和项目的实际情况。实验结果表明,项目计划一旦和实际脱节,将严重影响项目进度、成本和质量,故计划制定和返工问题必须根据项目团队和资源的实际状况,实时进行调整和修订,以大幅提高计划的有效性和合理性;不同的工作人员分配比例直接影响到项目进度和工作量的完成,选择合适的人员分配比例有利于项目物资和人力资源的节约、控制项目投资,保证项目进度和质量;员工压力及工作量的不断增加致使其疲劳程度进一步加剧,直到由于新增员工数量等措施落实到位,才改变了这种状况,保证了项目进展。最后从项目计划、资源分配等阶段性过程等方面提出了公共项目实施过程管理的改进建议。
     基于系统动力学的公共项目过程管理系统模型,分析了系统的结构和变量之间的因果关系,较好地体现了公共项目系统内部各要素之间的关系,使公共项目管理更加具体化和科学化,有效地避免了主观臆断,并降低了实验成本和操作难度,适应了公共项目管理动态系统的要求,为项目管理者制定管理策略提供依据。
With the steady growth of China’s modernization process and the nationaleconomy, the construction practice of a large number of public projects desperatelyneeds the further in-depth systematic research to the public project management. Basedon the theory of system dynamics, the main influence factors of public project areanalyzed and the model of factors is built. The overall public project managementsystem dynamics model and progress, quality, cost, and resource management as thefour submodels are constructed, and then an empirical analysis is made.
     The relation between the quality, schedule and cost of the public project is close,and the project quality, schedule and cost are affected by risk, comprehensivemanagement of human resources, whose interaction relationship is analyzed and therelation model of public project main influence factors is constructed.The whole processof micro management of public project is studied, and the system dynamics model ofthe whole is constructed. The whole model is divided into plan, quality, cost, scheduleand resource management of five major modules, then the main influencing factors ofevery subsystem are defined, the relation equation between factors of each model isdetermined, schedule, quality, cost and resource management four submodels arerespectively established.The model is applied in assume a secondary water publicproject of a city water conservancy departments, model results and the actual situationof the project compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that once theproject plan and the reality disjointed, it will seriously affect the entire project schedule,cost and quality. So planning and the rework problem are crucial to the progress of theentire project. Therefore, the project plan must be based on the actual progress of theproject team and the resources, adjusted and amended in real time, to improve theeffectiveness and rationality sharply. Meanwhile,through the research of different staffallocation proportion impact on the project management, it shows that the humanresource management and allocation are very important in the process of projectmanagement. The allocation proportion of the staff is not the larger, the better, and thedynamic balance of human resources is an important factor to guarantee the quality,progress and investment of the construction project are in effective control. Choosing anappropriate staff allocation proportion is of certain guiding significance to the resourcemanagement of the public project. And it’s beneficial to save the project material and human resource, control the fund and cost of the project investment, and ensure theproper progress and the quality of the project. Finally, the causes of project behavior andthe actual situation are analyzed comparatively, some suggestions inproving theimplementation process management of public project are put forward such as projectplan, resource allocation and coordination etc. from micro and phase angle.
     The public project process management system model based on the SystemDynamics emphasizes the causal relationship between the structure and the variables ofthe system, shows the complex relationship between the elements inside the publicproject system, makes the public project management more scientific and specific;reduces the experimental cost and operation difficulty, adapts the requirement of publicproject management dynamic system, provide reference for project manager to developthe progress management strategy.
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